Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2138445309', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.2174/157488809787169093', 'title': 'Embryonic Stem Cells: Overcoming the Immunological Barriers to Cell Replacement Therapy', 'display_name': 'Embryonic Stem Cells: Overcoming the Immunological Barriers to Cell Replacement Therapy', 'publication_year': 2009, 'publication_date': '2009-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2138445309', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.2174/157488809787169093', 'mag': '2138445309', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19149632'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.2174/157488809787169093', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4210223497', 'display_name': 'Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy', 'issn_l': '1574-888X', 'issn': ['1574-888X', '2212-3946'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320079', 'host_organization_name': 'Bentham Science Publishers', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320079'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Bentham Science Publishers'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'review', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5049712719', 'display_name': 'Kathy O. Lui', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1616-3643'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Kathy O. Lui', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK.', 'institution_ids': []}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5058361291', 'display_name': 'Herman Waldmann', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-6720'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Herman Waldmann', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5055035597', 'display_name': 'Paul J. Fairchild', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3938-4422'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Paul J. Fairchild', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 0, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 1.051, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 61, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.45192, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 95, 'max': 96}, 'biblio': {'volume': '4', 'issue': '1', 'first_page': '70', 'last_page': '80'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10505', 'display_name': 'Induction and Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells', 'score': 0.9997, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10505', 'display_name': 'Induction and Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells', 'score': 0.9997, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10878', 'display_name': 'Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins', 'score': 0.999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11491', 'display_name': 'Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy', 'score': 0.9973, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2730', 'display_name': 'Oncology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/embryonic-stem-cells', 'display_name': 'Embryonic Stem Cells', 'score': 0.560645}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/adoptive-cell-transfer', 'display_name': 'Adoptive Cell Transfer', 'score': 0.521736}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/cell-therapy', 'display_name': 'Cell therapy', 'score': 0.5156523}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/epigenetic-remodeling', 'display_name': 'Epigenetic Remodeling', 'score': 0.502316}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/regenerative-medicine', 'display_name': 'Regenerative medicine', 'score': 0.46074975}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C145103041', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151519', 'display_name': 'Embryonic stem cell', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.70349336}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C134305767', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725508', 'display_name': 'Somatic cell', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.6116493}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.59690773}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C28328180', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48196', 'display_name': 'Stem cell', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5782426}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C109159458', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q919283', 'display_name': 'Haematopoiesis', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.57161504}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C203014093', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929', 'display_name': 'Immunology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.5537935}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C10882517', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15268054', 'display_name': 'Cell therapy', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5156523}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C8891405', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059', 'display_name': 'Immune system', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.51501536}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777702733', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1356761', 'display_name': 'Immune tolerance', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.47744614}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C95444343', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141', 'display_name': 'Cell biology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.4703484}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C10854531', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061415', 'display_name': 'Regenerative medicine', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.46074975}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54355233', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162', 