Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W213940255', 'doi': None, 'title': 'Group Litigation of Consumer Claims: Lessons from the U.S. Experience', 'display_name': 'Group Litigation of Consumer Claims: Lessons from the U.S. Experience', 'publication_year': 1999, 'publication_date': '1999-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W213940255', 'mag': '213940255'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-41830863/group-litigation-of-consumer-claims-lessons-from', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S99862825', 'display_name': 'Texas international law journal', 'issn_l': '0163-7479', 'issn': ['0163-7479'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319847', 'host_organization_name': 'Routledge', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319847'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Routledge'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': [], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5024261994', 'display_name': 'Samuel Issacharoff', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Samuel Issacharoff', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 0, 'institutions_distinct_count': 0, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5024261994'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.0, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 7, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.841977, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 75, 'max': 76}, 'biblio': {'volume': '34', 'issue': '1', 'first_page': '135', 'last_page': None}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13191', 'display_name': 'Dispute Resolution and Class Actions', 'score': 0.9624, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1408', 'display_name': 'Strategy and Management'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/14', 'display_name': 'Business, Management and Accounting'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13191', 'display_name': 'Dispute Resolution and Class Actions', 'score': 0.9624, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1408', 'display_name': 'Strategy and Management'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/14', 'display_name': 'Business, Management and Accounting'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13075', 'display_name': 'Legal Systems and Judicial Processes', 'score': 0.962, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3320', 'display_name': 'Political Science and International Relations'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13408', 'display_name': 'Corporate Law and Human Rights', 'score': 0.9362, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1407', 'display_name': 'Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/14', 'display_name': 'Business, Management and Accounting'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/misconduct', 'display_name': 'Misconduct', 'score': 0.46180716}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/ex-ante', 'display_name': 'Ex-ante', 'score': 0.43568745}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779777834', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277', 'display_name': 'Enforcement', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6143588}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144133560', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453', 'display_name': 'Business', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.5697545}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778137410', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820', 'display_name': 'Government (linguistics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5111094}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780587575', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6875295', 'display_name': 'Misconduct', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.46180716}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C122251271', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q940039', 'display_name': 'Ex-ante', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.43568745}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C90673727', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718', 'display_name': 'Product (mathematics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4182975}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2989499966', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664183', 'display_name': 'Consumer protection', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.41650668}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162853370', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809', 'display_name': 'Marketing', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.36388195}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C190253527', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354', 'display_name': 'Law and