Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2145509563', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.1080.0484', 'title': 'Optimal Referral Bonuses with Asymmetric Information: Firm-Offered and Interpersonal Incentives', 'display_name': 'Optimal Referral Bonuses with Asymmetric Information: Firm-Offered and Interpersonal Incentives', 'publication_year': 2009, 'publication_date': '2009-04-09', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2145509563', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.1080.0484', 'mag': '2145509563'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.1080.0484', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S163534328', 'display_name': 'Marketing Science', 'issn_l': '0732-2399', 'issn': ['0732-2399', '1526-548X'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_indexed_in_scopus': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315699', 'host_organization_name': 'Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315699'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5064482898', 'display_name': 'Laura J. Kornish', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8227-3595'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I188538660', 'display_name': 'University of Colorado Boulder', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02ttsq026', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'funder', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I188538660']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Laura J. Kornish', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Leeds School of Business, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309;'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Leeds School of Business, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309;', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I188538660']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5101686524', 'display_name': 'Qiuping Li', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9807-8185'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I188538660', 'display_name': 'University of Colorado Boulder', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02ttsq026', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'funder', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I188538660']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Qiuping Li', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Leeds School of Business, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309;'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Leeds School of Business, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309;', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I188538660']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 4.625, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 119, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.939618, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 97, 'max': 98}, 'biblio': {'volume': '29', 'issue': '1', 'first_page': '108', 'last_page': '121'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11031', 'display_name': 'Game Theory and Applications', 'score': 0.9971, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1803', 'display_name': 'Management Science and Operations Research'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/18', 'display_name': 'Decision Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11031', 'display_name': 'Game Theory and Applications', 'score': 0.9971, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1803', 'display_name': 'Management Science and Operations Research'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/18', 'display_name': 'Decision Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10646', 'display_name': 'Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies', 'score': 0.9961, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3311', 'display_name': 'Safety Research'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11161', 'display_name': 'Consumer Market Behavior and Pricing', 'score': 0.9958, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1406', 'display_name': 'Marketing'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/14', 'display_name': 'Business, Management and Accounting'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/word-of-mouth', 'display_name': 'Word of mouth', 'score': 0.53040373}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/value', 'display_name': 'Value (mathematics)', 'score': 0.44021732}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C90673727', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718', 'display_name': 'Product (mathematics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5459111}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C137913393', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15737157', 'display_name': 'Word of mouth', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.53040373}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162853370', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809', 'display_name': 'Marketing', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.5292513}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776135927', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5242559', 'display_name': 'Referral', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5266005}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144133560', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453', 'display_name': 'Business', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.5247809}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C29122968', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816', 'display_name': 'Incentive', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.517884}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778083465', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693464', 'display_name': 'Cash', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.49332562}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779343474', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175', 'display_name': 'Context (archaeology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.45812285}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C175444787', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072', 'display_name': 'Microeconomics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.45483986}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C164850336', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3685487', 'display_name': 'Interpersonal communication', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4474893}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776291640', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517', 'display_name': 'Value (mathematics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44021732}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C181622380', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26911', 