Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2136039427', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290500049805', 'title': 'The governance of global value chains', 'display_name': 'The governance of global value chains', 'publication_year': 2005, 'publication_date': '2005-02-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2136039427', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290500049805', 'mag': '2136039427'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290500049805', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2875300', 'display_name': 'Review of International Political Economy', 'issn_l': '0969-2290', 'issn': ['0969-2290', '1466-4526'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319847', 'host_organization_name': 'Routledge', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319847'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Routledge'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5019265966', 'display_name': 'Gary Gereffi', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0905-5206'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I170897317', 'display_name': 'Duke University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00py81415', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I170897317']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Gary Gereffi', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Duke University'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Duke University', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I170897317']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5082826691', 'display_name': 'John Humphrey', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8927-2322'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I170897317', 'display_name': 'Duke University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00py81415', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I170897317']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'John Humphrey', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Duke University'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Duke University', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I170897317']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5111841577', 'display_name': 'Timothy Sturgeon', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I170897317', 'display_name': 'Duke University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00py81415', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I170897317']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Timothy Sturgeon', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Duke University'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Duke University', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I170897317']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 264.941, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 5921, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999934, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '12', 'issue': '1', 'first_page': '78', 'last_page': '104'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11552', 'display_name': 'Global trade, sustainability, and social impact', 'score': 0.9997, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1408', 'display_name': 'Strategy and Management'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/14', 'display_name': 'Business, Management and Accounting'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11552', 'display_name': 'Global trade, sustainability, and social impact', 'score': 0.9997, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1408', 'display_name': 'Strategy and Management'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/14', 'display_name': 'Business, Management and Accounting'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10128', 'display_name': 'Global trade and economics', 'score': 0.9755, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2000', 'display_name': 'General Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12786', 'display_name': 'Innovation and Socioeconomic Development', 'score': 0.926, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1403', 'display_name': 'Business and International