economics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.35886437}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.35370308}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C100001284', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246', 'display_name': 'Public economics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3292948}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.28330034}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54750564', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26643', 'display_name': 'Commerce', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.19989625}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41895202', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162', 'display_name': 'Linguistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2524010', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087', 'display_name': 'Geometry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C139719470', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680', 'display_name': 'Macroeconomics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-41830863/group-litigation-of-consumer-claims-lessons-from', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S99862825', 'display_name': 'Texas international law journal', 'issn_l': '0163-7479', 'issn': ['0163-7479'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319847', 'host_organization_name': 'Routledge', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319847'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Routledge'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.5, 'display_name': 'Peace, justice, and strong institutions', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 0, 'referenced_works': [], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W883218489', 'https://openalex.org/W3122778750', 'https://openalex.org/W3121959775', 'https://openalex.org/W3121907166', 'https://openalex.org/W3005165355', 'https://openalex.org/W240230541', 'https://openalex.org/W2333349102', 'https://openalex.org/W2184293808', 'https://openalex.org/W202768809', 'https://openalex.org/W2008736649', 'https://openalex.org/W1949301048', 'https://openalex.org/W1934446890', 'https://openalex.org/W1875937481', 'https://openalex.org/W1611447', 'https://openalex.org/W1603470554', 'https://openalex.org/W1581055805', 'https://openalex.org/W1576431253', 'https://openalex.org/W1566293444', 'https://openalex.org/W1566177110', 'https://openalex.org/W1539738011'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'I.': [0], 'INTRODUCTION': [1], 'A': [2], 'central': [3], 'problem': [4], 'bedevils': [5], 'the': [6, 25, 47, 57, 92, 95, 102, 139, 149, 209, 216, 222, 252, 255, 290, 309, 358, 366, 381, 396, 405, 447, 453, 456, 471, 478, 489, 506, 515, 526, 532, 547, 571, 592], 'enforcement': [7, 136, 351, 400, 457, 582, 597], 'of': [8, 30, 49, 62, 79, 98, 105, 121, 141, 199, 204, 257, 264, 269, 288, 292, 363, 369, 384, 401, 449, 466, 511, 517, 528, 535, 550, 553], 'consumer': [9, 177, 259, 265, 402, 486], 'protection.': [10], 'In': [11, 409], 'mass': [12], 'society,': [13], 'individual': [14, 371, 512, 555], 'consumers': [15, 407, 412], 'have': [16, 113], 'an': [17, 77, 127, 164, 373, 522, 577], 'inherent': [18], 'inability': [19, 120], 'to': [20, 42, 81, 125, 176, 187, 299, 322, 356, 391, 413, 424, 428, 434, 437, 445, 461, 468, 525, 543, 587], 'protect': [21], 'themselves': [22], 'effectively': [23, 275], 'from': [24, 451], 'improper': [26, 194], 'or': [27], 'fraudulent': [28], 'conduct': [29, 84], 'a': [31, 157, 236, 249, 422, 494, 518, 551, 584], 'distant': [32], 'and': [33, 45, 60, 67, 74, 87, 101, 138, 201, 218, 224, 278, 316, 331, 337, 360, 444, 590], 'usually': [34], 'more': [35, 116], 'financially': [36, 441], 'powerful': [37], 'seller.': [38], 'As': [39, 91], 'markets': [40, 155], 'expand': [41], 'international': [43], 'dimensions': [44], 'as': [46, 208, 251, 433, 460, 503], 'cost': [48], 'distribution': [50], 'falls,': [51], 'most': [52, 304, 481], 'evidently': [53], 'through': [54], 'Internet': [55], 'marketing,': [56], 'physical': [58], 'distance': [59, 93], 'lack': [61], 'direct': [63, 228], 'connection': [64], 'between': [65], 'buyer': [66], 'seller': [68, 131], 'increases.': [69], 'The': [70, 119, 283, 303, 480, 509], 'divide,': [71], 'both': [72, 329], 'geographic': [73], 'cultural,': [75], 'suggests': [76], 'absence': [78], 'controls': [80], 'prevent': [82, 462], 'exploitative': [83], 'by': [85, 313, 344, 404, 505, 531], 'remote': [86], 'fairly': [88], 'anonymous': [89], 'sellers.': [90], 'increases,': [94], 'dissuading': [96], 'power': [97], 'social': [99], 'norms1': [100], 'reputational': [103], 'consequences': [104], 'commercial': [106, 154, 195], 'misconduct2': [107], 'lose': [108], 'whatever': [109], 'effectiveness': [110, 340], 'they': [111, 568], 'might': [112], 'had': [114], 'in': [115, 184, 239, 324, 352, 455, 500, 514], 'close-knit': [117], 'communities.': [118], 'internal': [122], 'market': [123, 