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121, 196, 303, 379, 572, 914, 1696, 1914, 1939, 2876, 2992, 3056, 3175], 'Interdisciplinary': [60, 82, 104], 'Cardiovascular': [61, 65, 83, 87, 105, 109, 128, 2482, 2591, 2601], 'Sciences,': [62, 84, 106], 'Division': [63, 85, 107, 126], 'Medicine,': [66, 88, 110, 129], 'Brigham': [67, 89, 111, 130, 1721], "Women's": [69, 91, 113, 132, 1723], 'Hospital,': [70, 92, 114, 133, 1724], 'Harvard': [71, 93, 115, 134, 1725], 'Medical': [72, 94, 116, 135, 1726], 'School,': [73, 95, 117, 136, 1727], 'Boston,': [74, 96, 118, 137, 1732], 'MA': [75, 97, 119, 138, 1733], ',': [76], 'GoettschClaudia': [78], 'Goettsch': [79, 1889, 2111], 'AikawaElena': [100], 'Aikawa': [101, 1703, 1756, 1758, 1891, 1905, 1930, 2076, 2090, 2598], 'Excellence': [122], 'Vascular': [124, 165, 620, 1844, 1872, 2473, 2523, 2960], 'Biology,': [125], 'Originally': [139], 'published23': [140], 'Sep': [141], '2013https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.113.000481Journal': [142], 'Association.': [147], '2013;2:e000481IntroductionCardiovascular': [148], 'calcification': [149, 166, 248, 284, 305, 315, 326, 363, 399, 417, 427, 457, 482, 525, 563, 579, 607, 621, 714, 734, 819, 1011, 1026, 1060, 1091, 1124, 1148, 1239, 1299, 1339, 1358, 1464, 1502, 1517, 1614, 1640, 1648, 1782, 1873, 2064, 2134, 2228, 2338, 2376, 2918, 2987], 'is': [150, 167, 221, 333, 535, 580, 591, 663, 1061, 1149, 1250, 1362, 1704, 2230, 2319, 3141, 3168, 3172], 'a': [151, 177, 319, 349, 470, 519, 583, 602, 680, 766, 878, 918, 936, 951, 958, 968, 1087, 1226, 1263, 1412, 1494, 1879, 2444, 3023], 'prominent': [152], 'feature': [153], 'chronic': [155, 173, 444, 1790, 1829, 2341, 2379, 2950, 3027], 'inflammatory': [156, 1533], 'disorders': [157], 'that': [158, 212, 253, 693, 779, 814, 977, 1019, 1064, 1108, 1134, 1197, 1233, 1403, 1415, 1487], 'associate': [159, 504], 'with': [160, 172, 189, 233, 375, 388, 429, 475, 484, 505, 530, 863, 884, 890, 944, 987, 1094, 1225, 1262, 1330, 1334, 1984, 2096, 2340, 2438, 2581, 3062], 'significant': [161, 841, 952], 'morbidity': [162], 'mortality.': [164], 'highly': [168], 'prevalent': [169], 'patients': [171, 188, 387, 474, 2437], 'kidney': [174, 445, 1830, 2342, 2380, 3028, 3195], 'disease': [175, 421, 570, 742, 1459, 1563, 1674], '(CKD),': [176], 'multifactorial': [178], 'disorder.': [179], 'CKD': [180, 190, 200, 213, 220, 250, 332, 356, 531, 906, 942, 1216, 1230, 1280, 1310, 1519, 1550], 'often': [181, 466], 'results': [182, 270, 910, 1423, 1470, 1581, 1625], 'from': [183, 1525, 1708, 2693], 'hypertension': [184], 'diabetes,': [186, 533], 'are': [191, 1544, 1572, 1743], 'among': [192, 649], 'highest‐risk': [194], 'groups': [195], 'cardiovascular': [197, 314, 741], 'events.': [198], 'Notably,': [199], 'accelerates': [201], 'development': [203, 1183, 1381], 'atherosclerosis.': [205, 477], 'Our': [206], 'group': [207, 931], 'others': [209], 'have': [210, 267, 273, 316, 624, 1081, 1106], 'demonstrated': [211, 976, 1107], 'causes': [214], 'excessive': [215], 'vascular': [216, 247, 283, 304, 325, 402, 416, 426, 456, 486, 550, 578, 606, 658, 713, 762, 784, 818, 922, 1010, 1025, 1059, 1090, 1185, 1274, 1298, 1326, 1357, 1383, 1501, 