Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2157958275', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00515.x', 'title': 'Do Politicians Racially Discriminate Against Constituents? A Field Experiment on State Legislators', 'display_name': 'Do Politicians Racially Discriminate Against Constituents? A Field Experiment on State Legislators', 'publication_year': 2011, 'publication_date': '2011-04-27', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2157958275', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00515.x', 'mag': '2157958275'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00515.x', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S90314269', 'display_name': 'American Journal of Political Science', 'issn_l': '0092-5853', 'issn': ['0092-5853', '1540-5907'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'https://escholarship.org/content/qt457336kw/qt457336kw.pdf?t=qbqfgf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5079306724', 'display_name': 'Daniel M. Butler', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7419-2402'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I32971472', 'display_name': 'Yale University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03v76x132', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I32971472']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Daniel M. Butler', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Yale University'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Yale University', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I32971472']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5081350253', 'display_name': 'David Broockman', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0993-7073'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I32971472', 'display_name': 'Yale University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03v76x132', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I32971472']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'David E. Broockman', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Yale University'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Yale University', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I32971472']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 3860, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 3860, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 22.251, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 515, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999873, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '55', 'issue': '3', 'first_page': '463', 'last_page': '477'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11432', 'display_name': 'Gender Politics and Representation', 'score': 0.9984, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3318', 'display_name': 'Gender Studies'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11432', 'display_name': 'Gender Politics and Representation', 'score': 0.9984, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3318', 'display_name': 'Gender Studies'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10108', 'display_name': 'Electoral Systems and Political Participation', 'score': 0.9982, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3320', 'display_name': 'Political Science and International Relations'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12970', 'display_name': 'Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research', 'score': 0.9935, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/alias', 'display_name': 'Alias', 'score': 0.88265556}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/legislator', 'display_name': 'Legislator', 'score': 0.69632787}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/white', 'display_name': 'White (mutation)', 'score': 0.58224934}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/communication-source', 'display_name': 'Communication source', 'score': 0.4574657}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C46681722', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4725589', 'display_name': 'Alias', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.88265556}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2781287902', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4175034', 'display_name': 'Legislator', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.69632787}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C76509639', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036', 'display_name': 'Race (biology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6751255}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C56273599', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3122841', 'display_name': 'White (mutation)', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.58224934}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C94625758', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163', 'display_name': 'Politics', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.53092533}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.52448124}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C48103436', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031', 'display_name': 'State (computer science)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.48947752}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2781249084', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908656', 'display_name': 'Preference', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.483652}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C198104137', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974688', 'display_name': 'Communication source', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4574657}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C77805123', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272', 'display_name': 'Social psychology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.40261}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.34354347}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.2175579}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144024400', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201', 'display_name': 'Sociology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.17236304}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.11500886}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C107993555', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673', 'display_name': 'Gender studies', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.10664579}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777351106', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371', 'display_name': 'Legislation', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.10158771}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.10021919}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54355233', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162', 'display_name': 'Genetics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.06721589}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C76155785', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418', 