196], 'mechanisms': [124, 268, 291, 355], 'provide': [126, 188, 300], 'effective': [128, 189, 482, 565, 595], 'prohibition': [129], 'on': [130, 193, 415, 470, 579, 591], 'misconduct': [132, 277], 'necessitates': [133], 'some': [134, 467], 'other': [135], 'mechanism,': [137], 'candidate': [140], 'first': [142], 'choice': [143], 'is': [144, 182, 488, 493, 521, 539, 576, 583], 'generally': [145], 'government': [146, 180, 314], 'regulation.3': [147], 'At': [148], 'same': [150, 382], 'time': [151], 'that': [152, 167, 172, 273, 296, 328, 338, 386, 473, 496], 'expanding': [153], 'prompt': [156], 'need': [158], 'for': [159, 212, 254, 376, 398, 411, 484, 557, 594], 'regulation,': [160], 'however,': [161, 327], 'there': [162, 419], 'comes': [163], 'increasing': [165], 'realization': [166], 'regulation': [168, 181, 203], 'itself': [169], 'imposes': [170], 'costs': [171, 225, 448], 'can': [173, 274], 'be': [174, 235, 342, 421, 435, 562], 'detrimental': [175], 'welfare.4': [178], 'Furthermore,': [179], 'limited': [183, 336], 'its': [185], 'capacity': [186, 397], 'ex': [190, 270, 293], 'ante': [191], 'checks': [192], 'activity.': [197], 'Examples': [198], 'command': [200], 'control': [202], 'product': [205], 'development,': [206], 'such': [207, 232, 248, 301], 'approval': [210], 'process': [211], 'new': [213], 'medications': [214], 'under': [215], 'Food': [217], 'Drug': [219], 'Administration,5': [220], 'reveal': [221], 'delays': [223], 'associated': [226], 'with': [227], 'governmental': [229, 330], 'oversight.': [230, 302], 'While': [231], 'restraints': [233], 'may': [234, 341, 561, 569], 'necessary': [237, 585], 'price': [238], 'regulating': [240], 'products': [241], 'directly': [242], 'affecting': [243], 'health,': [244], 'few': [245], 'would': [246], 'encourage': [247], 'model': [250], 'standard': [253], 'development': [256], 'all': [258, 452], 'products.': [260], 'Effective': [261, 349], 'legal': [262], 'oversight': [263, 312, 333, 589], 'welfare': [266], 'requires': [267, 354], 'post': [271, 294], 'review': [272, 295], 'punish': [276], 'thereby': [279], 'deter': [280], 'opportunistic': [281], 'fraud.': [282], 'question': [284], 'therefore': [285], 'becomes': [286], 'one': [287], 'identifying': [289], 'are': [297, 307, 334, 389], 'likely': [298], 'obvious': [305], 'forms': [306], 'also': [308, 393], 'best': [310], 'known-formal': [311], 'regulators': [315], 'nongovernmental': [317], 'organizations': [318], '(NGOs).': [319], 'I': [320], 'want': [321], 'suggest': [323], 'this': [325], 'essay,': [326], 'NGO': [332], 'inherently': [335], 'their': [339, 416, 430], 'complemented': [343], 'enlisting': [345], 'capable': [346], 'private': [347, 350, 378, 399, 581, 596], 'enforcement.': [348], 'turn': [353], 'aggregate': [357], 'small': [359, 367, 554], 'diffuse': [361], 'claims': [362, 403, 487, 513], 'consumers,': [364, 427], 'lest': [365], 'stake': [368], 'each': [370], 'present': [372], 'insurmountable': [374], 'hurdle': [375], 'engaging': [377], 'actors.': [379], 'Unfortunately,': [380], 'requirement': [383], 'coordination': [385], 'state': [387], 'entities': [388], 'unable': [390], 'meet': [392], 'decisively': [394], 'hampers': [395], 'affected': [406], 'themselves.': [408], 'order': [410], 'advocate': [414], 'own': [417], 'behalf,': [418], 'must': [420], 'mechanism': [423, 483], 'coordinate': [425], 'diverse': [426], 'compel': [429], 'cooperation': [431], 'so': [432, 459], 'able': [436], 'pool': [438], 'resources': [439], 'against': [440], 'superior': [442], 'opponents,': [443], 'exact': [446], 'participation': [450], 'participants': [454], 'effort': [458], 'free': [463], 'riding-the': [464], 'refusal': [465], 'pay': [469], 'assumption': [472], 'someone': [474], 'else': [475], 'will': [476], 'carry': [477], 'ball.': [479], 'aggregating': [485], 'class': [490], 'action.': [491], 'This': [492], 'point': [495], 'has': [497], 'clear': [498], 'authority': [499], 'U.S.': [501], 'law,': [502], 'emphasized': [504], 'Supreme': [507], 'Court:': [508], 'aggregation': [510], 'context': [516], 'classwide': [519], 'suit': [520], 'evolutionary': [523], 'response': [524], 'existence': [527], 'injuries': [529], 'unremedied': [530], 'regulatory': [533], 'action': [534], 'government.': [536], 'Where': [537], 'it': [538], 'not': [540], 'economically': [541], 'feasible': [542], 'obtain': [544], 'relief': [545], 'within': [546], 'traditional': [548], 'framework': [549], 'multiplicity': [552], 'suits': [556], 'damages,': [558], 'aggrieved': [559], 'persons': [560], 'without': [563], 'any': [564], 'redress': [566], 'unless': [567], 'employ': [570], 'class-action': [572], 'device.6': [573], 'What': [574], 'follows': [575], 'elaboration': [578], 'why': [580], 'complement': [586], 'public': [588], 'prerequisites': [593], 'actions.': [598], '…': [599]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W213940255', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-08T04:12:39.012721', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}