Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2137458060', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyl008', 'title': 'On stones, wands, and promises', 'display_name': 'On stones, wands, and promises', 'publication_year': 2006, 'publication_date': '2006-03-15', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2137458060', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyl008', 'mag': '2137458060'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyl008', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S13389975', 'display_name': 'International Journal of Epidemiology', 'issn_l': '0300-5771', 'issn': ['0300-5771', '1464-3685'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310311648', 'host_organization_name': 'Oxford University Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310311647', 'https://openalex.org/P4310311648'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Oxford', 'Oxford University Press'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5076019406', 'display_name': 'Anne V. Buchanan', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1300065529', 'display_name': 'Museum of Indian Arts and Culture', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04a5aqx80', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'archive', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1300065529']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Anne V Buchanan', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Anthropology'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Anthropology', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1300065529']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5029194242', 'display_name': 'Kenneth M. Weiss', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2528-9993'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I130769515', 'display_name': 'Pennsylvania State University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04p491231', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I130769515']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Kenneth M Weiss', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Pennsylvania State Univ#TAB#'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Pennsylvania State Univ#TAB#', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I130769515']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5012859357', 'display_name': 'Stephanie M. Fullerton', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0938-6048'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I201448701', 'display_name': 'University of Washington', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00cvxb145', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I201448701']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Stephanie M Fullerton', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [' University of Washington'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': ' University of Washington', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I201448701']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 3, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 3135, 'currency': 'GBP', 'value_usd': 3845, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.741, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 7, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.614225, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 79, 'max': 80}, 'biblio': {'volume': '35', 'issue': '3', 'first_page': '593', 'last_page': '596'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13984', 'display_name': 'Nutrition, Genetics, and Disease', 'score': 0.9806, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1311', 'display_name': 'Genetics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13984', 'display_name': 'Nutrition, Genetics, and Disease', 'score': 0.9806, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1311', 'display_name': 'Genetics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T14393', 'display_name': 'Health, Environment, Cognitive Aging', 'score': 0.9775, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2307', 'display_name': 'Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/23', 'display_name': 'Environmental Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10261', 'display_name': 'Genetic Associations