Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2158938484', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2009.01.008', 'title': 'Trends in Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance, Pakistan, 1990–2007', 'display_name': 'Trends in Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance, Pakistan, 1990–2007', 'publication_year': 2009, 'publication_date': '2009-11-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2158938484', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2009.01.008', 'mag': '2158938484', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19369103'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2009.01.008', 'pdf_url': 'http://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201971209000812/pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S35071406', 'display_name': 'International Journal of Infectious Diseases', 'issn_l': '1201-9712', 'issn': ['1201-9712', '1878-3511'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'publisher-specific-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'gold', 'oa_url': 'http://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201971209000812/pdf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5102995078', 'display_name': 'Rumina Hasan', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6707-2231'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I118185606', 'display_name': 'Aga Khan University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03gd0dm95', 'country_code': 'PK', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I118185606', 'https://openalex.org/I4210114929']}], 'countries': ['PK'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Rumina Hasan', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I118185606']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5047776363', 'display_name': 'Kauser Jabeen', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2497-7847'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I118185606', 'display_name': 'Aga Khan University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03gd0dm95', 'country_code': 'PK', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I118185606', 'https://openalex.org/I4210114929']}], 'countries': ['PK'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Kauser Jabeen', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I118185606']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5026012075', 'display_name': 'Vikram Mehraj', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8943-2261'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I118185606', 'display_name': 'Aga Khan University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03gd0dm95', 'country_code': 'PK', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I118185606', 'https://openalex.org/I4210114929']}], 'countries': ['PK'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Vikram Mehraj', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I118185606']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5018234203', 'display_name': 'Farhan Zafar', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1803-7242'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I118185606', 'display_name': 'Aga Khan University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03gd0dm95', 'country_code': 'PK', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I118185606', 'https://openalex.org/I4210114929']}], 'countries': ['PK'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Farhan Zafar', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I118185606']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5102754980', 'display_name': 'Faisal Malik', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5772-5622'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I118185606', 'display_name': 'Aga Khan University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03gd0dm95', 'country_code': 'PK', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I118185606', 'https://openalex.org/I4210114929']}], 'countries': ['PK'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Faisal Malik', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I118185606']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5025509737', 'display_name': 'Qaiser Hassan', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I118185606', 'display_name': 'Aga Khan University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03gd0dm95', 'country_code': 'PK', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I118185606', 'https://openalex.org/I4210114929']}], 'countries': ['PK'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Qaiser Hassan', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I118185606']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5004733854', 'display_name': 'Iqbal Azam', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0766-4064'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I118185606', 'display_name': 'Aga Khan University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03gd0dm95', 'country_code': 'PK', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I118185606', 'https://openalex.org/I4210114929']}], 'countries': ['PK'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Iqbal Azam', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I118185606']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5100850854', 'display_name': 'Muhammad Masood Kadir', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I118185606', 'display_name': 'Aga Khan University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03gd0dm95', 'country_code': 'PK', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I118185606', 'https://openalex.org/I4210114929']}], 'countries': ['PK'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Muhammad Masood Kadir', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I118185606']}]}], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5102995078'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I118185606'], 'apc_list': {'value': 1750, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 1750, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': {'value': 1750, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 1750, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'fwci': 1.42, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 24, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.791867, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 90, 'max': 91}, 'biblio': {'volume': '13', 'issue': '6', 'first_page': 'e377', 'last_page': 'e382'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10038', 'display_name': 'Tuberculosis', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2725', 'display_name': 'Infectious Diseases'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10038', 'display_name': 'Tuberculosis', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2725', 'display_name': 'Infectious Diseases'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11316', 'display_name': 