Management'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/14', 'display_name': 'Business, Management and Accounting'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/global-value-chain', 'display_name': 'Global value chain', 'score': 0.6782264}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/value', 'display_name': 'Value (mathematics)', 'score': 0.554376}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/global-governance', 'display_name': 'Global Governance', 'score': 0.45921516}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/value-network', 'display_name': 'Value network', 'score': 0.44184446}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C40700', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783', 'display_name': 'Industrial organization', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.68486905}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C39389867', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767', 'display_name': 'Corporate governance', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6826146}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778764706', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17154120', 'display_name': 'Global value chain', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.6782264}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C98965940', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877496', 'display_name': 'Transaction cost', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6107555}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C108713360', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824206', 'display_name': 'Supply chain', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.57707715}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C75949130', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010', 'display_name': 'Database transaction', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.56062406}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776291640', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517', 'display_name': 'Value (mathematics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.554376}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C101468663', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158', 'display_name': 'Modular design', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5495594}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C31170391', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619', 'display_name': 'Hierarchy', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5226721}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.4674671}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776310101', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1524235', 'display_name': 'Global governance', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.45921516}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C175444787', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072', 'display_name': 'Microeconomics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.45121008}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778348673', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302', 'display_name': 'Production (economics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44887543}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144133560', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453', 'display_name': 'Business', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.44548762}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C89249532', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7912758', 'display_name': 'Value network', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.44184446}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.2195358}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162853370', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809', 'display_name': 'Marketing', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.21714714}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2119116', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7181', 'display_name': 'Globalization', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.14022973}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C34447519', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522', 