Publication Information

{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2137693314', 'doi': None, 'title': 'The "bystander effect": tumor regression when a fraction of the tumor mass is genetically modified.', 'display_name': 'The "bystander effect": tumor regression when a fraction of the tumor mass is genetically modified.', 'publication_year': 1993, 'publication_date': '1993-11-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2137693314', 'mag': '2137693314', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8221662'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8221662', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5105986512', 'display_name': 'Sara M. Freeman', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7422-3440'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I28792581', 'display_name': 'University of Rochester Medical Center', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00trqv719', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I28792581', 'https://openalex.org/I5388228']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'S M Freeman', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Clinical Immunology Unit, University of Rochester Medical School, New York 14642.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Clinical Immunology Unit, University of Rochester Medical School, New York 14642.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I28792581']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5076686164', 'display_name': 'Camille N. Abboud', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6653-3518'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'C N Abboud', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5071097340', 'display_name': 'Katharine A. Whartenby', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'K A Whartenby', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5110239592', 'display_name': 'C H Packman', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'C H Packman', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5076935794', 'display_name': 'David S. Koeplin', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'D S Koeplin', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5113588780', 'display_name': 'F. L. Moolten', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'F L Moolten', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5077983911', 'display_name': 'G N Abraham', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'G N Abraham', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 25.813, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 1097, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.984738, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '53', 'issue': '21', 'first_page': '5274', 'last_page': '83'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10613', 'display_name': 'Virus-based gene therapy research', 'score': 0.9998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1311', 'display_name': 'Genetics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10613', 'display_name': 'Virus-based gene therapy research', 'score': 0.9998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1311', 'display_name': 'Genetics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12996', 'display_name': 'Cancer Research and Treatments', 'score': 0.9973, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1305', 'display_name': 'Biotechnology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10625', 'display_name': 'Herpesvirus Infections and Treatments', 'score': 0.9952, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2713', 'display_name': 'Epidemiology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/bystander-effect', 'display_name': 'Bystander effect', 'score': 0.9448688}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/thymidine-kinase', 'display_name': 'Thymidine kinase', 'score': 0.7531074}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/suicide-gene', 'display_name': 'Suicide gene', 'score': 0.59079695}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C19106626', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230749', 'display_name': 'Bystander effect', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.9448688}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776147627', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24783855', 'display_name': 'Thymidine kinase', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.7531074}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2908647359', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603', 'display_name': 'Population', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6087299}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C34981463', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3311663', 'display_name': 'Suicide gene', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.59079695}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C190283241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14599311', 'display_name': 'Apoptosis', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5123583}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.49029377}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C153911025', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7202', 'display_name': 'Molecular biology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.45191154}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777965375', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417640', 'display_name': 'Ganciclovir', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.44611883}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2781196997', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655331', 'display_name': 'Herpes simplex virus', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.441368}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154317977', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376266', 'display_name': 'Cytotoxic T cell', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.4358797}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C502942594', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3421914', 'display_name': 'Cancer research', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.41145793}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111599444', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213901', 'display_name': 'Genetic enhancement', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.33740178}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C202751555', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221681', 'display_name': 'In vitro', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.3190431}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C203014093', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929', 'display_name': 'Immunology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.31253862}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2522874641', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808', 'display_name': 'Virus', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.26373905}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.23761585}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C104317684', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187', 'display_name': 'Gene', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.114783674}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C55493867', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.07022768}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C99454951', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068', 'display_name': 'Environmental health', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779820661', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6929', 'display_name': 'Human cytomegalovirus', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D017209', 'descriptor_name': 'Apoptosis', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D015774', 'descriptor_name': 'Ganciclovir', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000633', 'qualifier_name': 'toxicity', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D007708', 'descriptor_name': 'Kirsten murine sarcoma virus', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012192', 'descriptor_name': 'Retroviridae Infections', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000473', 'qualifier_name': 'pathology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012513', 'descriptor_name': 'Sarcoma, Experimental', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000473', 'qualifier_name': 'pathology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013937', 'descriptor_name': 'Thymidine Kinase', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000235', 'qualifier_name': 'genetics', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014412', 'descriptor_name': 'Tumor Virus Infections', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000473', 'qualifier_name': 'pathology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000818', 'descriptor_name': 'Animals', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002461', 'descriptor_name': 'Cell Line, Transformed', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005260', 'descriptor_name': 'Female', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D015774', 'descriptor_name': 'Ganciclovir', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D051379', 'descriptor_name': 'Mice', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008807', 'descriptor_name': 'Mice, Inbred BALB C', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008854', 'descriptor_name': 'Microscopy, Electron', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012192', 'descriptor_name': 'Retroviridae Infections', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012192', 'descriptor_name': 'Retroviridae Infections', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000235', 'qualifier_name': 'genetics', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012513', 'descriptor_name': 'Sarcoma, Experimental', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012513', 'descriptor_name': 'Sarcoma, Experimental', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000648', 'qualifier_name': 'ultrastructure', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012513', 'descriptor_name': 'Sarcoma, Experimental', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000235', 'qualifier_name': 'genetics', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D018139', 'descriptor_name': 'Simplexvirus', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D018139', 'descriptor_name': 'Simplexvirus', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000235', 'qualifier_name': 'genetics', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D018139', 'descriptor_name': 'Simplexvirus', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000201', 'qualifier_name': 'enzymology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013937', 'descriptor_name': 'Thymidine Kinase', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014412', 'descriptor_name': 'Tumor Virus Infections', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014412', 'descriptor_name': 'Tumor Virus Infections', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000235', 'qualifier_name': 'genetics', 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8221662', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Good health and well-being', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3', 'score': 0.85}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 0, 'referenced_works': [], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W2386320062', 'https://openalex.org/W2375455239', 'https://openalex.org/W2322806534', 'https://openalex.org/W2126721189', 'https://openalex.org/W2079273853', 'https://openalex.org/W2073310959', 'https://openalex.org/W2019754652', 'https://openalex.org/W1801750304', 'https://openalex.org/W1589945847', 'https://openalex.org/W153957434'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Tumor': [0], 'cells': [1, 23, 31, 40, 50, 64, 78, 98, 120, 123, 136, 142, 195, 219, 230], 'expressing': [2], 'the': [3, 14, 46, 70, 95, 112, 150, 155], 'herpes': [4], 'simplex': [5], 'virus': [6], 'thymidine': [7], 'kinase': [8], '(HSV-TK)': [9], 'gene': [10], 'are': [11], 'sensitive': [12], 'to': [13, 25, 29, 66, 69, 81], 'drug': [15], 'ganciclovir': [16], '(GCV).': [17], 'We': [18], 'demonstrate': [19], 'here': [20], 'that': [21, 90, 179, 225], 'HSV-TK-positive': [22, 54, 77, 119, 139, 191, 218], 'exposed': [24, 80], 'GCV': [26, 201], 'were': [27, 41, 79, 99], 'lethal': [28], 'HSV-TK-negative': [30, 39, 63, 122, 141, 194, 212], 'as': [32, 159, 161], 'a': [33, 36, 187, 210], 'result': [34], 'of': [35, 48, 58, 72, 107, 118, 134, 138, 149, 158, 228], '"bystander': [37, 60], 'effect."': [38], 'killed': [42], 'in': [43, 126, 128, 172], 'vitro': [44], 'when': [45, 76, 154, 186], 'population': [47, 133], 'cultured': [49], 'contained': [51], 'only': [52], '10%': [53, 162], 'cells.': [55, 105, 165], 'The': [56, 115, 166], 'mechanism': [57], 'this': [59], 'effect"': [61], 'on': [62, 121], 'appeared': [65], 'be': [67, 232], 'related': [68], 'process': [71], 'apoptotic': [73, 91, 108], 'cell': [74], 'death': [75], 'GCV.': [82, 221], 'Flow': [83], 'cytometric': [84], 'and': [85, 140, 192, 220], 'electron': [86], 'microscopic': [87], 'analyses': [88], 'suggested': [89], 'vesicles': [92], 'generated': [93], 'from': [94], 'dying': [96], 'gene-modified': [97], 'phagocytized': [100], 'by': [101, 200, 216], 'nearby,': [102], 'unmodified': [103], 'tumor': [104, 135, 151, 164, 174, 214, 229], 'Prevention': [106], 'vesicle': [109], 'transfer': [110], 'prevented': [111], 'bystander': [113, 167], 'effect.': [114], 'toxic': [116], 'effect': [117, 168], 'was': [124, 143, 169, 196, 205], 'reproduced': [125], 'an': [127], 'vivo': [129], 'model.': [130], 'A': [131], 'mixed': [132], 'consisting': [137], 'inoculated': [144], 's.c.': [145], 'into': [146], 'mice.': [147], 'Regression': [148], 'mass': [152], 'occurred': [153, 185], 'inoculum': [156], 'consisted': [157], 'few': [160], 'HSV-TK-expressing': [163], 'also': [170], 'demonstrated': [171, 178], 'i.p.': [173, 198, 213], 'studies.': [175], 'Initial': [176], 'experiments': [177], 'prolonged': [180, 206], 'survival': [181, 204], '(>': [182], '70': [183], 'days)': [184], 'mixture': [188], 'containing': [189], '50%': [190, 193], 'injected': [197], 'followed': [199], 'treatment.': [202], 'Further,': [203], 'for': [207, 234], 'mice': [208], 'with': [209], 'preexisting': [211], 'burden': [215], 'injecting': [217], 'These': [222], 'results': [223], 'suggest': [224], 'genetic': [226], 'modification': [227], 'may': [231], 'useful': [233], 'developing': [235], 'cancer': [236], 'therapies.': [237]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2137693314', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 13}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 24}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 14}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 14}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 20}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 20}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 18}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 24}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-24T13:47:05.291254', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}