Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2155699999', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.3141/2160-01', 'title': 'Project-Level Life-Cycle Benefit–Cost Analysis Approach for Evaluating Highway Segment Safety Hardware Improvements', 'display_name': 'Project-Level Life-Cycle Benefit–Cost Analysis Approach for Evaluating Highway Segment Safety Hardware Improvements', 'publication_year': 2010, 'publication_date': '2010-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2155699999', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.3141/2160-01', 'mag': '2155699999'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.3141/2160-01', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S145575934', 'display_name': 'Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board', 'issn_l': '0361-1981', 'issn': ['0361-1981', '2169-4052'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320017', 'host_organization_name': 'SAGE Publishing', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320017'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['SAGE Publishing'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5045316734', 'display_name': 'Zongzhi Li', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6500-7460'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I180949307', 'display_name': 'Illinois Institute of Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/037t3ry66', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I180949307']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Zongzhi Li', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3201 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, IL 60616.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3201 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, IL 60616.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I180949307']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5065592706', 'display_name': 'Samuel Labi', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9830-2071'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I219193219', 'display_name': 'Purdue University West Lafayette', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02dqehb95', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I219193219']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Samuel Labi', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I219193219']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5111468695', 'display_name': 'Matthew G. Karlaftis', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I200777214', 'display_name': 'National and Kapodistrian University of Athens', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04gnjpq42', 'country_code': 'GR', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I200777214']}], 'countries': ['GR'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Matthew Karlaftis', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['School of Civil Engineering, National University of Athens, GR-157 73 Athens, Greece.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'School of Civil Engineering, National University of Athens, GR-157 73 Athens, Greece.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I200777214']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5012710518', 'display_name': 'Κωνσταντίνος Κεπαπτσόγλου', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5505-6998'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I200777214', 'display_name': 'National and Kapodistrian University of Athens', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04gnjpq42', 'country_code': 'GR', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I200777214']}], 'countries': ['GR'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Konstantinos Kepaptsoglou', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['School of Civil Engineering, National University of Athens, GR-157 73 Athens, Greece.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'School of Civil Engineering, National University of Athens, GR-157 73 Athens, Greece.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I200777214']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5074325105', 'display_name': 'Montasir Abbas', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9938-0255'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I859038795', 'display_name': 'Virginia Tech', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02smfhw86', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I859038795']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Montasir Abbas', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 301-D1 Patton Hall, MC 0105, Blacksburg, VA 24061.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 301-D1 Patton Hall, MC 0105, Blacksburg, VA 24061.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I859038795']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5037714721', 'display_name': 'Bei Zhou', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9639-2560'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I180949307', 'display_name': 'Illinois Institute of Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/037t3ry66', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I180949307']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Bei Zhou', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3201 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, IL 60616.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3201 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, IL 60616.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I180949307']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5069098884', 'display_name': 'Sunil Madanu', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9582-6734'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I180949307', 'display_name': 'Illinois Institute of Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/037t3ry66', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I180949307']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Sunil Madanu', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3201 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, IL 60616.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3201 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, IL 60616.