'display_name': 'Telecommunications', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C11413529', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366', 'display_name': 'Algorithm', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C77088390', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513', 'display_name': 'Database', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C104317684', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187', 'display_name': 'Gene', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C175444787', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072', 'display_name': 'Microeconomics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00515.x', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S90314269', 'display_name': 'American Journal of Political Science', 'issn_l': '0092-5853', 'issn': ['0092-5853', '1540-5907'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://escholarship.org/uc/item/457336kw', 'pdf_url': 'https://escholarship.org/content/qt457336kw/qt457336kw.pdf?t=qbqfgf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400115', 'display_name': 'eScholarship (California Digital Library)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I2801248553', 'host_organization_name': 'California Digital Library', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2801248553'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['California Digital Library'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://escholarship.org/uc/item/457336kw', 'pdf_url': 'https://escholarship.org/content/qt457336kw/qt457336kw.pdf?t=qbqfgf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400115', 'display_name': 'eScholarship (California Digital Library)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I2801248553', 'host_organization_name': 'California Digital Library', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2801248553'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['California Digital Library'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Reduced inequalities', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10', 'score': 0.62}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 49, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1278317338', 'https://openalex.org/W1558538304', 'https://openalex.org/W1597565215', 'https://openalex.org/W1648937643', 'https://openalex.org/W1965968147', 'https://openalex.org/W1972771549', 'https://openalex.org/W1984098846', 'https://openalex.org/W1999717790', 'https://openalex.org/W2005690267', 'https://openalex.org/W2047082427', 'https://openalex.org/W2064462407', 'https://openalex.org/W2069437506', 'https://openalex.org/W2069468135', 'https://openalex.org/W2080576010', 'https://openalex.org/W2097499687', 'https://openalex.org/W2113095718', 'https://openalex.org/W2115682073', 'https://openalex.org/W2127799276', 'https://openalex.org/W2134392204', 'https://openalex.org/W2137441478', 'https://openalex.org/W2139387599', 'https://openalex.org/W2145238740', 'https://openalex.org/W2148978270', 'https://openalex.org/W2157072336', 'https://openalex.org/W2160702389', 'https://openalex.org/W2168695899', 'https://openalex.org/W2170342636', 'https://openalex.org/W2326972031', 'https://openalex.org/W2328698704', 'https://openalex.org/W2333138248', 'https://openalex.org/W2334987221', 'https://openalex.org/W2488302987', 'https://openalex.org/W2769061917', 'https://openalex.org/W2795975101', 'https://openalex.org/W2798532886', 'https://openalex.org/W3122425091', 'https://openalex.org/W3123223998', 'https://openalex.org/W3125443750', 'https://openalex.org/W3149953018', 'https://openalex.org/W3177198289', 'https://openalex.org/W405750931', 'https://openalex.org/W4213160818', 'https://openalex.org/W4213357532', 'https://openalex.org/W4234765189', 'https://openalex.org/W4235827977', 'https://openalex.org/W4255413972', 'https://openalex.org/W4300951520', 'https://openalex.org/W491264673', 'https://openalex.org/W591524452'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4384438340', 'https://openalex.org/W3180521552', 'https://openalex.org/W2943794226', 'https://openalex.org/W2495067141', 'https://openalex.org/W2372943929', 'https://openalex.org/W2364725704', 'https://openalex.org/W2331719217', 'https://openalex.org/W2329424900', 'https://openalex.org/W2276179314', 'https://openalex.org/W2210680337'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'We': [0, 60, 76], 'use': [1], 'a': [2, 33], 'field': [3], 'experiment': [4], 'to': [5, 15, 21, 27, 84, 131], 'investigate': [6], 'whether': [7, 32, 42], 'race': [8, 140], 'affects': [9], 'how': [10], 'responsive': [11], 'state': [12], 'legislators': [13, 110, 124], 'are': [14, 147], 'requests': [16, 56], 'for': [17, 65, 136], 'help': [18], 'with': [19], 'registering': [20], 'vote.': [22], 'In': [23], 'an': [24], 'email': [25, 44], 'sent': [26], 'each': [28], 'legislator,': [29], 'we': [30, 51], 'randomized': [31], 'putatively': [34, 54, 80], 'black': [35, 55, 81, 121, 133], 'or': [36], 'white': [37, 109], 'alias': [38, 82], 'was': [39], 'used': [40], 'and': [41, 71, 141], 'the': [43, 46, 72, 79, 90, 101, 120, 126, 132, 137, 144], 'signaled': [45], "sender's": [47], 'partisan': [48, 69], 'preference.': [49], 'Overall,': [50], 'find': [52, 77], 'that': [53, 78, 95, 108], 'receive': [57], 'fewer': [58], 'replies.': [59], 'explore': [61], 'two': [62], 'potential': [63], 'explanations': [64], 'this': [66], 'discrimination:': [67], 'strategic': [68, 96], 'behavior': [70], 'legislators’': [73], 'own': [74], 'race.': [75], 'continues': [83], 'be': [85], 'differentially': [86], 'treated': [87], 'even': [88], 'when': [89], 'emails': [91], 'signal': [92], 'partisanship,': [93], 'indicating': [94], 'considerations': [97], 'cannot': [98], 'completely': [99], 'explain': [100], 'observed': [102], 'differential': [103], 'treatment.': [104], 'Further': [105], 'analysis': [106], 'reveals': [107], 'of': [111, 117, 139], 'both': [112], 'parties': [113], 'exhibit': [114], 'similar': [115], 'levels': [116], 'discrimination': [118], 'against': [119], 'alias.': [122, 134], 'Minority': [123], 'do': [125], 'opposite,': [127], 'responding': [128], 'more': [129], 'frequently': [130], 'Implications': [135], 'study': [138], 'politics': [142], 'in': [143], 'United': [145], 'States': [146], 'discussed.': [148]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2157958275', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 33}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 34}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 40}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 44}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 98}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 71}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 47}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 39}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 23}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 31}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 24}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 15}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 6}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-18T05:22:05.494660', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}