'display_name': 'Genetics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.12832507}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C104317684', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187', 'display_name': 'Gene', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D053595', 'descriptor_name': 'Embryonic Stem Cells', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000378', 'qualifier_name': 'metabolism', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D053595', 'descriptor_name': 'Embryonic Stem Cells', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000276', 'qualifier_name': 'immunology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006649', 'descriptor_name': 'Histocompatibility Antigens', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000276', 'qualifier_name': 'immunology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016176', 'descriptor_name': 'T-Lymphocyte Subsets', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000378', 'qualifier_name': 'metabolism', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D050378', 'descriptor_name': 'T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000378', 'qualifier_name': 'metabolism', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000818', 'descriptor_name': 'Animals', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D046528', 'descriptor_name': 'Chimerism', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D053595', 'descriptor_name': 'Embryonic Stem Cells', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006084', 'descriptor_name': 'Graft Rejection', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000517', 'qualifier_name': 'prevention & control', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006084', 'descriptor_name': 'Graft Rejection', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006649', 'descriptor_name': 'Histocompatibility Antigens', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D007165', 'descriptor_name': 'Immunosuppression', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D051379', 'descriptor_name': 'Mice', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D053652', 'descriptor_name': 'Nuclear Transfer Techniques', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000639', 'qualifier_name': 'trends', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D053652', 'descriptor_name': 'Nuclear Transfer Techniques', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D010312', 'descriptor_name': 'Parthenogenesis', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000276', 'qualifier_name': 'immunology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D010312', 'descriptor_name': 'Parthenogenesis', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D033581', 'descriptor_name': 'Stem Cell Transplantation', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000639', 'qualifier_name': 'trends', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D033581', 'descriptor_name': 'Stem Cell Transplantation', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016176', 'descriptor_name': 'T-Lymphocyte Subsets', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016176', 'descriptor_name': 'T-Lymphocyte Subsets', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000473', 'qualifier_name': 'pathology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016176', 'descriptor_name': 'T-Lymphocyte Subsets', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000276', 'qualifier_name': 'immunology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D050378', 'descriptor_name': 'T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D050378', 'descriptor_name': 'T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000473', 'qualifier_name': 'pathology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D050378', 'descriptor_name': 'T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000276', 'qualifier_name': 'immunology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014181', 'descriptor_name': 'Transplantation Immunology', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D023001', 'descriptor_name': 'Transplantation Tolerance', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000276', 'qualifier_name': 'immunology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D023001', 'descriptor_name': 'Transplantation Tolerance', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.2174/157488809787169093', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4210223497', 'display_name': 'Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy', 'issn_l': '1574-888X', 'issn': ['1574-888X', '2212-3946'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320079', 'host_organization_name': 'Bentham Science Publishers', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320079'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Bentham Science Publishers'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19149632', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17', 'score': 0.43, 'display_name': 'Partnerships for the goals'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 114, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W11344094', 'https://openalex.org/W1497153692', 'https://openalex.org/W1562645242', 'https://openalex.org/W1585033785', 'https://openalex.org/W1595217065', 'https://openalex.org/W1622954330', 'https://openalex.org/W1631661663', 'https://openalex.org/W1632972674', 'https://openalex.org/W1797616819', 'https://openalex.org/W1803036763', 'https://openalex.org/W1815644294', 'https://openalex.org/W1918052238', 'https://openalex.org/W1952564517', 'https://openalex.org/W1967375578', 'https://openalex.org/W1967702267', 'https://openalex.org/W1970302905', 'https://openalex.org/W1972758309', 'https://openalex.org/W1974701753', 'https://openalex.org/W1976817852', 'https://openalex.org/W1977665068', 'https://openalex.org/W1978173381', 'https://openalex.org/W1983662907', 'https://openalex.org/W1986672594', 