Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2148489429', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1079/wps19860008', 'title': 'The tonic immobility reaction of the domestic fowl: a review', 'display_name': 'The tonic immobility reaction of the domestic fowl: a review', 'publication_year': 1986, 'publication_date': '1986-02-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2148489429', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1079/wps19860008', 'mag': '2148489429'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1079/wps19860008', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S160392558', 'display_name': 'World s Poultry Science Journal', 'issn_l': '0043-9339', 'issn': ['0043-9339', '1743-4777'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320547', 'host_organization_name': 'Taylor & Francis', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320547'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Taylor & Francis'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'review', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5053609225', 'display_name': 'Robert B. Jones', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7886-8470'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2799693246', 'display_name': 'Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00cwqg982', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'government', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2799693246', 'https://openalex.org/I4210087105']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'R. Bryan Jones', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ["Agricultural and Food Research Council's Poultry Research Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, Scotland"], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': "Agricultural and Food Research Council's Poultry Research Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, Scotland", 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I2799693246']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5053609225'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I2799693246'], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 1.841, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 363, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.945946, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '42', 'issue': '1', 'first_page': '82', 'last_page': '96'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10152', 'display_name': 'Animal Nutrition and Physiology', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1103', 'display_name': 'Animal Science and Zoology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/11', 'display_name': 'Agricultural and Biological Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10152', 'display_name': 'Animal Nutrition and Physiology', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1103', 'display_name': 'Animal Science and Zoology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/11', 'display_name': 'Agricultural and Biological Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13294', 'display_name': 'Livestock and Poultry Management', 'score': 0.9963, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1103', 'display_name': 'Animal Science and Zoology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/11', 'display_name': 'Agricultural and Biological Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11665', 'display_name': 'Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior', 'score': 0.9956, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1309', 'display_name': 'Developmental Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/tonic', 'display_name': 'Tonic (physiology)', 'score': 0.88830686}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/neurochemical', 'display_name': 'Neurochemical', 'score': 0.597273}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/fowl', 'display_name': 'Fowl', 'score': 0.5195294}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/stereotypy', 'display_name': 'Stereotypy', 'score': 0.44343615}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127573956', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7821376', 'display_name': 'Tonic (physiology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.88830686}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777882087', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6072584', 'display_name': 'Quail', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6036236}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C25876315', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15197465', 'display_name': 'Neurochemical', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.597273}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777654898', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853058', 'display_name': 'Fowl', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5195294}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778738651', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16546687', 'display_name': 'Novelty', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.461327}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.4605649}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779459141', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1198115', 'display_name': 'Stereotypy', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.44343615}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C134018914', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606', 'display_name': 