Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2157606016', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2771182', 'title': 'A Network Approach to Define Modularity of Components in Complex Products', 'display_name': 'A Network Approach to Define Modularity of Components in Complex Products', 'publication_year': 2007, 'publication_date': '2007-01-12', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2157606016', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2771182', 'mag': '2157606016'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2771182', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S88457320', 'display_name': 'Journal of Mechanical Design', 'issn_l': '1050-0472', 'issn': ['1050-0472', '1528-9001'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310321320', 'host_organization_name': 'American Society of Mechanical Engineers', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310321320'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Society of Mechanical Engineers'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/86960/1/Eppinger_A%20network.pdf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5021136832', 'display_name': 'Manuel E. Sosa', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2675-0518'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I102272798', 'display_name': 'INSEAD', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00ghzk478', 'country_code': 'FR', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I102272798']}], 'countries': ['FR'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Manuel E. Sosa', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Technology and Operations Management Area, INSEAD, 77305 Fontainebleau, France'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Technology and Operations Management Area, INSEAD, 77305 Fontainebleau, France', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I102272798']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5111461622', 'display_name': 'Steven D. Eppinger', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I63966007', 'display_name': 'Massachusetts Institute of Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/042nb2s44', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Steven D. Eppinger', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5061587017', 'display_name': 'Craig M. Rowles', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2801525552', 'display_name': 'Whitney Museum of American Art', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01g1t6g78', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'archive', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2801525552']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4401726811', 'display_name': 'Hartford Financial Services (United States)', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00mwq1g96', 'country_code': None, 'type': 'company', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4401726811']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Craig M. Rowles', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Pratt & Whitney Aircraft, East Hartford, Connecticut 06108'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Pratt & Whitney Aircraft, East Hartford, Connecticut 06108', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I2801525552', 'https://openalex.org/I4401726811']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 2, 'institutions_distinct_count': 4, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5021136832'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I102272798'], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 14.429, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 235, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999809, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 98, 'max': 99}, 'biblio': {'volume': '129', 'issue': '11', 'first_page': '1118', 'last_page': '1129'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11729', 'display_name': 'Product Development and Customization', 'score': 0.9998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1405', 'display_name': 'Management of Technology and Innovation'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/14', 'display_name': 'Business, Management and Accounting'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11729', 'display_name': 'Product Development and Customization', 'score': 0.9998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1405', 'display_name': 'Management of Technology and Innovation'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/14', 'display_name': 'Business, Management and Accounting'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10672', 'display_name': 'Design Education and Practice', 'score': 0.9768, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2210', 'display_name': 'Mechanical Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T14306', 'display_name': 'Technology Assessment and Management', 'score': 0.9761, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2213', 'display_name': 'Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/modularity', 'display_name': 'Modularity', 'score': 0.92352384}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/component', 'display_name': 'Component (thermodynamics)', 'score': 0.83425224}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-system', 'display_name': 'Complex system', 'score': 0.42030331}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779478453', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6889748', 'display_name': 'Modularity (biology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.92352384}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C168167062', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970', 'display_name': 'Component (thermodynamics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.83425224}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C53811970', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5062194', 'display_name': 'Centrality', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6584426}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.6295736}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C14036430', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076', 'display_name': 'Function (biology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5255469}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C90673727', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718', 'display_name': 'Product (mathematics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.48902974}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C101468663', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158', 'display_name': 'Modular design', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.42978647}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C47822265', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854457', 'display_name': 'Complex system', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.42030331}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C120314980', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634', 'display_name': 'Distributed computing', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.32426468}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154945302', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660', 'display_name': 'Artificial intelligence', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.17989159}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.123184204}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199360897', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143', 'display_name': 'Programming language', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.08135274}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54355233', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162', 'display_name': 