'display_name': 'Market economy', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.13887641}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C4216890', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815823', 'display_name': 'Business model', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.116067916}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C187736073', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921', 'display_name': 'Management', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.11422956}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C119857082', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539', 'display_name': 'Machine learning', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199360897', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143', 'display_name': 'Programming language', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111919701', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135', 'display_name': 'Operating system', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290500049805', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2875300', 'display_name': 'Review of International Political Economy', 'issn_l': '0969-2290', 'issn': ['0969-2290', '1466-4526'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319847', 'host_organization_name': 'Routledge', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319847'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Routledge'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Industry, innovation and infrastructure', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9', 'score': 0.5}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 65, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W118470784', 'https://openalex.org/W1479772974', 'https://openalex.org/W1483354716', 'https://openalex.org/W1513115781', 'https://openalex.org/W1513710814', 'https://openalex.org/W1519593622', 'https://openalex.org/W1521860919', 'https://openalex.org/W1540325955', 'https://openalex.org/W1540343830', 'https://openalex.org/W1561704048', 'https://openalex.org/W1566172004', 'https://openalex.org/W1575626990', 'https://openalex.org/W1599079710', 'https://openalex.org/W1716392814', 'https://openalex.org/W1862276743', 'https://openalex.org/W1966421920', 'https://openalex.org/W1981289805', 'https://openalex.org/W1987710704', 'https://openalex.org/W1990440519', 'https://openalex.org/W1992776018', 'https://openalex.org/W2005906524', 'https://openalex.org/W2016446634', 'https://openalex.org/W2017900144', 'https://openalex.org/W2026217839', 'https://openalex.org/W2036435886', 'https://openalex.org/W2059422227', 'https://openalex.org/W2060827592', 'https://openalex.org/W2064235582', 'https://openalex.org/W2085200942', 'https://openalex.org/W2098960345', 'https://openalex.org/W2110563099', 'https://openalex.org/W2114837397', 'https://openalex.org/W2116354863', 'https://openalex.org/W2116818887', 'https://openalex.org/W2125286303', 'https://openalex.org/W2125918728', 'https://openalex.org/W2126092715', 'https://openalex.org/W2126280998', 'https://openalex.org/W2128259769', 'https://openalex.org/W2133431405', 'https://openalex.org/W2136117193', 'https://openalex.org/W2146405903', 'https://openalex.org/W2147357110', 'https://openalex.org/W2148057725', 'https://openalex.org/W2155838087', 'https://openalex.org/W2158092565', 'https://openalex.org/W2163538259', 'https://openalex.org/W2230443023', 'https://openalex.org/W2312318799', 'https://openalex.org/W2482708842', 'https://openalex.org/W2579467077', 'https://openalex.org/W2951112740', 'https://openalex.org/W3016265253', 'https://openalex.org/W3022339544', 'https://openalex.org/W3022850054', 'https://openalex.org/W3123885253', 'https://openalex.org/W3160731965', 'https://openalex.org/W4206621009', 'https://openalex.org/W4238392382', 'https://openalex.org/W4245052053', 'https://openalex.org/W4297081765', 'https://openalex.org/W4299578878', 'https://openalex.org/W4388062853', 'https://openalex.org/W59570615', 'https://openalex.org/W9760514'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4386271664', 'https://openalex.org/W3195064178', 'https://openalex.org/W3191879911', 'https://openalex.org/W3186133913', 'https://openalex.org/W3184445669', 