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I180949307']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 2, 'institutions_distinct_count': 4, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5045316734'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I180949307'], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 3.219, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 10, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.855965, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 84, 'max': 85}, 'biblio': {'volume': '2160', 'issue': '1', 'first_page': '1', 'last_page': '11'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11606', 'display_name': 'Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring', 'score': 0.9994, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2205', 'display_name': 'Civil and Structural Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11606', 'display_name': 'Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring', 'score': 0.9994, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2205', 'display_name': 'Civil and Structural Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10370', 'display_name': 'Traffic and Road Safety', 'score': 0.9963, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2213', 'display_name': 'Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10264', 'display_name': 'Asphalt Pavement Performance Evaluation', 'score': 0.9929, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2205', 'display_name': 'Civil and Structural Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C22212356', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325', 'display_name': 'Transport engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.6327625}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776436953', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215', 'display_name': 'Consistency (knowledge bases)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.51767445}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C200601418', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887', 'display_name': 'Reliability engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.50170517}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127413603', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023', 'display_name': 'Engineering', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.4700621}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.3485362}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154945302', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660', 'display_name': 'Artificial intelligence', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.081991315}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.3141/2160-01', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S145575934', 'display_name': 'Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board', 'issn_l': '0361-1981', 'issn': ['0361-1981', '2169-4052'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320017', 'host_organization_name': 'SAGE Publishing', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320017'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['SAGE Publishing'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.58, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12', 'display_name': 'Responsible consumption and production'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 31, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W108911424', 'https://openalex.org/W1512711506', 'https://openalex.org/W1525129541', 'https://openalex.org/W1528905581', 'https://openalex.org/W1560564256', 'https://openalex.org/W1572778877', 'https://openalex.org/W2002664886', 'https://openalex.org/W2003813047', 'https://openalex.org/W2013530697', 'https://openalex.org/W2023508658', 'https://openalex.org/W2041929572', 'https://openalex.org/W2052505792', 'https://openalex.org/W2055060339', 'https://openalex.org/W2064047569', 'https://openalex.org/W2097340379', 'https://openalex.org/W2107552947', 'https://openalex.org/W2127248997', 'https://openalex.org/W2130439338', 'https://openalex.org/W2132249300', 'https://openalex.org/W2145118272', 'https://openalex.org/W2487612950', 'https://openalex.org/W2516321972', 'https://openalex.org/W2795444186', 'https://openalex.org/W3015302834', 'https://openalex.org/W4206783663', 'https://openalex.org/W4231322344', 'https://openalex.org/W4240137457', 'https://openalex.org/W4255427706', 'https://openalex.org/W4301861531', 'https://openalex.org/W608774696', 'https://openalex.org/W609805510'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4391913857', 'https://openalex.org/W2748952813', 'https://openalex.org/W2530322880', 'https://openalex.org/W2478288626', 'https://openalex.org/W2390279801', 'https://openalex.org/W2382290278', 'https://openalex.org/W2376932109', 'https://openalex.org/W2358668433', 'https://openalex.org/W2350741829', 'https://openalex.org/W2001405890'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'This': [0], 'paper': [1], 'presents': [2], 'a': [3, 6, 25, 38], 'methodology': [4, 187], 'for': [5, 30, 76, 131, 179, 192], 'benefit–cost': [7], 'analysis': [8], 'of': [9, 13, 34, 49, 61, 102, 127, 141], 'improving': [10], 'the': [11, 23, 32, 46, 50, 96, 100, 103, 114, 118, 123, 132, 139, 142, 158, 163, 174, 186], 'conditions': [12], 'highway': [14, 39, 97, 133, 147], 'segment': [15, 56, 98, 134], 'safety': [16, 26, 67, 77, 82, 107, 128], 'hardware': [17, 68, 83, 120, 129], 'over': [18, 117], 'its': [19, 194], 'life': [20], 'cycle.': [21], 'In': [22], 'framework,': [24], 'index': [27], 'is': [28, 85, 182], 'established': [29], 'assessing': [31], 'risks': [33, 42], 'vehicle': [35], 'crashes': [36, 94], 'on': [37, 95, 99, 145], 'segment.': [40], 'These': [41], 'are': [43, 135, 153, 160], 'associated': [44, 80], 'with': [45, 81], 'safety-related': [47], 'attributes': [48], 'segment,': [51], 'which': [52], 'include': [53], 'traffic': [54], 'volume,': [55], 'length,': [57], 'standards': [58], 'and': [59, 70, 92, 105, 112, 155, 157, 173, 188], 'consistency': [60], 'geometric': [62], 'design,': [63], 'pavement': [64], 'surface': [65], 'condition,': [66, 69], 'roadside': [71], 'features.': [72], 'The': [73], 'annual': [74, 115], 'potential': [75], 'improvements': [78, 84, 130], '(PSI)': [79], 'calculated': [86], 'as': [87], 'reductions': [88], 'in': [89, 149], 'fatal,': [90], 'injury,': [91], 'property-damage-only': [93], 'basis': [101], 'without-': [104], 'with-improvement': [106], 'indices.': [108], 'Then,': [109], 'by': [110], 'monetizing': [111], 'extrapolating': [113], 'PSI': [116], 'longest': [119], 'service': [121], 'life,': [122], 'maximum': [124], 'life-cycle': [125], 'benefits': [126], 'established.': [136], 'To': [137], 'demonstrate': [138], 'application': [140], 'methodology,': [143], 'data': [144], '193': [146], 'segments': [148], 'Ozaukee': [150], 'County,': [151], 'Wisconsin,': [152], 'collected': [154], 'analyzed': [156], 'results': [159], 'validated': [161], 'using': [162], 'root-mean-square': [164], 'error': [165], 'test,': [166, 168, 172], 'chi-square': [167], "Spearman's": [169], 'rank': [170], 'correlation': [171], 'Mann–Whitney': [175], 'test.': [176], 'A': [177], 'direction': [178], 'future': [180], 'research': [181], 'recommended': [183], 'to': [184, 189], 'simplify': [185], 'prepare': [190], 'guidelines': [191], 'enhancing': [193], 'practical': [195], 'implementation.': [196]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2155699999', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 2}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-10T14:50:45.873274', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}