1613, 1690, 1825, 1965, 2040, 2066, 2136, 2171, 2200, 2260, 2337, 2920, 2954, 2986], 'inflammation': [217, 815, 916, 1020, 1099, 2097], 'calcification.1': [219], 'characterized': [222, 1251], 'by': [223, 665, 685, 706, 929, 1167, 1187, 1221, 1235, 1252, 1301, 1448, 1706, 1784, 1971, 2102, 2232, 2312, 2924, 3138], 'increased': [224, 549, 867, 1044, 1204, 1253, 1297, 1302, 1312, 1545], 'serum': [225], 'phosphate': [226, 239, 255, 631, 670, 962, 992, 1040, 1821, 2256], 'levels,': [227, 866], 'which': [228, 266, 385, 404, 924, 1034, 1249, 1292, 1320, 3155], 'is,': [229], 'turn,': [231], 'associated': [232, 422, 2339], 'progression': [235, 281, 1324], 'calcification.': [237, 775, 1327, 2044, 2201, 2264], 'But': [238], 'binder': [240, 1822], 'therapy': [241, 1823, 2425], 'reportedly': [242], 'has': [243, 1069, 1665], 'no': [244, 1667], 'effect': [245, 2422], 'on': [246, 626, 752, 877, 1611, 1824, 1848, 2419, 2431, 2953, 3130], 'patients,2': [251], 'suggesting': [252], 'targeting': [254, 915], 'alone': [256], 'cannot': [257], 'improve': [258], 'vessel': [259, 461], 'stiffness.': [260], 'A': [261, 287, 328, 2779, 2829, 2862, 2976], 'variety': [262], 'other': [264, 651, 1267, 1429, 1526, 1629], 'therapies,': [265], 'produced': [268], 'mixed': [269], 'at': [271, 1021], 'best,': [272], 'been': [274, 926, 1071, 1082], 'tested': [275], 'prevent': [277, 2880], 'or': [278, 337, 463, 660, 708, 889, 1095, 1750], 'hinder': [279], 'CKD.3': [286], 'greater': [288, 320], 'understanding': [289, 322, 1632, 1685], 'mineralization': [292], 'process': [293, 479, 1068, 1460, 1688], 'itself': [294, 1311], 'may': [295, 405, 710, 816, 1037, 1158, 1452, 1649], 'therefore': [296], 'lead': [297, 406, 547, 739, 1145], 'new': [299, 1677], 'effective': [301], 'therapeutics': [302], 'CKD.In': [307], 'vitro': [308, 855, 2063], 'vivo': [311], 'models': [312, 571, 1571, 1876], 'helped': [317], 'generate': [318], 'mechanistic': [321, 573, 622, 730, 937, 1079, 1164, 2609], 'process.': [327, 596, 1101, 1359, 1675], 'common': [329], 'model': [330, 394, 1231, 1634, 1664, 1669, 3025], 'apolipoprotein': [334, 439], 'E‐deficient': [335], '(ApoE−/−)': [336], 'low‐density': [338, 448], 'lipoprotein': [339, 449], 'receptor‐deficient': [340], '(ldlr−/−)': [341], 'mice': [342, 374, 876, 943, 1220, 1281, 1427], 'subjected': [343], '5/6': [345, 371, 873, 1222, 1259], 'nephrectomy': [346, 372, 874, 1223, 1260], 'fed': [348], 'high‐fat,': [350, 879], 'high‐cholesterol': [351, 880], 'diet.4': [352], 'Similar': [353], 'dysmetabolic': [355], 'patients,': [357], 'both': [358, 844, 857], 'arterial': [359], 'intimal': [360, 423, 481, 562, 1466, 1645, 3020], 'medial': [362, 383, 425, 560, 1147, 1647, 3191], 'occurs': [364, 458, 526], 'these': [366, 722, 905, 941, 1505, 1554, 1580, 1586, 1627], 'animals.': [367], 'The': [368, 478, 539, 557, 908, 1051, 1194, 1256, 2467, 2541, 2588, 2947, 3127], 'use': [369, 1257], 'varying': [376], 'diets': [377], 'allows': [378], 'investigation': [381], 'calcification,': [384, 763, 923, 1186, 1275, 1483], 'represents': [386], 'renal': [389, 1791, 2951], 'failure': [390], 'undergoing': [391], 'hemodialysis.': [392], 'Each': [393, 1659, 1676], 'recapitulates': [395], 'formation': [397], 