Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2157442562', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.319703', 'title': 'The NAIRU in Theory and Practice', 'display_name': 'The NAIRU in Theory and Practice', 'publication_year': 2002, 'publication_date': '2002-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2157442562', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.319703', 'mag': '2157442562'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.319703', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4210172589', 'display_name': 'SSRN Electronic Journal', 'issn_l': '1556-5068', 'issn': ['1556-5068'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1318003438', 'host_organization_name': 'RELX Group (Netherlands)', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1318003438'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['RELX Group (Netherlands)'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'http://papers.nber.org/papers/w8940.pdf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5041112681', 'display_name': 'Laurence Ball', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0092-388X'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1310145890', 'display_name': 'International Monetary Fund', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05m4rmw09', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'other', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1310145890']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1321305853', 'display_name': 'National Bureau of Economic Research', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04grmx538', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1321305853']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I145311948', 'display_name': 'Johns Hopkins University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00za53h95', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I145311948']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Laurence Ball', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['International Monetary Fund (IMF)', 'Johns Hopkins University - Department of Economics', 'National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'International Monetary Fund (IMF)', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1310145890']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1321305853']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Johns Hopkins University - Department of Economics', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I145311948']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5026481307', 'display_name': 'N. Gregory Mankiw', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1321305853', 'display_name': 'National Bureau of Economic Research', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04grmx538', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1321305853']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I136199984', 'display_name': 'Harvard University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03vek6s52', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I136199984']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'N. Gregory Mankiw', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Harvard University - Department of Economics', 'National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1321305853']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Harvard University - Department of Economics', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I136199984']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 4, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 6.202, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 97, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.986202, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 95, 'max': 96}, 'biblio': {'volume': None, 'issue': None, 'first_page': None, 'last_page': None}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10007', 'display_name': 'Monetary Policy and Economic Impact', 'score': 0.9997, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2000', 'display_name': 'General Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10007', 'display_name': 'Monetary Policy and Economic Impact', 'score': 0.9997, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2000', 'display_name': 'General Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11742', 'display_name': 'Economic Theory and Policy', 'score': 0.9993, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2000', 'display_name': 'General Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10393', 'display_name': 'Economic Growth and Productivity', 'score': 0.9957, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/nairu', 'display_name': 'NAIRU', 'score': 0.7373686}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2775969135', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1533767', 'display_name': 'NAIRU', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.7373686}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.4379268}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C165556158', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83937', 'display_name': 'Keynesian economics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.33682704}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C149782125', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039', 'display_name': 'Econometrics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.32103062}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778126366', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41171', 'display_name': 'Unemployment', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.27881065}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C139719470', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680', 'display_name': 'Macroeconomics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.23271245}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778774626', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220841', 'display_name': 'Phillips curve', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.16778663}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 4, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.319703', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4210172589', 'display_name': 'SSRN Electronic Journal', 'issn_l': '1556-5068', 'issn': ['1556-5068'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1318003438', 'host_organization_name': 'RELX Group (Netherlands)', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1318003438'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['RELX Group (Netherlands)'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://papers.nber.org/papers/w8940.pdf', 'pdf_url': 'http://papers.nber.org/papers/w8940.