'display_name': 'Profit (economics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.43403488}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C136197465', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295', 'display_name': 'Variety (cybernetics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.42141533}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.38871005}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162118730', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453', 'display_name': 'Actuarial science', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.32036185}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C10138342', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015', 'display_name': 'Finance', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.17367727}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.13776067}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.12072137}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C151730666', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205', 'display_name': 'Paleontology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C77805123', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272', 'display_name': 'Social psychology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2524010', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087', 'display_name': 'Geometry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C512399662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712', 'display_name': 'Family medicine', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C119857082', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539', 'display_name': 'Machine learning', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154945302', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660', 'display_name': 'Artificial intelligence', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.1080.0484', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S163534328', 'display_name': 'Marketing Science', 'issn_l': '0732-2399', 'issn': ['0732-2399', '1526-548X'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_indexed_in_scopus': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315699', 'host_organization_name': 'Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315699'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 33, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1976586632', 'https://openalex.org/W1980117443', 'https://openalex.org/W1989640773', 'https://openalex.org/W1995275894', 'https://openalex.org/W2007435127', 'https://openalex.org/W2035397865', 'https://openalex.org/W2039642656', 'https://openalex.org/W2045744884', 'https://openalex.org/W2046279784', 'https://openalex.org/W2050669421', 'https://openalex.org/W2061498466', 'https://openalex.org/W2065549341', 'https://openalex.org/W2084065817', 'https://openalex.org/W2085590968', 'https://openalex.org/W2106674452', 'https://openalex.org/W2108908656', 'https://openalex.org/W2109376899', 'https://openalex.org/W2109954531', 'https://openalex.org/W2110665505', 'https://openalex.org/W2111312199', 'https://openalex.org/W2113880421', 'https://openalex.org/W2132559268', 'https://openalex.org/W2136543196', 'https://openalex.org/W2166420173', 'https://openalex.org/W2316166305', 'https://openalex.org/W2412276572', 'https://openalex.org/W2418031407', 'https://openalex.org/W2580645530', 'https://openalex.org/W2914187887', 'https://openalex.org/W4252707658', 'https://openalex.org/W4253164461', 'https://openalex.org/W4385388272', 'https://openalex.org/W563655778'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W2619488769', 'https://openalex.org/W2590224211', 'https://openalex.org/W2381520432', 'https://openalex.org/W2380083969', 'https://openalex.org/W2371771839', 'https://openalex.org/W2368434131', 'https://openalex.org/W2003119551', 'https://openalex.org/W1966261153', 'https://openalex.org/W1963549000', 'https://openalex.org/W1414602831'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Referral': [0], 'bonuses,': [1], 'in': [2, 57, 65, 101, 209], 'which': [3], 'an': [4, 8], 'existing': [5], 'customer': [6, 108], 'gets': [7], 'in-kind': [9], 'or': [10], 'cash': [11], 'reward': [12], 'for': [13, 80, 154], 'referring': [14], 'a': [15, 19, 44, 76, 86, 89, 93, 102, 132, 175], 'new': [16], 'customer,': [17], 'are': [18], 'popular': [20], 'way': [21], 'to': [22, 140, 204], 'stimulate': [23], 'word': [24], 'of': [25, 53, 78, 104, 137], 'mouth.': [26], 'In': [27, 143], 'this': [28, 144], 'paper,': [29], 'we': [30, 49, 146], 'examine': [31], 'key': [32, 45], 'firm': [33, 168, 206], 'decisions': [34], 'about': [35, 112, 134], 'such': [36], 'bonuses.': [37], 'Others': [38], 'have': [39, 75], 'studied': [40], 'referral': [41, 160], 'bonus': [42, 161, 188], 'programs;': [43], 'difference': [46], 'is': [47, 131, 181, 189, 195], 'that': [48, 73, 99, 149, 200], 'study': [50], 'the': [51, 71, 113, 126, 129, 135, 138, 141, 150, 152, 157, 159, 167, 182, 186, 192], 'role': [52], 'recommendations': [54, 173], 'not': [55], 'just': [56], 'spreading': [58], 'awareness': [59], '(as': [60], 'they': [61, 95], 'do)': [62], 'but': [63], 'also': [64, 198], 'providing': [66], 'assessments.': [67], 'We': [68, 97, 197], 'start': [69], 'with': [70, 92, 118, 174], 'idea': [72, 100], 'people': [74], 'variety': [77], 'reasons': [79], 'making': [81, 121], 'product': [82, 94, 114, 139], 'recommendations,': [83], 'including': [84], 'placing': [85], 'value': [87, 136], 'on': [88], "friend's": [90], 'outcome': [91], 'recommend.': [96], 'apply': [98], 'context': [103], 'asymmetric': [105], 'information:': [106], 'A': [107], 'combines': [109], 'his': [110, 116], 'knowledge': [111], 'and': [115, 191], 'familiarity': [117], "friends'": [119], 'tastes,': [120], 'him': [122], 'more': [123, 170, 183], 'informed': [124], 'than': [125], 'friends.': [127], 'Thus,': [128], 'recommendation': [130], 'signal': [133], 'friend.': [142], 'setting,': [145], 'consistently': [147], 'find': [148], 'greater': [151, 201], 'concern': [153, 202], "others'": [155], 'outcomes,': [156], 'higher': [158], 'should': [162], 'be,': [163], 'as': [164, 166, 216], 'long': [165], 'cannot': [169], 'efficiently': [171], 'motivate': [172], 'lower': [176], 'price.': [177], 'Moreover,': [178], 'if': [179], 'price': [180, 194], 'efficient': [184], 'lever,': [185], 'optimal': [187, 193], 'zero,': [190], 'low.': [196], 'show': [199], 'tends': [203], 'reduce': [205], 'profit': [207], 'and,': [208], 'some': [210], 'cases,': [211], 'actually': [212], 'reduces': [213], 'consumer': [214], 'welfare': [215], 'well.': [217]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2145509563', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 20}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 12}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 7}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-24T14:58:08.036418', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}