and Epidemiology', 'score': 0.9651, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1311', 'display_name': 'Genetics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/nothing', 'display_name': 'Nothing', 'score': 0.5808132}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/odds', 'display_name': 'Odds', 'score': 0.5633791}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/accidental', 'display_name': 'Accidental', 'score': 0.4655894}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C136815107', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154242', 'display_name': 'Nothing', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5808132}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C143095724', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515895', 'display_name': 'Odds', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5633791}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779134260', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136', 'display_name': 'Disease', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.53529555}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C126965237', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816335', 'display_name': 'Accidental', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4655894}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.3971744}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.38325465}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111472728', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471', 'display_name': 'Epistemology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.2810536}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C142724271', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208', 'display_name': 'Pathology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.15707484}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.11862597}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C151956035', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755', 'display_name': 'Logistic regression', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C24890656', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811', 'display_name': 'Acoustics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C126322002', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180', 'display_name': 'Internal medicine', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyl008', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S13389975', 'display_name': 'International Journal of Epidemiology', 'issn_l': '0300-5771', 'issn': ['0300-5771', '1464-3685'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310311648', 'host_organization_name': 'Oxford University Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310311647', 'https://openalex.org/P4310311648'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Oxford', 'Oxford University Press'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3', 'score': 0.57, 'display_name': 'Good health and well-being'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 11, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1990250261', 'https://openalex.org/W2012109805', 'https://openalex.org/W2085311557', 'https://openalex.org/W2095725248', 'https://openalex.org/W2099612259', 'https://openalex.org/W2101521914', 'https://openalex.org/W2111904939', 'https://openalex.org/W2127055837', 'https://openalex.org/W2167806035', 'https://openalex.org/W2167830137', 'https://openalex.org/W4285719527'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W3011492772', 'https://openalex.org/W2808813869', 'https://openalex.org/W2800570524', 'https://openalex.org/W2748952813', 'https://openalex.org/W2499122376', 'https://openalex.org/W2375097772', 'https://openalex.org/W2315519183', 'https://openalex.org/W2216420239', 'https://openalex.org/W2109915140', 'https://openalex.org/W2103493327'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'These': [0, 193, 646], 'quotes,': [1], 'from': [2, 469], 'an': [3, 110, 178, 566, 574], 'article': [4], 'in': [5, 29, 64, 124, 173, 425, 526, 548, 587, 610, 637], 'Time': [6], 'magazine,': [7], 'sound': [8, 332], 'themes': [9], 'repeated': [10], 'again': [11, 13], 'and': [12, 38, 120, 126, 128, 145, 234, 313, 316, 358, 415, 428, 562, 630, 666, 672, 720], 'by': [14, 160, 164, 210, 670], 'those': [15], 