'https://openalex.org/W3172890355', 'https://openalex.org/W3124009333', 'https://openalex.org/W3113532784', 'https://openalex.org/W2417737453', 'https://openalex.org/W1536727859'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Abstract': [0, 1], 'This': [2, 410, 832, 1018, 1102, 1115, 1149], 'article': [3, 108, 197], 'builds': [4], 'a': [5, 43, 279, 283, 337, 352, 522, 572, 625, 733, 769, 778, 841, 871, 879, 895, 929, 1178, 1217, 1257], 'theoretical': [6], 'framework': [7], 'to': [8, 37, 66, 98, 142, 206, 316, 318, 343, 382, 400, 402, 717, 746, 793, 861, 902, 923, 1087, 1098, 1168, 1197], 'help': [9], 'explain': [10, 264], 'governance': [11, 85, 119, 266, 673], 'patterns': [12, 267], 'in': [13, 46, 73, 174, 177, 184, 187, 195, 240, 260, 269, 295, 325, 452, 470, 578, 601, 609, 809, 1002, 1185, 1259, 1263, 1283, 1302], 'global': [14, 49, 82, 116, 270, 296, 333, 770, 1238], 'value': [15, 50, 83, 117, 133, 171, 271, 297, 453, 671, 771, 1239, 1260], 'chains.': [16, 272], 'It': [17], 'draws': [18], 'on': [19, 170, 374, 413, 447, 456, 490, 1022, 1038, 1106, 1119], 'three': [20, 39], 'streams': [21], 'of': [22, 61, 81, 101, 115, 151, 210, 223, 321, 332, 371, 377, 387, 405, 407, 416, 430, 476, 483, 514, 524, 529, 532, 548, 574, 629, 662, 689, 720, 750, 843, 870, 894, 906, 910, 932, 970, 978, 985, 999, 1012, 1035, 1043, 1080, 1109, 1132, 1143, 1158, 1180, 1216, 1237, 1276, 1292], 'literature': [23], '–': [24, 36, 86, 93], 'transaction': [25], 'costs': [26], 'economics,': [27], 'production': [28], 'networks,': [29], 'and': [30, 33, 54, 69, 91, 104, 112, 129, 180, 183, 221, 289, 303, 365, 424, 433, 439, 449, 467, 489, 542, 556, 576, 595, 604, 614, 633, 641, 646, 664, 667, 678, 683, 732, 738, 784, 796, 801, 807, 822, 850, 876, 900, 913, 921, 926, 937, 942, 957, 963, 1024, 1029, 1049, 1083, 1091, 1111, 1136, 1172, 1203, 1208, 1213, 1227, 1294, 1300], 'technological': [31], 'capability': [32], 'firm-level': [34], 'learning': [35], 'identify': [38], 'variables': [40, 1282], 'that': [41, 256, 291, 327, 714, 756, 780, 1194, 1254], 'play': [42], 'large': [44, 930], 'role': [45], 'determining': [47], 'how': [48], 'chains': [51, 172, 1240, 1261], 'are': [52, 328, 674, 715, 873, 897], 'governed': [53], 'change.': [55], 'These': [56], 'are:': [57], '(1)': [58], 'the': [59, 64, 71, 74, 110, 144, 152, 196, 207, 218, 236, 241, 257, 286, 313, 319, 375, 383, 414, 457, 471, 530, 537, 579, 744, 748, 762, 810, 844, 867, 888, 1003, 1044, 1061, 1064, 1077, 1088, 1094, 1099, 1107, 1156, 1199, 1214, 1235, 1270, 1274, 1280, 1284, 1303], 'complexity': [60, 290, 708, 731], 'transactions,': [62, 68], '(2)': [63], 'ability': [65], 'codify': [67], '(3)': [70], 'capabilities': [72, 745], 'supply-base.': [75], 'The': [76, 107, 139, 273, 380, 546, 660, 968, 997, 1041], 'theory': [77, 258, 274], 'generates': [78, 711, 1256], 'five': [79], 'types': [80], 'chain': [84, 118, 136, 672, 772, 1161], 'hierarchy,': [87], 'captive,': [88], 'relational,': [89], 'modular,': [90], 'market': [92], 'which': [94, 917], 'range': [95, 531], 'from': [96, 493, 761, 859, 1085, 1242], 'high': [97, 723, 734, 1267], 'low': [99, 730], 'levels': [100], 'explicit': [102], 'coordination': [103, 222, 406], 'power': [105], 'asymmetry.': [106], 'highlights': [109], 'dynamic': [111], 'overlapping': [113], 'nature': [114], 'through': [120], 'four': [121], 'brief': [122], 'industry': [123, 459, 637], 'case': [124, 833], 'studies:': [125], 'bicycles,': [126], 'apparel,': [127], 'horticulture': [128], 'electronics.': [130], 'Keywords:': [131], 'Global': [132, 153, 233, 237, 425, 504, 690, 816], 'chainsgovernancenetworkstransaction': [134], 'costsvalue': [135], 'modularity.': [137], 'ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS': [138], 'authors': [140], 'wish': [141], 'thank': [143], 'Rockefeller': [145], 'Foundation': [146], 'for': [147, 436, 636, 670, 736, 787, 852, 878, 1191, 1220, 1269, 1278, 1288], 'its': [148, 634], 'generous': [149], 'support': [150], 'Value': [154, 505, 547, 549, 1160], 'Chains': [155], 'Initiative': [156], '(see:': [157], 'http://www.globalvaluechains.org).': [158], 'In': [159, 692, 814, 863, 882, 1060], 'preparing': [160], 'this': [161, 261, 765], 'article,': [162], 'we': [163], 'have': [164, 743, 1176, 1195], 'drawn': [165], 'upon': [166], 'discussions': [167], 'at': [168, 