Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2146039150', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.93.2.239', 'title': 'Bias in Mental Health Assessment and Intervention: Theory and Evidence', 'display_name': 'Bias in Mental Health Assessment and Intervention: Theory and Evidence', 'publication_year': 2003, 'publication_date': '2003-02-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2146039150', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.93.2.239', 'mag': '2146039150', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12554576', 'pmcid': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1447723'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.93.2.239', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S168049282', 'display_name': 'American Journal of Public Health', 'issn_l': '0090-0036', 'issn': ['0090-0036', '1541-0048'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320277', 'host_organization_name': 'American Public Health Association', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320277'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Public Health Association'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'review', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447723', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5047320251', 'display_name': 'Lonnie R. Snowden', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1722-699X'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I95457486', 'display_name': 'University of California, Berkeley', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01an7q238', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I95457486']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Lonnie R. Snowden', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['The author is with the School of Social Welfare, University of California, Berkeley.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'The author is with the School of Social Welfare, University of California, Berkeley.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I95457486']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5047320251'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I95457486'], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 2.643, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 340, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.993921, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 98, 'max': 99}, 'biblio': {'volume': '93', 'issue': '2', 'first_page': '239', 'last_page': '243'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10272', 'display_name': 'Impact of Stigma on Mental Health Care', 'score': 0.9676, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3207', 'display_name': 'Social Psychology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/32', 'display_name': 'Psychology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10272', 'display_name': 'Impact of Stigma on Mental Health Care', 'score': 0.9676, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3207', 'display_name': 'Social Psychology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/32', 'display_name': 'Psychology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10804', 'display_name': 'Health Economics and Quality of Life Assessment', 'score': 0.9561, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10391', 'display_name': 'Economics of Health Care Systems and Policies', 'score': 0.9498, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/help-seeking-behaviors', 'display_name': 'Help-Seeking Behaviors', 'score': 0.477983}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/association', 'display_name': 'Association (psychology)', 'score': 0.43184626}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C134362201', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317309', 'display_name': 'Mental health', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.63178647}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780665704', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298', 'display_name': 'Intervention (counseling)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.55711806}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.46743336}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C118552586', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867', 'display_name': 'Psychiatry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.45299292}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C99454951', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068', 'display_name': 'Environmental health', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.43717104}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C142853389', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778', 'display_name': 'Association (psychology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.43184626}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779473830', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899', 'display_name': 'MEDLINE', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.42385972}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138816342', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603', 'display_name': 'Public health', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4167336}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.401909}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C70410870', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906', 'display_name': 'Clinical psychology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3363849}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.10836917}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C542102704', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257', 'display_name': 'Psychotherapist', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.09745127}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C159110408', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176', 'display_name': 'Nursing', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.096211135}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D005006', 'descriptor_name': 'Ethnicity', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000523', 'qualifier_name': 'psychology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001523', 'descriptor_name': 'Mental Disorders', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000208', 'qualifier_name': 'ethnology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008605', 'descriptor_name': 'Mental Health Services', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000592', 'qualifier_name': 'standards', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011287', 'descriptor_name': 'Prejudice', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011369', 'descriptor_name': 'Professional-Patient Relations', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001291', 'descriptor_name': 'Attitude of Health Personnel', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001291', 