'who': [16, 277], 'believe': [17], 'that': [18, 52, 228, 265, 273, 304, 362, 395, 408, 593, 659, 682], 'the': [19, 42, 56, 68, 93, 100, 114, 168, 197, 216, 239, 252, 259, 263, 275, 293, 327, 351, 381, 434, 460, 488, 499, 557, 579, 613, 656], 'major': [20, 62, 687], 'causes': [21, 46, 101], 'of': [22, 47, 58, 102, 196, 248, 289, 292, 320, 436, 464, 498, 559, 612, 640, 693, 705, 717, 723, 726], 'complex': [23, 48, 174, 503, 643], 'diseases': [24, 364, 504], 'are': [25, 75, 95, 122, 194, 208, 225, 235, 424, 490, 633, 648], 'to': [26, 35, 220, 257, 301, 323, 432, 452, 472, 477, 554, 568, 572, 591, 597, 680], 'be': [27, 677], 'found': [28], 'our': [30, 84, 88, 221, 242, 255, 279, 338, 520, 555, 667], 'genes.': [31], 'Justifications': [32], 'for': [33, 44, 79, 83, 87, 201, 238, 262, 375, 480, 502, 508, 534, 589, 655, 664], 'continuing': [34], 'pour': [36], 'taxpayer': [37], 'investor': [39], 'money': [40], 'into': [41, 349, 544, 601], 'search': [43, 181], 'genetic': [45, 203], 'disease': [49, 103, 175, 644], 'include:': [50], '(1)': [51], 'we': [53, 74, 107, 146, 151, 185, 229, 266, 393, 430, 438, 456, 570, 581], 'stand': [54], 'at': [55], 'threshold': [57], 'great': [59], 'discovery,': [60], 'with': [61, 104, 308, 387, 623], 'advances': [63], 'health': [65], 'right': [66], 'around': [67], 'corner': [69], 'as': [70, 158, 163, 392, 565, 573], 'a': [71, 231, 302, 398, 411, 441, 686], 'consequence;': [72], '(2)': [73], 'not': [76, 245, 347, 524, 603], 'doing': [77, 620], 'this': [78, 187, 417, 426, 549], 'ourselves,': [80], 'or': [81, 183, 370], 'even': [82, 274, 333], 'children,': [85], 'but': [86, 206, 343, 652], 'children’s': [89], 'children;': [90], '(3)': [91], 'although': [92], 'odds': [94], 'long': [96], 'on': [97, 467, 578, 689], 'actually': [98], 'unravelling': [99], 'current': [105, 202, 306], 'approaches,': [106], 'might': [108], 'make': [109, 582], 'accidental': [111], 'discovery': [112], 'along': [113], 'way;': [115], '(4)': [116], 'science': [117, 156], 'works': [118, 669], 'incrementally': [119], 'discoveries': [121], 'made': [123], 'fits': [125], 'starts,': [127], 'expecting': [129], 'quick': [130], 'results': [131, 170], 'is': [132, 191, 410, 420, 475, 484, 585, 662], 'asking': [133], 'too': [134], 'much': [135, 159], '(see': [136], 'number': [137], '1);': [138], '(5)': [139], 'there': [140], 'have': [141, 365, 457, 495], 'been': [142, 366, 458], 'notable': [143], 'successes': [144], 'risk': [147, 372], 'missing': [148], 'others': [149], 'if': [150], 'change': [152], 'course': [153], 'now;': [154], '(6)': [155], 'progresses': [157], 'rejecting': [161], 'hypotheses': [162], 'confirming': [165], 'them,': [166], 'so': [167, 171], 'inconsistent': [169], 'common': [172], 'research': [176, 665, 690], 'justify': [177], 'ever': [179, 309, 496, 513], 'expanded': [180], 'effort;': [182], '(7)': [184], 'do': [186, 326, 346], 'because': [188], 'nothing': [189], 'else': [190], 'working.': [192], 'some': [195], 'regularly': [198], 'offered': [199], 'justifications': [200], 'epidemiological': [204], 'research,': [205], 'they': [207, 344, 494, 618], 'matched': [209], 'far': [211], 'fewer': [212], 'cautions.': [213], 'We': [214, 224, 269], 'appreciate': [215], 'thought': [217], 'respondents': [218, 253, 276, 331, 382, 517], 'gave': [219], 'paper.': [222], '1–7': [223], 'well': [226], 'aware': [227], 'provided': [230], 'large': [232], 'target,': [233], 'pleased': [236], 'that,': [237], 'most': [240, 422], 'part,': [241], 'cautions': [243], 'were': [244, 595, 619], 'dismissed': [246], 'out': [247], 'hand.': [249], 'Nor': [250], 'did': [251], 'gainsay': [254], 'attempt': [256], 'explain': [258], 'epistemological': [260], 'reasons': [261], 'problems': [264], 'face': [267], 'today.': [268], 'find': [270], 'it': [271, 446, 474, 529, 584, 621], 'telling': [272], 'question': [278], 'views': [280], 'neither': [281], 'refute': [282], 'them': [283], 'specifically': [284], 'nor': [285], 'mount': [286], 'any': [287], 'kind': [288, 435], 'vigorous': [290], 'defence': [291], 'status': [294], 'quo': [295], 'beyond': [296], 'stating': [297], 'what': [298], 'essentially': [299, 376], 'amounts': [300], 'belief': [303, 407], 'extending': [305], 'methodology': [307], 'larger,': [310], 'longer': [311], 'studies': [312], 'more': [314, 334], 'technological': [315], 'biostatistical': [317], 'sophistication,': [318], 