1225], 'workshops': [169], 'held': [173], 'Bellagio,': [175], 'Italy,': [176], 'September': [178], '2000': [179, 939], 'April': [181, 188], '2003': [182, 229], 'Rockport,': [185], 'Massachusetts,': [186], '2002.': [189, 686, 1124], 'However,': [190], 'any': [191], 'errors': [192], 'or': [193, 564, 724, 1245], 'shortcomings': [194], 'remain': [198], 'our': [199], 'own.': [200], 'Notes': [201], 'Notes1.': [202], 'While': [203, 764], '‘internationalization’': [204], 'refers': [205], 'geographic': [208], 'spread': [209], 'economic': [211, 408], 'activities': [212, 227], 'across': [213], 'national': [214, 1244], 'boundaries,': [215], '‘globalization’': [216], 'implies': [217], 'functional': [219, 868], 'integration': [220], 'these': [224], 'internationally': [225], 'dispersed': [226], '(Dicken,': [228], 'Dicken,': [230], 'P.': [231, 498, 1028], '2003.': [232], 'Shift:': [234], 'Reshaping': [235], 'Economic': [238, 378], 'Map': [239], '21st': [242], 'Century': [243], ',': [244, 397, 444, 486, 517, 621, 657, 953, 988, 1015, 1057, 1146], '4th': [245], 'edition,': [246], 'London:': [247], 'Sage.': [248], '[Google': [249, 398, 445, 487, 518, 569, 622, 658, 704, 830, 954, 989, 1016, 1058, 1147, 1232], 'Scholar]:': [250], '12).2.': [251], 'We': [252], 'do': [253, 741], 'not': [254, 282, 742, 767, 1152], 'suggest': [255], 'developed': [259], 'paper': [262], 'can': [263, 292], 'all': [265], 'observed': [268, 294], 'should': [275], 'be': [276, 293, 567, 759, 903, 924, 1273, 1298], 'used': [277, 355], 'as': [278, 837, 1070], 'complement': [280], 'to,': [281], 'substitute': [284], 'for,': [285], 'rich': [287], 'detail': [288], 'chains,': [298], 'especially': [299, 1248], 'their': [300, 668, 1174], 'historical,': [301], 'geographical,': [302], 'sectoral': [304], 'specificity.3.': [305], 'Similarly,': [306, 1234], 'Hummels': [307], 'et': [308, 358, 584], 'al.': [309, 359, 585], '(1998:': [310], '80–81)': [311], 'use': [312], 'term': [314, 353], '‘vertical-specialization-based-trade’': [315], 'refer': [317, 401], 'amount': [320], 'imported': [322, 340], 'inputs': [323], 'embodied': [324], 'goods': [326, 345], 'exported.': [329], '‘Vertical': [330], 'specialization’': [331], 'trade': [334], 'occurs': [335], 'when': [336], 'country': [338, 848], 'uses': [339], 'intermediate': [341], 'parts': [342], 'produce': [344], 'it': [346, 753, 776, 838], 'later': [347], 'exports.4.': [348], '‘Explicit': [349], 'coordination’': [350], 'is': [351, 354, 534, 729, 754, 777, 781, 834, 1020, 1076, 1104, 1117, 1151], 'by': [356, 536, 540, 676, 886, 1092, 1155], 'Clemons': [357], '(1993)': [360], 'Clemons,': [361], 'E.,': [362], 'Reddi,': [363], 'S.': [364], 'Row,': [366], 'M.': [367, 821, 961], '1993.': [368], '‘The': [369, 1033], 'Impact': [370], 'Information': [372, 389], 'Technology': [373], 'Organization': [376], 'Activity:': [379], '‘Move': [381], 'Middle’': [384], 'Hypothesis’.': [385], 'Journal': [386, 475], 'Management': [388, 616, 979], 'Systems,': [390], '10(2):': [391], '9–35.': [392], '[Taylor': [393, 1053], '&': [394, 1054], 'Francis': [395, 1055], 'Online]': [396, 1056], 'Scholar]': [399, 446], 'non-market': [403], 'forms': [404], 'activity.5.': [409], 'work': [411, 1108], 'drew': [412], 'analysis': [415], 'Palpacuer': [417], '(2000)': [418, 643], 'Palpacuer,': [419], 'F.': [420, 685], '2000.': [421, 649, 945], 'Competence-Based': [422], 'Strategies': [423], 'Production': [426, 1126], 'Networks:': [427, 1127], 'A': [428, 503, 1128, 1266], 'Discussion': [429], 'Current': [431], 'Changes': [432], 'Their': [434], 'Implications': [435], 'Employment.': [437], 'Competition': [438], 'Change,': [440, 1138], '4(4):': [441], '353–400.': [442], '[Crossref]': [443, 656, 952], 'core': [448], 'complementary': [450], 'competences': [451], 'chains.6.': [454], 'Work': [455], 'apparel': [458], '(Gereffi,': [460], '1999': [461], 'Gereffi,': [462], 'G.': [463, 555], '1999.': [464], 'International': [465, 477, 612], 'Trade': [466], 'Industrial': [468, 1133, 1135], 'Upgrading': [469, 500], 'Apparel': [472], 'Commodity': [473], 'Chain.': [474], 'Economics,': [478], '48:': [479], '37–70.': [480], '[CROSSREF][Crossref],': [481, 512, 1010, 1141], '[Web': [482, 513, 984, 1011, 1142], 'Science': [484, 515, 986, 1013, 1144], '®]': [485, 516, 987, 1014, 1145], 'Scholar])': [488, 519], 