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4308707206', 'display_name': 'Library Union Catalog of Bavaria, Berlin and Brandenburg (B3Kat Repository)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I157725225', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I157725225'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'mit', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/mit', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://www.nber.org/papers/w8940.pdf', 'pdf_url': 'http://www.nber.org/papers/w8940.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401271', 'display_name': 'RePEc: Research Papers in Economics', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I77793887', 'host_organization_name': 'Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I77793887'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://hdl.handle.net/10419/72032', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/72032/1/346224543.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401696', 'display_name': 'Econstor (Econstor)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': None, 'host_organization_name': None, 'host_organization_lineage': [], 'host_organization_lineage_names': [], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'other-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa', 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://papers.nber.org/papers/w8940.pdf', 'pdf_url': 'http://papers.nber.org/papers/w8940.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4308707206', 'display_name': 'Library Union Catalog of Bavaria, Berlin and Brandenburg (B3Kat Repository)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I157725225', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I157725225'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'mit', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/mit', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Decent work and economic growth', 'score': 0.76, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 54, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1513217982', 'https://openalex.org/W1515760721', 'https://openalex.org/W1516420460', 'https://openalex.org/W1545836810', 'https://openalex.org/W1561841176', 'https://openalex.org/W1564595839', 'https://openalex.org/W1877537937', 'https://openalex.org/W1894795370', 'https://openalex.org/W1965561045', 'https://openalex.org/W1967616325', 'https://openalex.org/W1967771878', 'https://openalex.org/W1989102792', 'https://openalex.org/W1995786391', 'https://openalex.org/W1998941792', 'https://openalex.org/W2017341347', 'https://openalex.org/W2027059017', 'https://openalex.org/W2027835104', 'https://openalex.org/W2028690461', 'https://openalex.org/W2041662795', 'https://openalex.org/W2052489773', 'https://openalex.org/W2056401733', 'https://openalex.org/W2057244649', 'https://openalex.org/W2060268960', 'https://openalex.org/W2068298385', 'https://openalex.org/W2075960386', 'https://openalex.org/W2085059723', 'https://openalex.org/W2086270352', 'https://openalex.org/W2088563154', 'https://openalex.org/W2090148352', 'https://openalex.org/W2111819448', 'https://openalex.org/W2112070030', 'https://openalex.org/W2120011797', 'https://openalex.org/W2125534266', 'https://openalex.org/W2145075570', 'https://openalex.org/W2150775017', 'https://openalex.org/W2159396019', 'https://openalex.org/W2163488867', 'https://openalex.org/W2201902270', 'https://openalex.org/W2235141016', 'https://openalex.org/W2320686922', 'https://openalex.org/W2367823283', 'https://openalex.org/W2555097538', 'https://openalex.org/W2890546999', 'https://openalex.org/W3121721370', 'https://openalex.org/W3123623312', 'https://openalex.org/W3123923763', 'https://openalex.org/W3125273729', 'https://openalex.org/W3125578965', 'https://openalex.org/W3126141668', 'https://openalex.org/W3143888985', 'https://openalex.org/W40048283', 'https://openalex.org/W4230841866', 'https://openalex.org/W4251709924', 'https://openalex.org/W4253786386'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4300342898', 'https://openalex.org/W4254551373', 'https://openalex.org/W31255663', 'https://openalex.org/W3124379373', 'https://openalex.org/W3122292211', 'https://openalex.org/W2142065228', 'https://openalex.org/W2033040560', 'https://openalex.org/W2029347177', 'https://openalex.org/W1899443305', 'https://openalex.org/W1508652704'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'This': [0], 'paper': [1, 62], 'discusses': [2, 64], 'the': [3, 6, 15, 18, 47, 66, 76, 80, 88, 91, 96], 'NAIRU': [4, 19, 48, 67, 92], '-': [5], 'non-accelerating': [7], 'inflation': [8, 40], 'rate': [9], 'of': [10, 17, 46], 'unemployment.': [11, 42], 'It': [12], 'first': [13], 'considers': [14], 'role': [16], 'concept': [20, 28], 'in': [21, 31, 34, 54, 70, 75, 90, 98], 'business': [22], 'cycle': [23], 'theory,': [24], 'arguing': [25], 'that': [26, 87], 'this': [27], 'is': [29, 49, 86, 93], 'implicit': [30], 'any': [32], 'model': [33], 'which': [35], 'monetary': [36], 'policy': [37], 'influences': [38], 'both': [39], 'and': [41], 'The': [43, 61, 82], 'exact': [44], 'value': [45], 'hard': [50], 'to': [51, 95], 'measure,': [52], 'however,': [53], 'part': [55], 'because': [56], 'it': [57, 73], 'changes': [58, 68], 'over': [59], 'time.': [60], 'then': [63], 'why': [65, 72], 'and,': [69], 'particular,': [71], 'fell': [74], 'United': [77], 'States': [78], 'during': [79], '1990s.': [81], 'most': [83], 'promising': [84], 'hypothesis': [85], 'decline': [89], 'attributable': [94], 'acceleration': [97], 'productivity': [99], 'growth.': [100]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2157442562', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 6}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-09T05:23:18.300258', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}