'Endocrinology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.32164955}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C169760540', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.31371844}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.28937975}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C77805123', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272', 'display_name': 'Social psychology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.08427781}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C151730666', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205', 'display_name': 'Paleontology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777193897', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179452', 'display_name': 'Amphetamine', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C513476851', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170304', 'display_name': 'Dopamine', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1079/wps19860008', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S160392558', 'display_name': 'World s Poultry Science Journal', 'issn_l': '0043-9339', 'issn': ['0043-9339', '1743-4777'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320547', 'host_organization_name': 'Taylor & Francis', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320547'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Taylor & Francis'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 111, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W14434897', 'https://openalex.org/W1696245089', 'https://openalex.org/W180601880', 'https://openalex.org/W1943031747', 'https://openalex.org/W1963927630', 'https://openalex.org/W1966010686', 'https://openalex.org/W1966856202', 'https://openalex.org/W1967106014', 'https://openalex.org/W1967669609', 'https://openalex.org/W1968136711', 'https://openalex.org/W1969574244', 'https://openalex.org/W1972108240', 'https://openalex.org/W1972706911', 'https://openalex.org/W1974011830', 'https://openalex.org/W1974021796', 'https://openalex.org/W1978487437', 'https://openalex.org/W19788705', 'https://openalex.org/W1979078698', 'https://openalex.org/W1979800849', 'https://openalex.org/W1980112489', 'https://openalex.org/W1981507480', 'https://openalex.org/W1982185443', 'https://openalex.org/W1983862631', 'https://openalex.org/W1985819894', 'https://openalex.org/W1987137526', 'https://openalex.org/W1988063804', 'https://openalex.org/W1991180756', 'https://openalex.org/W1991966444', 'https://openalex.org/W1992677812', 'https://openalex.org/W1994920053', 'https://openalex.org/W1997338205', 'https://openalex.org/W1997651471', 'https://openalex.org/W2001761089', 'https://openalex.org/W2002192201', 'https://openalex.org/W2006843919', 'https://openalex.org/W2013469358', 'https://openalex.org/W2013985263', 'https://openalex.org/W2015824900', 'https://openalex.org/W2019092695', 'https://openalex.org/W2019768409', 'https://openalex.org/W2023682070', 'https://openalex.org/W2026448094', 'https://openalex.org/W2027904338', 'https://openalex.org/W2028001073', 'https://openalex.org/W2032540508', 'https://openalex.org/W2036716945', 'https://openalex.org/W2038948064', 'https://openalex.org/W2039165023', 'https://openalex.org/W2041002576', 'https://openalex.org/W2042890309', 'https://openalex.org/W2046239958', 'https://openalex.org/W2047108890', 'https://openalex.org/W2047983188', 'https://openalex.org/W2048144771', 'https://openalex.org/W2051618355', 'https://openalex.org/W2053926715', 'https://openalex.org/W2055848239', 'https://openalex.org/W2056157634', 'https://openalex.org/W2056244586', 'https://openalex.org/W2064631659', 'https://openalex.org/W2065599108', 'https://openalex.org/W2066186931', 'https://openalex.org/W2066399632', 'https://openalex.org/W2067963356', 'https://openalex.org/W2069492064', 'https://openalex.org/W2071908690', 'https://openalex.org/W2072150784', 'https://openalex.org/W2073407158', 'https://openalex.org/W2073689672', 'https://openalex.org/W2074391123', 'https://openalex.org/W2081422205', 'https://openalex.org/W2082999608', 'https://openalex.org/W2083479710', 'https://openalex.org/W2086076832', 'https://openalex.org/W2086124132', 'https://openalex.org/W2087025776', 'https://openalex.org/W2088596644', 'https://openalex.org/W2089584332', 'https://openalex.org/W2093240010', 'https://openalex.org/W2094027156', 'https://openalex.org/W2094909675', 'https://openalex.org/W2106841462', 'https://openalex.org/W2109283771', 'https://openalex.org/W2109533840', 'https://openalex.org/W2122836638', 'https://openalex.org/W2137431219', 'https://openalex.org/W2140985478', 'https://openalex.org/W2145922851', 'https://openalex.org/W2168069148', 'https://openalex.org/W231201963', 'https://openalex.org/W2328172278', 'https://openalex.org/W2329063104', 'https://openalex.org/W2413635927', 'https://openalex.org/W243725351', 'https://openalex.org/W2724665304', 'https://openalex.org/W2724769238', 'https://openalex.org/W2726726583', 'https://openalex.org/W2731284130', 'https://openalex.org/W2732421209', 'https://openalex.org/W2733867348', 'https://openalex.org/W2970057937', 'https://openalex.org/W3158808673', 'https://openalex.org/W4237779387', 'https://openalex.org/W4251559279', 'https://openalex.org/W4285719527', 'https://openalex.org/W4294414620', 'https://openalex.org/W4300633276', 'https://openalex.org/W52597133', 'https://openalex.org/W614179223', 'https://openalex.org/W647824622', 'https://openalex.org/W85066059'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W3023944043', 'https://openalex.org/W2898842369', 'https://openalex.org/W2364573015', 'https://openalex.org/W2352954040', 'https://openalex.org/W2224006131', 'https://openalex.org/W2145933656', 'https://openalex.org/W2139326175', 'https://openalex.org/W2110578341', 'https://openalex.org/W2048145898', 'https://openalex.org/W1992943993'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'SummaryTonic': [0], 'immobility': [1, 