'commodity': [491], 'exports': [492], 'Africa': [494, 1086], '(Gibbon,': [495], '2001': [496, 959, 1205], 'Gibbon,': [497], '2001.': [499, 545, 598, 967, 1032], 'Primary': [501], 'Products:': [502], 'Chain': [506], 'Approach.': [507], 'World': [508, 1045], 'Development,': [509], '29(2):': [510], '345–63.': [511], 'also': [520, 1068], 'showed': [521], 'variety': [523], 'contracting': [525], 'arrangements.7.': [526], 'An': [527, 974], 'indication': [528], 'studies': [533], 'provided': [535], 'collection': [538], 'edited': [539], 'Gereffi': [541, 554], 'Kaplinsky': [543, 557], '(2001)': [544, 586, 1026], 'Chains.': [550], 'IDS': [551], 'Bulletin,': [552], '32(3)': [553], 'R.': [558, 803], '(eds)': [559], 'special': [560], 'issue': [561], '(Either': [562], 'page': [563], 'author': [565], 'must': [566, 1297], 'supplied)': [568], 'Scholar].8.': [570], 'For': [571, 624], 'discussion': [573, 628, 842, 1019, 1116], 'grades': [575], 'standards': [577, 666], 'food': [580], 'industry,': [581], 'see': [582, 639], 'Reardon': [583], 'Reardon,': [587], 'T.,': [588], 'Codron,': [589], 'J.-M.,': [590], 'Busch,': [591], 'L.,': [592], 'Bingen,': [593], 'J.': [594], 'Harris,': [596], 'C.': [597, 645, 941], '‘Global': [599], 'Change': [600], 'Agrifood': [602], 'Grades': [603], 'Standards:': [605], 'Agribusiness': [606, 615], 'Strategic': [607], 'Responses': [608], 'Developing': [610], 'Countries.': [611], 'Food': [613], 'Review,': [617], '2(3):': [618], '421–35.': [619], '[CROSSREF][Crossref]': [620], 'Scholar].': [623], 'more': [626, 1189], 'general': [627], 'modular': [630, 883], 'product': [631, 663, 865, 872, 884, 896, 933], 'architectures': [632, 856], 'implications': [635, 669], 'structure,': [638], 'Baldwin': [640, 936], 'Clark': [642], 'Baldwin,': [644, 940], 'Clark,': [647, 938, 943], 'K.': [648, 682, 944, 966, 994], 'Design': [650, 946], 'Rules,': [651, 947], 'Cambridge,': [652, 948], 'MA:': [653, 949], 'MIT': [654, 950], 'Press.': [655, 829, 951], 'Scholar].9.': [659], 'development': [661, 1275], 'process': [665, 1150], 'discussed': [675], 'Nadvi': [677], 'Wältring': [679], '(2002)': [680, 1121], 'Nadvi,': [681], 'Wältring,': [684], '“Making': [687], 'Sense': [688], 'Standards”.': [691], 'INEF': [693], 'Report': [694], '58,': [695], 'Duisburg:': [696], 'Institut': [697], 'für': [698], 'Entwicklung': [699], 'und': [700], 'Frieden,': [701], 'Gerhard-Mercator': [702], 'University.': [703], 'Scholar].10.': [705], 'Low': [706], 'informational': [707], 'without': [709], 'codification': [710], 'two': [712], 'combinations': [713], 'unlikely': [716], 'occur': [718, 794], 'regardless': [719], 'supplier': [721, 1097, 1295], 'competence,': [722], 'low.': [725], 'Furthermore,': [726], 'if': [727, 1249], 'there': [728], 'possibility': [735], 'codification,': [737, 1293], 'suppliers': [739, 788, 849, 1183], 'still': [740], 'meet': [747], 'requirements': [749, 786], 'buyers,': [751], 'then': [752], 'likely': [755, 792], 'they': [757], 'will': [758, 1272], 'excluded': [760], 'chain.': [763], 'does': [766], 'generate': [768], 'type,': [773], 'per': [774], 'se,': [775], 'situation': [779], 'quite': [782], 'common,': [783], 'with': [785], 'increasing,': [789], 'perhaps': [790], 'increasingly': [791], '(Sturgeon': [795, 1202], 'Lester,': [797], '2004': [798], 'Sturgeon,': [799, 1122, 1206], 'T.': [800, 995, 1123, 1207], 'Florida,': [802], '2004.': [804], '“Globalization,': [805], 'Deverticalization': [806], 'Employment': [808], 'Motor': [811], 'Vehicle': [812], 'Industry”.': [813], 'Creating': [815], 'Advantage,': [817], 'Edited': [818], 'by:': [819], 'Kenney,': [820], 'Kogut,': [823], 'B.': [824], 'Stanford,': [825], 'CA:': [826], 'Stanford': [827], 'University': [828], 'Scholar]).': [831, 1233], 'important': [835, 1096], 'insofar': [836], 'opens': [839], 'up': [840], 'problems': [845], 'facing': [846], 'developing': [847], 'policies': [851], 'industrial': [853], 'upgrading.11.': [854], 'Product': [855, 1000, 1036], 'generally': [857], 'vary': [858], 'integral': [860, 864], 'modular.': [862], 'architectures,': [866, 885], 'elements': [869], 'tightly': [874], 'linked': [875], 'optimised': [877], 'particular': [880], 'configuration.': [881], 'contrast,': [887], 'physical': [889], 'building': [890], 'blocks': [891], '(or': [892], 'sub-systems)': [893], 'loosely': [898], 'coupled': [899], 