'Diagnosis, Treatment, and Epidemiology of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Diseases', 'score': 0.9983, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2713', 'display_name': 'Epidemiology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12369', 'display_name': 'Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Pneumocystis Pneumonia', 'score': 0.9978, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2713', 'display_name': 'Epidemiology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/ethionamide', 'display_name': 'Ethionamide', 'score': 0.80875194}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/capreomycin', 'display_name': 'Capreomycin', 'score': 0.7456012}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/pyrazinamide', 'display_name': 'Pyrazinamide', 'score': 0.6818964}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/cycloserine', 'display_name': 'Cycloserine', 'score': 0.6339922}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/mycobacterium-tuberculosis', 'display_name': 'Mycobacterium tuberculosis', 'score': 0.517847}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/antibiotic-resistance', 'display_name': 'Antibiotic Resistance', 'score': 0.510105}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776228421', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412318', 'display_name': 'Ethambutol', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.8659121}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776448121', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q414767', 'display_name': 'Ethionamide', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.80875194}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2781019175', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415909', 'display_name': 'Capreomycin', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.7456012}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.70706403}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2775843808', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192717', 'display_name': 'Streptomycin', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.7060351}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780459521', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417571', 'display_name': 'Pyrazinamide', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.6818964}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777975735', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130971', 'display_name': 'Mycobacterium tuberculosis', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.65614116}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2781122200', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418508', 'display_name': 'Cycloserine', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.6339922}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776967927', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423169', 'display_name': 'Isoniazid', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.59717137}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2781069245', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12204', 'display_name': 'Tuberculosis', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5893868}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C114851261', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12147416', 'display_name': 'Drug resistance', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.56186825}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778607973', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422652', 'display_name': 'Rifampicin', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5463744}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C89423630', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193', 'display_name': 'Microbiology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.38549238}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C42972112', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170201', 'display_name': 'Veterinary medicine', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.34668815}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C501593827', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187', 'display_name': 'Antibiotics', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.2907806}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.21888387}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C142724271', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208', 'display_name': 'Pathology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.05165878}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D024881', 'descriptor_name': 'Drug Resistance, Bacterial', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D054908', 'descriptor_name': 'Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000453', 'qualifier_name': 'epidemiology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009169', 'descriptor_name': 'Mycobacterium tuberculosis', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000187', 'qualifier_name': 'drug effects', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014376', 'descriptor_name': 'Tuberculosis', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000453', 'qualifier_name': 'epidemiology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D018088', 'descriptor_name': 'Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000453', 'qualifier_name': 'epidemiology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014397', 'descriptor_name': 'Tuberculosis, Pulmonary', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000453', 'qualifier_name': 'epidemiology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000293', 'descriptor_name': 'Adolescent', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000328', 'descriptor_name': 'Adult', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000995', 'descriptor_name': 'Antitubercular Agents', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000995', 'descriptor_name': 'Antitubercular Agents', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000494', 'qualifier_name': 'pharmacology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002648', 'descriptor_name': 'Child', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002675', 'descriptor_name': 'Child, Preschool', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D024901', 'descriptor_name': 'Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D054908', 'descriptor_name': 'Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D054908', 'descriptor_name': 'Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000382', 'qualifier_name': 'microbiology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005260', 'descriptor_name': 'Female', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008297', 'descriptor_name': 'Male', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008826', 'descriptor_name': 'Microbial Sensitivity