Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2148717806', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physchem.59.032607.093610', 'title': 'Equation-Free Multiscale Computation: Algorithms and Applications', 'display_name': 'Equation-Free Multiscale Computation: Algorithms and Applications', 'publication_year': 2008, 'publication_date': '2008-11-11', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2148717806', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physchem.59.032607.093610', 'mag': '2148717806', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19335220'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physchem.59.032607.093610', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S136526455', 'display_name': 'Annual Review of Physical Chemistry', 'issn_l': '0066-426X', 'issn': ['0066-426X', '1545-1593'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320373', 'host_organization_name': 'Annual Reviews', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320373'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Annual Reviews'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'review', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5036566464', 'display_name': 'Ioannis G. Kevrekidis', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2220-3522'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I20089843', 'display_name': 'Princeton University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00hx57361', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I20089843']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Ioannis G. Kevrekidis', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Chemical Engineering and Program in Applied and Computational Mathematics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544;'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Chemical Engineering and Program in Applied and Computational Mathematics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544;', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I20089843']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5007947181', 'display_name': 'Giovanni Samaey', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8433-4523'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I99464096', 'display_name': 'KU Leuven', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05f950310', 'country_code': 'BE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I99464096']}], 'countries': ['BE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Giovanni Samaey', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Computer Science, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium,'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Computer Science, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium,', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I99464096']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 2, 'institutions_distinct_count': 2, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 1.224, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 281, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.762821, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '60', 'issue': '1', 'first_page': '321', 'last_page': '344'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12100', 'display_name': 'Advanced Mathematical Modeling in Engineering', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1703', 'display_name': 'Computational Theory and Mathematics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12100', 'display_name': 'Advanced Mathematical Modeling in Engineering', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1703', 'display_name': 'Computational Theory and Mathematics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10591', 'display_name': 'Theoretical and Computational Physics', 'score': 0.9982, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3104', 'display_name': 'Condensed Matter Physics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/31', 'display_name': 'Physics and Astronomy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11751', 'display_name': 'Lattice Boltzmann Simulation Studies', 'score': 0.998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2206', 'display_name': 'Computational Mechanics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/kinetic-monte-carlo', 'display_name': 'Kinetic Monte Carlo', 'score': 0.5252542}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/lattice-boltzmann-methods', 'display_name': 'Lattice Boltzmann methods', 'score': 0.5110632}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/multiscale-modeling', 'display_name': 'Multiscale Modeling', 'score': 0.45369533}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C45374587', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525', 'display_name': 'Computation', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6544637}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121864883', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916', 'display_name': 'Statistical physics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.640434}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.6252035}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778755073', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537', 'display_name': 'Scale (ratio)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.52667135}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C45786274', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3333611', 'display_name': 'Kinetic Monte Carlo', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5252542}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C11413529', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366', 'display_name': 'Algorithm', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.51308143}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C21821499', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1807064', 'display_name': 'Lattice Boltzmann methods', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5110632}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C19499675', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207', 'display_name': 'Monte Carlo method', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.47165623}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C141123601', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6935072', 'display_name': 'Multiscale modeling', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.45369533}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C80444323', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974', 'display_name': 'Theoretical computer science', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.35367867}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C459310', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801', 'display_name': 'Computational science', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.33985415}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.22752213}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.17481312}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C57879066', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217', 'display_name': 'Mechanics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.07839516}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C105795698', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483', 'display_name': 'Statistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C147597530', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369472', 'display_name': 'Computational chemistry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C185592680', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329', 'display_name': 'Chemistry', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C62520636', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944', 'display_name': 'Quantum mechanics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D000465', 'descriptor_name': 'Algorithms', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003198', 'descriptor_name': 'Computer Simulation', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008823', 'descriptor_name': 'Micelles', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D037742', 'descriptor_name': 'Nanotubes, Carbon', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000737', 'qualifier_name': 'chemistry', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D037742', 'descriptor_name': 'Nanotubes, Carbon', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014867', 'descriptor_name': 'Water', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000737', 'qualifier_name': 'chemistry', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014867', 'descriptor_name': 'Water', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physchem.59.032607.093610', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S136526455', 'display_name': 'Annual Review of Physical Chemistry', 'issn_l': '0066-426X', 'issn': ['0066-426X', '1545-1593'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320373', 'host_organization_name': 'Annual Reviews', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320373'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Annual Reviews'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19335220', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 162, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1390923', 'https://openalex.org/W1506342804', 'https://openalex.org/W1519068578', 'https://openalex.org/W1543114668', 'https://openalex.org/W1561704653', 'https://openalex.org/W1562360371', 'https://openalex.org/W1565774502', 'https://openalex.org/W1572902284', 'https://openalex.org/W1579236455', 'https://openalex.org/W1581063030', 'https://openalex.org/W1600015713', 'https://openalex.org/W1625235292', 'https://openalex.org/W1642725800', 'https://openalex.org/W1664235680', 'https://openalex.org/W1723454128', 'https://openalex.org/W173710759', 'https://openalex.org/W1836370665', 'https://openalex.org/W1849361375', 'https://openalex.org/W1966426357', 'https://openalex.org/W1967304912', 'https://openalex.org/W1968716084', 'https://openalex.org/W1968930972', 'https://openalex.org/W1969705753', 'https://openalex.org/W1969750481', 'https://openalex.org/W1972665153', 'https://openalex.org/W1973366577', 'https://openalex.org/W1975228206', 'https://openalex.org/W1978546416', 'https://openalex.org/W1979623351', 'https://openalex.org/W1982137317', 'https://openalex.org/W1982424837', 'https://openalex.org/W1982793262', 'https://openalex.org/W1984317560', 'https://openalex.org/W1984840642', 'https://openalex.org/W1988111621', 'https://openalex.org/W1989721283', 'https://openalex.org/W1989753444', 'https://openalex.org/W1990157709', 'https://openalex.org/W1992721196', 'https://openalex.org/W1994089881', 'https://openalex.org/W1996526323', 'https://openalex.org/W1996661360', 'https://openalex.org/W1999110794', 'https://openalex.org/W1999534389', 'https://openalex.org/W1999939431', 'https://openalex.org/W2001141328', 'https://openalex.org/W2003613101', 'https://openalex.org/W2008911142', 'https://openalex.org/W2009447971', 'https://openalex.org/W2009458780', 'https://openalex.org/W2009537882', 'https://openalex.org/W2011262183', 'https://openalex.org/W2012707371', 'https://openalex.org/W2015898169', 'https://openalex.org/W2017700359', 'https://openalex.org/W2018196214', 'https://openalex.org/W2018996490', 'https://openalex.org/W2019353564', 'https://openalex.org/W2019900183', 'https://openalex.org/W2020506589', 'https://openalex.org/W2021270935', 'https://openalex.org/W2021669684', 'https://openalex.org/W2022064443', 'https://openalex.org/W2024986381', 'https://openalex.org/W2028228877', 'https://openalex.org/W2030004149', 'https://openalex.org/W2031272029', 'https://openalex.org/W2031912273', 'https://openalex.org/W2032227660', 'https://openalex.org/W2037755912', 'https://openalex.org/W2041822426', 'https://openalex.org/W2042225931', 'https://openalex.org/W2042766445', 'https://openalex.org/W2043687962', 'https://openalex.org/W2044193936', 'https://openalex.org/W2044285531', 'https://openalex.org/W2046673114', 'https://openalex.org/W2048810410', 'https://openalex.org/W2049327608', 'https://openalex.org/W2049835858', 'https://openalex.org/W2053172733', 'https://openalex.org/W2053435677', 'https://openalex.org/W2053909454', 'https://openalex.org/W2056454305', 'https://openalex.org/W2059668986', 'https://openalex.org/W2065135854', 