'descriptor_name': 'Attitude of Health Personnel', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000208', 'qualifier_name': 'ethnology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001294', 'descriptor_name': 'Attitude to Health', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001294', 'descriptor_name': 'Attitude to Health', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000208', 'qualifier_name': 'ethnology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003657', 'descriptor_name': 'Decision Making', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005006', 'descriptor_name': 'Ethnicity', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005069', 'descriptor_name': 'Evaluation Studies as Topic', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006297', 'descriptor_name': 'Health Services Accessibility', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001523', 'descriptor_name': 'Mental Disorders', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001523', 'descriptor_name': 'Mental Disorders', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000628', 'qualifier_name': 'therapy', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008605', 'descriptor_name': 'Mental Health Services', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011787', 'descriptor_name': 'Quality of Health Care', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012959', 'descriptor_name': 'Socioeconomic Factors', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014481', 'descriptor_name': 'United States', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 3, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.93.2.239', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S168049282', 'display_name': 'American Journal of Public Health', 'issn_l': '0090-0036', 'issn': ['0090-0036', '1541-0048'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320277', 'host_organization_name': 'American Public Health Association', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320277'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Public Health Association'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447723', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764455111', 'display_name': 'PubMed Central', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'acceptedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12554576', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447723', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764455111', 'display_name': 'PubMed Central', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'acceptedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': False}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 54, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1419085452', 'https://openalex.org/W1480134138', 'https://openalex.org/W1544597039', 'https://openalex.org/W1579645941', 'https://openalex.org/W166580817', 'https://openalex.org/W176422181', 'https://openalex.org/W1924934805', 'https://openalex.org/W1926671711', 'https://openalex.org/W1965262959', 'https://openalex.org/W1971537224', 'https://openalex.org/W1972523301', 'https://openalex.org/W1982993899', 'https://openalex.org/W2005838737', 'https://openalex.org/W2008276436', 'https://openalex.org/W2009103931', 'https://openalex.org/W2009172935', 'https://openalex.org/W2014442495', 'https://openalex.org/W2016818971', 'https://openalex.org/W2031401117', 'https://openalex.org/W2035417122', 'https://openalex.org/W2042756704', 'https://openalex.org/W2045262894', 'https://openalex.org/W2062639495', 'https://openalex.org/W2072575147', 'https://openalex.org/W2074931381', 'https://openalex.org/W2077286929', 'https://openalex.org/W2079287729', 'https://openalex.org/W2085165379', 'https://openalex.org/W2097087195', 'https://openalex.org/W2100219462', 'https://openalex.org/W2101513837', 'https://openalex.org/W2104135726', 'https://openalex.org/W2111764966', 'https://openalex.org/W2112995328', 'https://openalex.org/W2114010166', 'https://openalex.org/W2120672528', 'https://openalex.org/W2128548270', 'https://openalex.org/W2137577146', 'https://openalex.org/W2141776694', 'https://openalex.org/W2158556969', 'https://openalex.org/W2167477924', 'https://openalex.org/W2167743771', 'https://openalex.org/W2169823481', 'https://openalex.org/W2331648912', 'https://openalex.org/W2409562127', 'https://openalex.org/W2413027338', 'https://openalex.org/W2900802546', 'https://openalex.org/W4240654383', 'https://openalex.org/W4242200344', 'https://openalex.org/W4246618334', 'https://openalex.org/W4248188919', 'https://openalex.org/W4256079634', 'https://openalex.org/W610394604', 'https://openalex.org/W88037337'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4309440960', 'https://openalex.org/W4301044699', 'https://openalex.org/W3139055845', 'https://openalex.org/W2728345702', 'https://openalex.org/W2389491697', 'https://openalex.org/W2363046693', 'https://openalex.org/W2352440174', 'https://openalex.org/W2348940229', 'https://openalex.org/W2067476155', 'https://openalex.org/W2062168445'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'A': [0], 'recent': [1], 'surgeon': [2], 'general’s': [3], 'report': [4], 'and': [5, 10, 24, 55, 67], 'various': [6], 'studies': [7], 'document': [8], 'racial': [9], 'ethnic': [11], 'disparities': [12, 84], 'in': [13, 19, 85], 'mental': [14, 52, 89], 'health': [15, 53, 90], 'care,': [16], 'including': [17], 'gaps': [18], 'access,': [20], 'questionable': [21], 'diagnostic': [22], 'practices,': [23], 'limited': [25], 'provision': [26], 'of': [27, 78, 81, 88], 'optimum': [28], 'treatments.': [29], 'Bias': [30], 'is': [31, 42, 71], 'a': [32], 'little': [33], 'studied': [34], 'but': [35], 'viable': [36], 'explanation': [37], 'for': [38], 'these': [39], 'disparities.': [40], 'It': [41], 'important': [43], 'to': [44, 50, 56, 83], 'isolate': [45], 'bias': [46, 58, 82], 'from': [47], 'other': [48], 'barriers': [49], 'high-quality': [51], 'care': [54], 'understand': [57], 'at': [59], 'several': [60], 'levels': [61], '(practitioner,': [62], 'practice': [63], 'network': [64], 'or': [65], 'program,': [66], 'community).': [68], 'More': [69], 'research': [70], 'needed': [72], 'that': [73], 'directly': [74], 'evaluates': [75], 'the': [76, 86], 'contribution': [77], 'particular': [79], 'forms': [80], 'area': [87], 'care.': [91]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2146039150', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 19}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 31}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 23}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 21}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 16}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 17}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 12}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 19}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 15}], 'updated_date': '2024-09-25T13:04:42.491524', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}