Tests', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008875', 'descriptor_name': 'Middle Aged', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009169', 'descriptor_name': 'Mycobacterium tuberculosis', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D010154', 'descriptor_name': 'Pakistan', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000453', 'qualifier_name': 'epidemiology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D010154', 'descriptor_name': 'Pakistan', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014376', 'descriptor_name': 'Tuberculosis', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000382', 'qualifier_name': 'microbiology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014376', 'descriptor_name': 'Tuberculosis', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D018088', 'descriptor_name': 'Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000382', 'qualifier_name': 'microbiology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D018088', 'descriptor_name': 'Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014397', 'descriptor_name': 'Tuberculosis, Pulmonary', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000382', 'qualifier_name': 'microbiology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014397', 'descriptor_name': 'Tuberculosis, Pulmonary', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D055815', 'descriptor_name': 'Young Adult', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2009.01.008', 'pdf_url': 'http://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201971209000812/pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S35071406', 'display_name': 'International Journal of Infectious Diseases', 'issn_l': '1201-9712', 'issn': ['1201-9712', '1878-3511'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'publisher-specific-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19369103', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2009.01.008', 'pdf_url': 'http://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201971209000812/pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S35071406', 'display_name': 'International Journal of Infectious Diseases', 'issn_l': '1201-9712', 'issn': ['1201-9712', '1878-3511'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'publisher-specific-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.72, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3', 'display_name': 'Good health and well-being'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 30, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W124033883', 'https://openalex.org/W1491853105', 'https://openalex.org/W1511778745', 'https://openalex.org/W1522309498', 'https://openalex.org/W161167111', 'https://openalex.org/W1967128028', 'https://openalex.org/W1968593986', 'https://openalex.org/W1984265497', 'https://openalex.org/W1994819804', 'https://openalex.org/W2012289444', 'https://openalex.org/W2066597780', 'https://openalex.org/W2095914553', 'https://openalex.org/W2101599196', 'https://openalex.org/W2106683058', 'https://openalex.org/W2119472707', 'https://openalex.org/W2123593968', 'https://openalex.org/W2127258416', 'https://openalex.org/W2137812922', 'https://openalex.org/W2142359394', 'https://openalex.org/W2144226819', 'https://openalex.org/W2153584919', 'https://openalex.org/W2171301279', 'https://openalex.org/W2224257967', 'https://openalex.org/W2335938615', 'https://openalex.org/W2396183694', 'https://openalex.org/W2400181937', 'https://openalex.org/W2709630784', 'https://openalex.org/W4210245866', 'https://openalex.org/W4234881777', 'https://openalex.org/W4285719527'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4290627719', 'https://openalex.org/W4256334812', 'https://openalex.org/W4253901425', 'https://openalex.org/W2443413386', 'https://openalex.org/W2414781308', 'https://openalex.org/W2414748638', 'https://openalex.org/W236224689', 'https://openalex.org/W2155498694', 'https://openalex.org/W2031301866', 'https://openalex.org/W1978698895'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'To': [0], 'determine': [1], 'resistance': [2, 10, 98, 126, 150, 166, 198, 210], 'trends': [3], 'including': [4], 'the': [5, 31, 57, 71, 90, 104, 109, 171, 181, 200], 'emergence': [6, 172], 'of': [7, 23, 34, 96, 103, 139, 173, 187, 204], 'extensive': [8], 'drug': [9, 209], '(XDR)': [11], 'in': [12, 81, 101, 108, 115, 131, 144, 154, 165, 189, 196], 'Mycobacterium': [13], 'tuberculosis': [14], '(MTB)': [15], 'isolates': [16, 25, 84, 158, 169], 'from': [17, 30], 'Pakistan.This': [18], 'was': [19, 54, 65, 74, 99, 112, 127, 151], 'a': [20, 86, 93, 162, 193], 'retrospective': [21], 'analysis': [22], 'MTB': [24, 83, 125, 149, 168], '(January': [26], '1990-June': [27], '2007)': [28], 'collected': [29], 'four': [32, 105], 'provinces': [33, 106], 'Pakistan.': [35], 'Standard': [36], 'methods': [37], 'were': [38], 'used': [39], 'to': [40, 63, 117, 183, 191], 'isolate': [41], 'MTB.': [42], 'Susceptibility': [43], 'against': [44], 'rifampin,': [45], 'isoniazid,': [46], 'streptomycin,': [47], 'ethambutol,': [48], 'ethionamide,': [49], 'capreomycin,': [50], 'cycloserine,': [51], 'and': [52, 135, 141, 170], 'ciprofloxacin': [53], 'tested': [55], 'using': [56, 67, 76], 'agar': [58], 'proportion': [59], 'method,': [60], 'while': [61], 'susceptibility': [62], 'pyrazinamide': [64], 'determined': [66], 'BACTEC.': [68], 'Resistance': [69], 'over': [70, 89, 136], 'study': [72, 91, 160], 'period': [73], 'assessed': [75], 'Chi-square': [77], 'for': [78, 207], 'trend': [79, 95], 'analysis.Resistance': [80], '15343': [82], 'showed': [85], 'steady': [87, 163], 'increase': [88, 164, 195], 'period;': [92], 'significant': [94], 'increasing': [97], 'noted': [100], 'three': [102], 'included': [107], 'study.': [110], 'XDR-tuberculosis': [111], 'first': [113], 'seen': [114], '1998;': [116], 'date': [118], '22': [119], 'XDR': [120, 174], 'cases': [121, 188], 'have': [122], 'been': [123], 'documented.': [124], 'significantly': [128, 142], 'lower': [129], '(p<0.001)': [130], 'patients': [132], 'under': [133], '5': [134], '60': [137], 'years': [138], 'age,': [140], 'higher': [143, 153], 'males': [145], 'than': [146, 156], 'females': [147], '(p<0.001).': [148], 'also': [152], 'pulmonary': [155], 'extrapulmonary': [157], '(p<0.001).This': [159], 'documenting': [161], 'among': [167], 'strains': [175], 'is': [176, 214], 'concerning.': [177], 'The': [178, 202], 'data': [179], 'highlight': [180], 'need': [182], 'ensure': [184], 'adequate': [185], 'treatment': [186], 'order': [190], 'prevent': [192], 'further': [194], 'multidrug': [197], 'within': [199], 'country.': [201], 'importance': [203], 'developing': [205], 'systems': [206], 'monitoring': [208], 'through': [211], 'nationwide': [212], 'surveillance': [213], 'emphasized.': [215]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2158938484', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 3}], 'updated_date': '2024-08-15T13:32:12.772982', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}