'https://openalex.org/W2065598719', 'https://openalex.org/W2068485378', 'https://openalex.org/W2069870748', 'https://openalex.org/W2070460788', 'https://openalex.org/W2072317849', 'https://openalex.org/W2073575966', 'https://openalex.org/W2075019892', 'https://openalex.org/W2078970689', 'https://openalex.org/W2080308289', 'https://openalex.org/W2081774754', 'https://openalex.org/W2084559379', 'https://openalex.org/W2084644073', 'https://openalex.org/W2085049002', 'https://openalex.org/W2085608606', 'https://openalex.org/W2086561567', 'https://openalex.org/W2086689994', 'https://openalex.org/W2089692083', 'https://openalex.org/W2093031030', 'https://openalex.org/W2093594494', 'https://openalex.org/W2093664623', 'https://openalex.org/W2097308346', 'https://openalex.org/W2098474760', 'https://openalex.org/W2101116262', 'https://openalex.org/W2101880715', 'https://openalex.org/W2102787760', 'https://openalex.org/W2105549229', 'https://openalex.org/W2106140689', 'https://openalex.org/W2111818440', 'https://openalex.org/W2114510459', 'https://openalex.org/W2116543104', 'https://openalex.org/W2117684310', 'https://openalex.org/W2121555031', 'https://openalex.org/W2123716202', 'https://openalex.org/W2124106470', 'https://openalex.org/W2124138287', 'https://openalex.org/W2127859962', 'https://openalex.org/W2132113005', 'https://openalex.org/W2134118243', 'https://openalex.org/W2136645762', 'https://openalex.org/W2139139723', 'https://openalex.org/W2139168617', 'https://openalex.org/W2141361312', 'https://openalex.org/W2143476164', 'https://openalex.org/W2144587879', 'https://openalex.org/W2146838586', 'https://openalex.org/W2147490812', 'https://openalex.org/W2156486427', 'https://openalex.org/W2156603435', 'https://openalex.org/W2159998122', 'https://openalex.org/W2161668948', 'https://openalex.org/W2164193727', 'https://openalex.org/W2171303908', 'https://openalex.org/W2174736763', 'https://openalex.org/W2277331806', 'https://openalex.org/W2278069843', 'https://openalex.org/W2490660655', 'https://openalex.org/W2580683667', 'https://openalex.org/W2582303359', 'https://openalex.org/W2601273952', 'https://openalex.org/W2951394901', 'https://openalex.org/W2990138404', 'https://openalex.org/W3011811336', 'https://openalex.org/W3098040263', 'https://openalex.org/W3098627816', 'https://openalex.org/W3101887857', 'https://openalex.org/W3102562631', 'https://openalex.org/W3103168849', 'https://openalex.org/W3103752336', 'https://openalex.org/W4206097460', 'https://openalex.org/W4213264637', 'https://openalex.org/W4213367101', 'https://openalex.org/W4250245180', 'https://openalex.org/W4388316717', 'https://openalex.org/W6253552', 'https://openalex.org/W82473244', 'https://openalex.org/W945895313'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W576990966', 'https://openalex.org/W4378695509', 'https://openalex.org/W2614306844', 'https://openalex.org/W2611915572', 'https://openalex.org/W2415174576', 'https://openalex.org/W2319528889', 'https://openalex.org/W2183370537', 'https://openalex.org/W2062364940', 'https://openalex.org/W2012570191', 'https://openalex.org/W2011251178'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'In': [0], 'traditional': [1], 'physicochemical': [2], 'modeling,': [3], 'one': [4, 42], 'derives': [5], 'evolution': [6, 44, 110], 'equations': [7, 111, 114], 'at': [8, 45, 56], 'the': [9, 106, 124, 137], '(macroscopic,': [10], 'coarse)': [11], 'scale': [12, 48], 'of': [13, 22, 31, 49, 63, 108], 'interest;': [14], 'these': [15, 113], 'are': [16, 53, 118], 'used': [17], 'to': [18], 'perform': [19], 'a': [20, 46, 57, 76], 'variety': [21], 'tasks': [23, 86], '(simulation,': [24], 'bifurcation': [25], 'analysis,': [26, 81], 'optimization)': [27], 'using': [28, 91], 'an': [29], 'arsenal': [30], 'analytical': [32], 'and': [33, 100, 132, 135, 147], 'numerical': [34], 'techniques.': [35], 'For': [36], 'many': [37], 'complex': [38], 'systems,': [39], 'however,': [40], 'although': [41], 'observes': [43], 'macroscopic': [47, 84, 109], 'interest,': [50], 'accurate': [51], 'models': [52], 'only': [54, 92], 'given': [55], 'more': [58], 'detailed': [59], '(fine-scale,': [60], 'microscopic)': [61], 'level': [62], 'description': [64], '(e.g.,': [65], 'lattice': [66], 'Boltzmann,': [67], 'kinetic': [68], 'Monte': [69], 'Carlo,': [70], 'molecular': [71], 'dynamics).': [72], 'Here,': [73], 'we': [74], 'review': [75], 'framework': [77], 'for': [78, 150], 'computer-aided': [79], 'multiscale': [80], 'which': [82], 'enables': [83], 'computational': [85], '(over': [87], 'extended': [88], 'spatiotemporal': [89], 'scales)': [90], 'appropriately': [93], 'initialized': [94], 'microscopic': [95], 'simulation': [96], 'on': [97], 'short': [98], 'time': [99], 'length': [101], 'scales.': [102], 'The': [103], 'methodology': [104], 'bypasses': [105], 'derivation': [107], 'when': [112], 'conceptually': [115], 'exist': [116], 'but': [117], 'not': [119], 'available': [120], 'in': [121], 'closed': [122], 'form—hence': [123], 'term': [125], 'equation-free.': [126], 'We': [127, 142], 'selectively': [128], 'discuss': [129, 144], 'basic': [130], 'algorithms': [131], 'underlying': [133], 'principles': [134], 'illustrate': [136], 'approach': [138], 'through': [139], 'representative': [140], 'applications.': [141], 'also': [143], 'potential': [145], 'difficulties': [146], 'outline': [148], 'areas': [149], 'future': [151], 'research.': [152]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2148717806', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 13}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 18}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 20}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 24}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 25}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 18}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 22}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 19}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 29}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 26}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 14}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 11}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-29T12:18:13.223038', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}