'Genetics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2524010', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087', 'display_name': 'Geometry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C114614502', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592', 'display_name': 'Combinatorics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C78458016', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400', 'display_name': 'Evolutionary biology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C97355855', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473', 'display_name': 'Thermodynamics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2771182', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S88457320', 'display_name': 'Journal of Mechanical Design', 'issn_l': '1050-0472', 'issn': ['1050-0472', '1528-9001'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310321320', 'host_organization_name': 'American Society of Mechanical Engineers', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310321320'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Society of Mechanical Engineers'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/86960', 'pdf_url': 'https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/86960/1/Eppinger_A%20network.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400425', 'display_name': 'DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I63966007', 'host_organization_name': 'Massachusetts Institute of Technology', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Massachusetts Institute of Technology'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'cc-by-nc', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/86960', 'pdf_url': 'https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/86960/1/Eppinger_A%20network.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400425', 'display_name': 'DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I63966007', 'host_organization_name': 'Massachusetts Institute of Technology', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Massachusetts Institute of Technology'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'cc-by-nc', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 68, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1479863711', 'https://openalex.org/W1490679320', 'https://openalex.org/W1498316894', 'https://openalex.org/W1504705153', 'https://openalex.org/W1558549790', 'https://openalex.org/W1562578637', 'https://openalex.org/W1574176258', 'https://openalex.org/W1590974584', 'https://openalex.org/W1592312990', 'https://openalex.org/W1811208544', 'https://openalex.org/W193276431', 'https://openalex.org/W1967570846', 'https://openalex.org/W1971788485', 'https://openalex.org/W1971937094', 'https://openalex.org/W1973769600', 'https://openalex.org/W1979536554', 'https://openalex.org/W1984338227', 'https://openalex.org/W1985971011', 'https://openalex.org/W1987312835', 'https://openalex.org/W1991390867', 'https://openalex.org/W1993264483', 'https://openalex.org/W1997079748', 'https://openalex.org/W1999634786', 'https://openalex.org/W2000092188', 'https://openalex.org/W2008520857', 'https://openalex.org/W2030121826', 'https://openalex.org/W2046105575', 'https://openalex.org/W2048780379', 'https://openalex.org/W2049183366', 'https://openalex.org/W2050197073', 'https://openalex.org/W2054066564', 'https://openalex.org/W2056944867', 'https://openalex.org/W2058131238', 'https://openalex.org/W2058162908', 'https://openalex.org/W2068119329', 'https://openalex.org/W2068634989', 'https://openalex.org/W2070007162', 'https://openalex.org/W2080969207', 'https://openalex.org/W2091579301', 'https://openalex.org/W2095561982', 'https://openalex.org/W2100404317', 'https://openalex.org/W2119646159', 'https://openalex.org/W2122116504', 'https://openalex.org/W2123731236', 'https://openalex.org/W2138678836', 'https://openalex.org/W2141428466', 'https://openalex.org/W2148050869', 'https://openalex.org/W2154061235', 'https://openalex.org/W2158092565', 'https://openalex.org/W2158551555', 'https://openalex.org/W2163843340', 'https://openalex.org/W2263868872', 'https://openalex.org/W2300933323', 'https://openalex.org/W2321650456', 'https://openalex.org/W2513712380', 'https://openalex.org/W2799004609', 'https://openalex.org/W2922726765', 'https://openalex.org/W3041149780', 'https://openalex.org/W3114913914', 'https://openalex.org/W3122896559', 'https://openalex.org/W4213214460', 'https://openalex.org/W4240079315', 'https://openalex.org/W4249847349', 'https://openalex.org/W4250210009', 'https://openalex.org/W4252428891', 'https://openalex.org/W4285493101', 'https://openalex.org/W4404793544', 'https://openalex.org/W950821216'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W3109014690', 'https://openalex.org/W2884798239', 'https://openalex.org/W2378076731', 'https://openalex.org/W2366669483', 'https://openalex.org/W2333635112', 'https://openalex.org/W2297768894', 'https://openalex.org/W2127721729', 'https://openalex.org/W2122405502', 'https://openalex.org/W2114254072', 'https://openalex.org/W1531253727'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Modularity': [0], 'has': [1, 13], 'been': [2], 'defined': [3], 'at': [4, 20], 'the': [5, 21, 52, 78, 102, 129, 140, 147, 158, 168], 'product': [6, 130, 173], 'and': [7, 17, 46, 65, 104, 119, 163], 'system': [8], 'levels.': [9], 'However,': [10], 'little': [11], 'effort': [12], 'gone': [14], 'into': [15], 'defining': [16], 'quantifying': [18], 'modularity': [19, 49, 75, 126, 150, 162], 'component': [22, 48, 74, 125, 152, 161, 164], 'level.': [23], 'We': [24, 117, 138, 175], 'consider': [25, 84], 'complex': [26], 'products': [27], 'as': [28, 43, 109], 'a': [29, 44, 133], 'network': [30, 67], 'of': [31, 54, 73, 80, 124, 132, 142, 149, 170], 'components': [32, 86, 100, 106, 113], 'that': [33, 157], 'share': [34, 87], 'technical': [35], 'interfaces': [36, 89, 95, 171], '(or': [37], 'connections)': [38], 'in': [39, 62, 101], 'order': [40], 'to': [41, 98, 145], 'function': [42], 'whole': [45], 'define': [47, 70], 'based': [50, 76], 'on': [51, 77, 151, 167], 'lack': [53], 'connectivity': [55], 'among': [56, 111], 'them.': [57], 'Building': [58], 'upon': [59], 'previous': [60], 'work': [61], 'graph': [63], 'theory': [64], 'social': [66], 'analysis,': [68], 'we': [69], 'three': [71, 122], 'measures': [72, 83, 123, 144], 'notion': [79], 'centrality.': [81], 'Our': [82, 154], 'how': [85, 93, 105], 'direct': [88], 'with': [90], 'adjacent': [91], 'components,': [92], 'design': [94], 'may': [96, 107], 'propagate': [97], 'nonadjacent': [99], 'product,': [103], 'act': [108], 'bridges': [110], 'other': [112], 'through': [114], 'their': [115], 'interfaces.': [116], 'calculate': [118], 'interpret': [120], 'all': [121], 'by': [127], 'studying': [128], 'architecture': [131], 'large': [134], 'commercial': [135], 'aircraft': [136], 'engine.': [137], 'illustrate': [139], 'use': [141], 'these': [143], 'test': [146], 'impact': [148], 'redesign.': [153], 'results': [155], 'show': [156], 'relationship': [159], 'between': [160], 'redesign': [165], 'depends': [166], 'type': [169], 'connecting': [172], 'components.': [174], 'also': [176], 'discuss': [177], 'directions': [178], 'for': [179], 'future': [180], 'work.': [181]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2157606016', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 15}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 13}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 17}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 13}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 18}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 23}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 16}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 19}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 15}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-04T08:10:06.289042', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}