'designed': [901], 'relatively': [904], 'independent': [905], 'one': [907, 1243], 'another': [908], 'because': [909], 'standardized': [911], 'interfaces': [912], 'visible': [914], 'design': [915], 'rules,': [916], 'permit': [918], 'some': [919], 'components': [920], 'sub-systems': [922], 'disaggregated': [925], 'recombined': [927], 'into': [928], 'number': [931], 'variations': [934], '(see': [935], 'Scholar];': [955, 990], 'Schilling': [956], 'Steensma,': [958, 964], 'Schilling,': [960], 'A.': [962, 1031], 'H.': [965], 'Use': [969], 'Modular': [971, 1125], 'Organizational': [972], 'Forms:': [973], 'Industry-Level': [975], 'Analysis.': [976], 'Academy': [977], 'Journal,': [980], '44(6):': [981], '1149–68.': [982], '[Crossref],': [983], 'Ulrich,': [991, 993], '1995': [992], '1995.': [996], 'Role': [998], 'Architecture': [1001], 'Manufacturing': [1004], 'Firm.': [1005], 'Research': [1006], 'Policy,': [1007], '24:': [1008], '419–40.': [1009], 'Scholar]).12.': [1017], 'based': [1021, 1105, 1118], 'Galvin': [1023], 'Morkel': [1025], 'Galvin,': [1027], 'Morkel,': [1030], 'Effect': [1034], 'Modularity': [1037], 'Industry': [1039, 1048, 1211], 'Structure:': [1040], 'Case': [1042], 'Bicycle': [1046], 'Industry’.': [1047], 'Innovation,': [1050], '8(1):': [1051], '31–47.': [1052], 'Scholar].13.': [1059], 'Asian': [1062], 'context,': [1063, 1247], 'full-package': [1065], 'model': [1066], 'was': [1067], 'known': [1069], 'original': [1071], 'equipment': [1072], 'manufacturing': [1073], '(OEM).14.': [1074], 'Kenya': [1075], 'largest': [1078], 'exporter': [1079], 'fresh': [1081], 'peas': [1082], 'beans': [1084], 'European': [1089], 'Union': [1090], 'far': [1093], 'most': [1095], 'UK': [1100], 'market.': [1101], 'section': [1103], 'Dolan': [1110], 'Humphrey': [1112], '(2000,': [1113], '2004).15.': [1114], 'Sturgeon': [1120], 'New': [1129], 'American': [1130], 'Model': [1131], 'Organization.': [1134], 'Corporate': [1137], '11(3):': [1139], '451–96.': [1140], 'Scholar].16.': [1148], 'driven': [1153], 'solely': [1154], 'efforts': [1157], 'suppliers.': [1159], 'actors': [1162], 'clearly': [1163], 'co-evolve.': [1164], 'Lead': [1165], 'firm': [1166], 'strategies': [1167], 'simultaneously': [1169], 'increase': [1170], 'outsourcing': [1171, 1188, 1200], 'consolidate': [1173], 'supply-chains': [1175], 'created': [1177], 'set': [1179], 'highly': [1181], 'capable': [1182], 'that,': [1184], 'turn,': [1186], 'make': [1187], 'attractive': [1190], 'lead': [1192], 'firms': [1193], 'yet': [1196], 'take': [1198], 'plunge': [1201], 'Lee,': [1204, 1209], 'J.-R.': [1210], 'Co-Evolution': [1212], 'Rise': [1215], 'Shared': [1218], 'Supply-Base': [1219], 'Electronics': [1221], 'Manufacturing.': [1222], 'Paper': [1223], 'Presented': [1224], 'Nelson': [1226], 'Winter': [1228], 'Conference.': [1229], 'June,': [1230], 'Aalborg.': [1231], 'evolution': [1236], 'emanating': [1241], 'local': [1246], 'successful,': [1250], 'provides': [1251], 'an': [1252], 'example': [1253], 'often': [1255], 'reaction': [1258], 'rooted': [1262], 'other': [1264], 'places.17.': [1265], 'priority': [1268], 'future': [1271], 'methods': [1277], 'measuring': [1279], 'key': [1281], 'model.': [1285], 'Effective': [1286], 'proxies': [1287], 'transactional': [1289], 'complexity,': [1290], 'level': [1291], 'competence': [1296], 'identified': [1299], 'tested': [1301], 'field.': [1304]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2136039427', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 275}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 410}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 409}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 487}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 477}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 448}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 395}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 379}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 325}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 397}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 397}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 331}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 310}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-20T09:16:07.140388', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}