Title: Community-based Environmental Business in Japan - In the Emergence of Social Enterprise -
Abstract: Environmental Business tends to be regarded as an industrial sector of economy. However, the mainstream of Environmental Business does not exist in economy, but in the third sector of community-based organizations, which is different from economies of private enterprises and governments. In fact, this trend is emerging in various parts of the world. The community-based third sector, which consists of non-profit-organizations (NPOs) or cooperatives etc., builds Reciprocal Economy, interacting with Exchange Economy of markets and with Redistribution Economy of governments. It is difficult to find solutions in a simple framework of or government; has market and has government failure, and expectation for the third sector is rising. The third sector has a long history, but since 1990s it is changing its nature. Organizations that has incorporated the concept of Enterprise started to appear in the area of welfare. The third sector is developing a new stage. On the other hand, economy has tried to correct failure and internalize external diseconomy, and started to support the third sector through partnerships as a developed activity of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Governments are promoting new public management and outsourcing businesses to private enterprise and the third sector. This paper firstly tries to connect ecological movements that started around 1970 and social enterprise that is emerging since 1990s. Secondly, it examines the situation of environmental business by social enterprise by selecting Japan as a country for analysis. As one-village one-product movement of Japan has widespread into developing countries in the world, community-based environmental business in Japan is also expected to be a good reference to the world. Lastly, the paper overviews policy agenda for promoting community-based environmental business.
Publication Year: 2006
Publication Date: 2006-09-01
Language: en
Type: article
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