'distinct': [401], 'layers,': [403], 'different': [408, 892, 1229], 'clinical': [409], 'outcomes': [410], '(Figure).Download': [411], 'PowerPointFigure': [412], '.': [413, 2489], 'Modeling': [414], 'human': [415, 1562, 1590, 1673, 1944, 2012], 'mice.': [419, 907, 1214, 2238], 'Human': [420, 2522, 2845], 'diagramed': [428], 'plausible': [430], 'mechanisms': [431, 695, 723, 1515, 1556, 1655, 1849], 'commonly': [433], 'used': [434, 1234, 1447, 1635, 3174], 'mouse': [435, 783, 1570, 3024], 'models.': [436], 'ApoE−/−': [437, 875], 'indicates': [438], 'E‐deficient;': [440], 'Ca,': [441], 'calcium;': [442], 'CKD,': [443, 1270], 'disease;': [446], 'ldlr−/−,': [447], 'receptor‐deficient;': [450], 'P,': [451, 1761, 1900, 2493], 'phosphate;': [452], 'WT,': [453], 'wild': [454], 'type.Clinically,': [455], 'intima': [462], 'media': [464, 545, 1244], 'overlaps,': [467], 'particularly': [468, 1616], 'growing': [471, 1052, 1684], 'population': [472], 'CKD‐related': [476], 'associates': [483, 2095], 'atherosclerotic': [485, 494, 1917, 2013], 'disease,': [487, 3029], 'observed': [488, 508, 1241], 'as': [489, 917, 1139, 1445], 'spotty': [490], 'calcifications': [491, 541], 'plaques,': [495], 'where': [496], 'small': [497], 'hydroxyapatite': [498], 'mineral': [499], 'clefs': [500], '(microcalcifications)': [501], 'seem': [502], 'cholesterol': [506], 'crystals': [507], 'early': [510], 'lesions.5': [511], 'These': [512], 'microcalcifications': [513], 'plaque': [516], 'could': [517, 727, 1116, 1144, 1352], 'provoke': [518], 'rupture': [520, 1942], 'vulnerable': [522], 'plaque.6': [523], 'Medial': [524], 'primarily': [527], 'association': [529], 'independent': [536, 696, 1514], 'hypercholesterolemia.': [538], 'sheet‐like': [540], 'tunica': [544], 'can': [546], 'stiffness': [551, 1303, 1826, 2435], 'reduced': [553], 'compliance': [554, 1306], 'vessels.': [556], 'differences': [558], 'between': [559, 721, 769, 1644], 'stress': [564, 812, 824, 1032, 1057, 1066, 2316, 2884], 'importance': [566, 997, 1621], 'choosing': [568], 'appropriate': [569], 'therapeutic': [575, 1495, 2877], 'studies.Pathogenesis': [576], 'complex—beyond': [581], 'just': [582], 'simple': [584], 'precipitation': [585], 'calcium': [587, 629, 846, 1046, 2582], 'phosphate,': [589], 'it': [590, 1641], 'instead': [592], 'an': [593, 821, 1029, 1574, 1846, 1910, 3142], 'active,': [594], 'cell‐regulated': [595], 'Several': [597], 'cell': [598, 1662, 1968, 2043, 2263], 'types': [599], 'likely': [600, 1085], 'play': [601, 1086], 'role': [603, 1088, 1178, 1190, 1479, 1510], 'process,': [608, 735], 'including': [609, 700], 'smooth': [610, 1966, 2041, 2137, 2172, 2261, 2921], 'muscle': [611, 1967, 2042, 2138, 2173, 2262, 2922], 'cells': [612, 662, 1591, 1983, 2067, 2130, 2923], '(SMCs),7': [613], 'circulating': [614], 'bone': [615, 666, 1074, 2322], 'marrow‐derived': [616], 'cells,8': [617], 'macrophages.5': [619], 'studies': [623, 754, 1507, 1630], 'focused': [625], 'cellular': [627, 652], 'differentiation,': [628, 699], 'homeostasis,': [632], 'loss': [633], 'inhibition,': [635], 'apoptosis,': [636], 'release': [638, 702], 'calcifying': [640], 'vesicles,': [641], 'changes': [643, 1345], 'extracellular': [646], 'matrix': [647, 