'and,': [319], 'course,': [321], 'moving': [322], 'genetics': [324, 360], 'will': [325], 'trick.': [328], 'Indeed,': [329, 528], 'several': [330, 516], 'dire': [335], 'warnings': [336], 'than': [337, 493, 512], 'own.': [339], 'Some': [340, 540], 'proffer': [341], 'solutions,': [342], 'generally': [345], 'take': [348], 'account': [350], 'changing': [352], 'biological': [353], 'landscape': [354], 'facing': [355], 'both': [356], 'epidemiology': [357, 396], 'human': [359], 'now': [361, 492], '’easy’': [363], 'explained': [367], '(responsible': [368], 'genes': [369], 'environmental': [371], 'factors': [373, 636], 'identified': [374], 'single': [377], 'cause': [378], 'diseases).': [379], 'All': [380], 'would': [383, 676], 'no': [384, 448], 'doubt': [385], 'agree': [386], 'Dr': [388, 405], 'Weed': [389], '2': [390, 703], ',': [391], 'do,': [394], 'has': [397, 685], 'venerable': [399], 'history.': [400], 'Its': [401], 'practitioners': [402], 'surely': [403], 'share': [404], 'Weed’s': [406], '‘health': [409], 'fundamental': [412, 444], 'social': [413, 418], 'good’,': [414], 'enhancing': [416], 'good': [419], 'why': [421, 429], 'people': [423], 'field': [427], 'undertook': [431], 'write': [433], 'paper': [437], 'wrote:': [439], 'when': [440], 'discipline': [442], 'faces': [443], 'problems,': [445], 'does': [447], 'one—particularly': [449], 'students—a': [450], 'service': [451], 'deny': [453, 681], 'them.': [454], 'When': [455], 'feeding': [459], 'public': [461, 660, 673], 'exuberant': [462], 'promises': [463], 'enormous': [465], 'return': [466], 'investment,': [468], 'personalized': [470], 'medicine': [471], 'near-immortality,': [473], 'wrong': [476], 'evade': [478], 'accountability': [479], 'how': [481], 'their': [482, 624], 'investment': [483], 'spent.': [485], 'And,': [486], 'arguably': [487], 'stakes': [489], 'higher': [491], 'been—many': [497], 'proposed': [500], 'fixes': [501], 'require': [505], 'greater': [506], 'resources,': [507], 'potentially': [509], 'smaller': [510], 'returns,': [511], 'before.': [514], 'As': [515], 'noted': [518], 'about': [519], 'metaphor,': [521], 'alchemy': [522], 'was': [523], 'entirely': [525, 586], 'vain.': [527], 'occupied': [530], 'leading': [531], 'scientific': [532], 'thinkers': [533], 'centuries,': [535], 'including': [536, 642], 'Isaac': [537], 'Newton': [538, 606], 'himself.': [539], 'threads': [541], 'ultimately': [542], 'morphed': [543], 'modern': [545], 'chemistry.': [546], 'But': [547], 'context': [550], 'one': [551], 'respondent': [552], 'objected': [553], 'raising': [556], 'subject': [558], 'vested': [560], 'personal': [561], 'professional': [563], 'interests': [564], 'obstacle': [567], 'progress—that': [569], 'refer': [571], '‘informal': [575], 'Bayesian’': [576], 'effect': [577, 688], 'way': [580], 'inferences—so': [583], 'order': [588], 'us': [590], 'note': [592], 'alchemists': [594], 'trying': [596], 'turn': [598], 'base': [599], 'metals': [600], 'gold,': [602], 'oatmeal': [604], '(and': [605], 'finished': [607], 'his': [608], 'career': [609, 631], 'charge': [611], 'Royal': [614], 'Mint!).': [615], 'At': [616], 'least': [617], 'largely': [622], 'own': [625], 'venture': [626], 'capital.': [627], 'Funding,': [628], 'institutional,': [629], 'dependencies': [632], 'substantial': [634], 'inertial': [635], 'many': [638], 'areas': [639], 'science,': [641], 'research.': [645], 'things': [647], 'widely': [649], 'acknowledged': [650], 'privately,': [651], 'rarely': [653], 'publicly,': [654], 'obvious': [657], 'reason': [658], 'support': [661], 'required': [663], 'society': [668], 'lobbying': [671], 'persuasion.': [674], 'It': [675], 'highly': [678], 'disingenuous': [679], 'funding': [683], 'availability': [684], '1': [691], 'Department': [692, 704, 716], 'Anthropology,': [694], 'Penn': [695, 707], 'State': [696, 708], 'University,': [697, 709], 'University': [698, 710, 722], 'Park,': [699, 711], 'PA': [700, 712], '16802,': [701, 713], 'USA.': [702, 714, 731], 'Biology,': [706], '3': [715], 'Medical': [718], 'History': [719], 'Ethics,': [721], 'Washington': [724], 'School': [725], 'Medicine,': [727], 'Seattle,': [728], 'WA': [729], '98195,': [730]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2137458060', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-11T05:27:32.303061', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}