'https://openalex.org/W1987220885', 'https://openalex.org/W1989496524', 'https://openalex.org/W1991594550', 'https://openalex.org/W1993147375', 'https://openalex.org/W1994416240', 'https://openalex.org/W1996262893', 'https://openalex.org/W1998915949', 'https://openalex.org/W2000648336', 'https://openalex.org/W2002982979', 'https://openalex.org/W2005827339', 'https://openalex.org/W2005992769', 'https://openalex.org/W2006712783', 'https://openalex.org/W2008995006', 'https://openalex.org/W2009153245', 'https://openalex.org/W2010031978', 'https://openalex.org/W2013596113', 'https://openalex.org/W2014208459', 'https://openalex.org/W2014829573', 'https://openalex.org/W2015260577', 'https://openalex.org/W2018020394', 'https://openalex.org/W2018249790', 'https://openalex.org/W2020012816', 'https://openalex.org/W2020151812', 'https://openalex.org/W2022022565', 'https://openalex.org/W2024351056', 'https://openalex.org/W2025881173', 'https://openalex.org/W2025950643', 'https://openalex.org/W2026834597', 'https://openalex.org/W2028537846', 'https://openalex.org/W2032515410', 'https://openalex.org/W2034293734', 'https://openalex.org/W2047328605', 'https://openalex.org/W2051806594', 'https://openalex.org/W2052403475', 'https://openalex.org/W2054083392', 'https://openalex.org/W2056976452', 'https://openalex.org/W2061393519', 'https://openalex.org/W2064371482', 'https://openalex.org/W2068238618', 'https://openalex.org/W2068521142', 'https://openalex.org/W2080256413', 'https://openalex.org/W2084412384', 'https://openalex.org/W2089327657', 'https://openalex.org/W2092406675', 'https://openalex.org/W2095909640', 'https://openalex.org/W2097811455', 'https://openalex.org/W2098394317', 'https://openalex.org/W2098661740', 'https://openalex.org/W2100491180', 'https://openalex.org/W2100645145', 'https://openalex.org/W2101336470', 'https://openalex.org/W2104978512', 'https://openalex.org/W2106194820', 'https://openalex.org/W2107652077', 'https://openalex.org/W2108931314', 'https://openalex.org/W2110030347', 'https://openalex.org/W2110957620', 'https://openalex.org/W2111068169', 'https://openalex.org/W2117379708', 'https://openalex.org/W2123417462', 'https://openalex.org/W2123654285', 'https://openalex.org/W2123797012', 'https://openalex.org/W2125987139', 'https://openalex.org/W2131863380', 'https://openalex.org/W2137569966', 'https://openalex.org/W2138345226', 'https://openalex.org/W2138453647', 'https://openalex.org/W2139133344', 'https://openalex.org/W2140460887', 'https://openalex.org/W2141565645', 'https://openalex.org/W2141675109', 'https://openalex.org/W2144429525', 'https://openalex.org/W2144626137', 'https://openalex.org/W2144700815', 'https://openalex.org/W2146749592', 'https://openalex.org/W2148780819', 'https://openalex.org/W2149439353', 'https://openalex.org/W2151517892', 'https://openalex.org/W2158593736', 'https://openalex.org/W2160706259', 'https://openalex.org/W2166550261', 'https://openalex.org/W2166915920', 'https://openalex.org/W2168023764', 'https://openalex.org/W2268150225', 'https://openalex.org/W2317449572', 'https://openalex.org/W23351712', 'https://openalex.org/W2338963113', 'https://openalex.org/W2410704176', 'https://openalex.org/W2415044935', 'https://openalex.org/W2474225743', 'https://openalex.org/W2897534330'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W971509346', 'https://openalex.org/W3195041878', 'https://openalex.org/W3186344585', 'https://openalex.org/W3037954421', 'https://openalex.org/W2910640980', 'https://openalex.org/W2800839983', 'https://openalex.org/W2783757960', 'https://openalex.org/W2438531772', 'https://openalex.org/W2325474769', 'https://openalex.org/W2060908277'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'The': [0], 'appeal': [1], 'of': [2, 55, 65, 74, 77, 82, 88, 100, 146, 153], 'using': [3], 'embryonic': [4], 'stem': [5], '(ES)': [6], 'cells': [7, 68, 102, 127, 132], 'for': [8, 139], 'regenerative': [9], 'medicine': [10], 'lies': [11], 'in': [12, 35, 91, 119], 'their': [13, 33], 'pluripotency': [14], 'and': [15, 69, 85, 103, 112, 116, 129], 'resulting': [16], 'ability': [17], 'to': [18, 32, 43, 143], 'differentiate': [19], 'into': [20], 'all': [21], 'somatic': [22], 'cell': [23, 61], 'types.': [24], 'While': [25], 'graft': [26], 'rejection': [27], 'remains': [28], 'the': [29, 36, 45, 53, 63, 72, 80, 86, 97, 114], 'greatest': [30], 'hurdle': [31], 'use': [34, 152], 'clinic,': [37], 'several': [38], 'approaches': [39, 111], 'have': [40], 'been': [41], 'proposed': [42], 'protect': [44], 'allogeneic': [46], 'ES': [47, 59, 101, 147], 'cell-derived': [48, 148], 'grafts': [49], 'from': [50, 106], 'host': [51], 'immunity:': [52], 'creation': [54], 'nuclear': [56], 'transfer': [57], 'human': [58], '(hES)': [60], 'lines;': [62, 79], 'development': [64], 'parthenogenic': [66], 'hES': [67], 'iPS': [70], 'cells;': [71], 'establishment': [73], 'a': [75], 'bank': [76], 'clinically-approved': [78], 'generation': [81], 'hematopoietic': [83], 'chimerism': [84], 'induction': [87], 'peripheral': [89], 'tolerance': [90, 122], 'recipients.': [92], 'Here,': [93], 'we': [94], 'discuss': [95], 'how': [96], 'immune-privileged': [98], 'features': [99], 'tissues': [104, 149], 'derived': [105], 'them': [107], 'may': [108], 'influence': [109], 'these': [110], 'review': [113], 'strategies': [115], 'mechanisms': [117], 'involved': [118], 'sustaining': [120], 'antigen-specific': [121], 'through': [123], 'interplay': [124], 'between': [125], 'dendritic': [126], '(DC)': [128], 'regulatory': [130], 'T': [131], '(Treg).': [133], 'This': [134], 'overview': [135], 'therefore': [136], 'surveys': [137], 'prospects': [138], 'developing': [140], 'novel': [141], 'regimes': [142], 'prolong': [144], 'acceptance': [145], 'with': [150], 'minimal': [151], 'immunosuppressive': [154], 'drugs.': [155]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2138445309', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 12}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 10}], 'updated_date': '2024-08-14T06:29:58.544111', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}