112, 188, 227, 266, 275, 370], '(TI)': [2], 'is': [3, 17, 23, 37, 119, 138, 158, 190, 336, 389], 'an': [4, 340], 'unlearned': [5], 'state': [6], 'of': [7, 33, 64, 144, 147, 155, 216, 232, 240, 247, 298, 323, 343, 349, 363, 368, 386, 403, 416], 'profound': [8], 'but': [9, 66, 114, 177, 310], 'reversible': [10], 'motor': [11], 'inhibition': [12], 'and': [13, 36, 80, 89, 101, 195, 199, 207, 293, 326, 331, 366], 'reduced': [14, 236], 'responsiveness': [15, 201], 'which': [16, 75, 91, 132], 'induced': [18, 59], 'by': [19, 211, 237], 'physical': [20], 'restraint.': [21], 'It': [22, 56], 'thought': [24, 159], 'to': [25, 41, 46, 108, 140, 160, 192, 202], 'represent': [26], 'the': [27, 50, 72, 93, 110, 122, 145, 156, 162, 171, 212, 229, 238, 244, 248, 259, 295, 307, 321, 344, 350, 361, 364, 369, 377, 413, 417, 423], 'terminal': [28], 'reaction': [29, 163, 189], 'in': [30, 60, 71, 86, 204, 254, 278, 281, 285, 304, 333, 347, 360, 381], 'a': [31, 61, 77, 115, 142, 178, 222, 299, 384, 390, 396], 'chain': [32], 'anti-predator': [34], 'responses': [35, 231], 'considered': [38], 'positively': [39], 'related': [40], 'fear': [42, 48, 332], 'because': [43], 'procedures': [44], 'intended': [45, 338], 'elicit': [47], 'prolong': [49, 161], 'response': [51, 94, 113], 'whereas': [52, 228], 'fear-reducers': [53], 'attenuate': [54], 'it.': [55], 'can': [57, 134, 314], 'be': [58, 135, 141, 315], 'wide': [62], 'variety': [63], 'species': [65], 'has': [67], 'been': [68, 106], 'mainly': [69], 'studied': [70], 'domestic': [73, 205, 424], 'fowl': [74], 'gives': [76], 'particularly': [78, 164], 'robust': [79], 'easily': [81], 'discernible': [82], 'reaction.': [83, 371], 'The': [84, 129, 152, 187, 401], 'changes': [85, 174], 'heart-rate,': [87], 'respiration': [88], 'temperature': [90], 'accompany': [92], 'are': [95, 272], 'reviewed': [96], 'together': [97], 'with': [98, 170, 383], 'its': [99], 'neural': [100], 'neurochemical': [102], 'correlates.Numerous': [103], 'techniques': [104], 'have': [105], 'used': [107], 'induce': [109], 'tonic': [111, 185, 226, 354], 'U-shaped': [116], 'wooden': [117], 'cradle': [118], 'recommended': [120], 'as': [121, 339], 'most': [123, 418], 'reliable': [124], 'method': [125], 'for': [126, 197, 258, 394, 409, 422], 'adult': [127], 'birds.': [128], 'age': [130], 'at': [131, 317], 'TI': [133, 217, 230, 330, 378], 'first': [136], 'elicited': [137], 'likely': [139], 'function': [143], 'strain': [146], 'bird': [148, 172, 250], 'and/or': [149, 399], 'methodology': [150], 'used.': [151], 'visual': [153], 'presence': [154, 239], 'observer': [157], 'if': [165], 'he': [166], 'maintains': [167], 'eye': [168], 'contact': [169], 'or': [173, 181, 214, 348], 'his': [175], 'appearance': [176], 'regular': [179], 'handling': [180], 'taming': [182], 'regime': [183], 'depresses': [184], 'immobility.': [186, 355], 'open': [191], 'genetic': [193], 'manipulation': [194], 'selection': [196], 'high': [198], 'low': [200], 'novelty': [203], 'chicks': [206, 242], 'quail': [208], 'was': [209, 276, 374], 'accompanied': [210], 'potentiation': [213], 'attenuation': [215], 'respectively.': [218], 'Sudden': [219], 'isolation': [220], 'from': [221, 306], 'social': [223, 245], 'environment': [224], 'prolonged': [225], 'socially-reared': [233], 'birds': [234, 279], 'were': [235], 'other': [241, 387], 'though': [243], 'status': [246], 'companion': [249], 'influenced': [251], 'this': [252, 318], 'effect': [253], 'adults.': [255], 'Possible': [256], 'explanations': [257], 'observation': [260], 'that': [261, 376], 'dominant': [262], 'hens': [263], 'showed': [264], 'longer': [265, 277], 'reactions': [267], 'than': [268, 284, 290, 303], 'their': [269], 'subordinate': [270], 'counterparts': [271], 'discussed.': [273], 'Tonic': [274], 'housed': [280], 'a)': [282], 'cages': [283], 'pens,': [286], 'b)': [287], 'large': [288], 'rather': [289], 'small': [291], 'groups': [292], 'c)': [294], 'top': [296], 'tier': [297], 'three-tier': [300], 'battery': [301, 385], 'system': [302], 'those': [305], 'lower': [308], 'tiers': [309], 'few': [311], 'concrete': [312], 'conclusions': [313], 'drawn': [316], 'stage': [319], 'regarding': [320], 'effects': [322], 'different': [324], 'housing': [325, 420], 'husbandry': [327], 'systems': [328, 421], 'on': [329, 412], 'general.This': [334], 'review': [335], 'not': [337], 'exhaustive': [341], 'catalogue': [342], 'mechanisms': [345], 'involved': [346], 'extraneous': [351], 'factors': [352], 'affecting': [353], 'Indeed,': [356], 'substantial': [357], 'gaps': [358], 'remain': [359], 'understanding': [362], 'nature': [365], 'control': [367], 'However,': [372], 'it': [373], 'concluded': [375], 'reaction,': [379], 'applied': [380], 'conjunction': [382], 'tests,': [388], 'useful': [391], 'behavioural': [392], 'tool': [393], 'assessing': [395], "bird's": [397], 'reactivity': [398], 'fearfulness.': [400], 'results': [402], 'such': [404], 'studies': [405], 'may': [406], 'provide': [407], 'guidelines': [408], 'future': [410], 'research': [411], 'welfare': [414], 'aspects': [415], 'appropriate': [419], 'fowl.': [425]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2148489429', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 13}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 13}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 15}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 18}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 15}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 20}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 13}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 18}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 15}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-14T09:40:36.929209', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}