704, 1140, 1908, 2175], '(ECM)': [648], 'several': [650, 1528, 1607], 'processes3': [653], '(Figure).': [654], 'Osteogenic': [655], 'transition': [656], 'SMCs': [659, 707, 785], 'stem': [661], 'induced': [664, 787, 1218, 2882], 'morphogenetic': [667, 2008], 'proteins,9': [668], 'high': [669], 'levels,10': [671], 'inflammation,11,': [672], '12': [673, 3117], 'oxidative': [675], 'stress,13': [676], 'leads': [678], 'unique': [681], 'molecular': [682, 2103], 'pattern': [683, 1349], 'marked': [684], 'osteogenic': [686, 698, 1049, 1419, 1985], 'transcription': [687, 800], 'factors.': [688], 'Emerging': [689], 'evidence': [690], 'also': [691, 828, 948, 975, 1070, 1159, 1283, 1650], 'suggests': [692], 'alternative': [694, 1911], 'vesicles': [705, 2176], 'macrophages,': [709], 'contribute': [711, 1354], 'CKD.5,': [716], '14': [717], 'Understanding': [718, 3098], 'connections': [720], 'signaling': [725, 1413, 2196], 'pathways': [726, 1377], 'provide': [728, 911, 1474], 'novel': [729, 767, 1475, 1912, 2990], 'insight': [731], 'into': [732, 1477], 'potentially': [737, 1513], 'help': [738, 1453, 1520], 'therapeutics.In': [743], 'this': [744, 1000, 1065, 1163, 1172, 1331, 1439, 1472, 1741], 'issue': [745, 1173], 'JAHA,': [747], 'Masuda': [748, 1015, 1236, 1449, 1598, 2185], 'et': [749, 1016, 1169, 1237, 1400, 1450, 1599, 1603], 'al15': [750], 'build': [751], 'previous': [753, 1104, 1523], 'linking': [755], 'tumor': [756], 'necrosis': [757, 2059], 'factor': [758, 797, 801, 2126], 'α': [759], '(TNFα)': [760], 'while': [764], 'providing': [765], 'link': [768], 'inflammation,': [770, 1076], 'endoplasmic': [771, 792, 810, 822, 897, 1030, 1055, 1538, 2314, 2929], 'reticulum': [772, 793, 811, 823, 898, 1031, 1056, 1539, 2315, 2930, 3193], 'stress,': [773, 899, 1540, 2931], 'Their': [776], 'study': [777, 974, 1195, 1361, 1473], 'found': [778, 1196], 'administering': [780], 'TNFα': [781, 1536], 'dose‐dependently': [786], 'protein': [789, 805, 2009], 'kinase': [790, 794], 'RNA‐like': [791], '(PERK)—eukaryotic': [795], 'initiation': [796], '2α': [798], '(eIF2α)‐activating': [799], '4': [802], '(ATF4)—C/EBP': [803], 'homologous': [804], '(CHOP)': [806], 'axis': [807], 'response.Suggesting': [813], 'regulate': [817, 1135], 'through': [820, 967, 983, 1027], 'pathway,': [825, 1033], 'authors': [827, 1692], 'showed': [829], 'short': [830], 'hairpin': [831], 'RNA‐mediated': [832], 'knockdowns': [833], 'PERK,': [835], 'ATF4,': [836, 861], 'CHOP': [838, 864, 971, 984], 'led': [839, 949], 'reductions': [842], 'TNFα‐induced': [845, 2199], 'deposition': [847, 1047], 'alkaline': [849], 'phosphatase': [850], 'activity.': [851], 'Supporting': [852], 'their': [853, 1657], 'findings,': [856], 'phospho‐ATF4': [858], 'total': [860], 'along': [862, 1224, 1261], 'expression': [865, 956, 980, 2010], 'significantly': [868, 903], 'aortas': [871, 1211, 1548], 'diet.': [881], 'When': [882, 1215], 'treated': [883], 'infliximab': [885, 909], 'block': [887], 'TNFα,': [888], '2': [891, 1200, 2440], 'chemical': [893, 946], 'chaperones': [894, 947], 'reduce': [896], 'calcified': [900], 'lesions': [901], 'decreased': [902, 1305], 'further': [912, 1416, 1485], 'support': [913], 'means': [919], 'blocking': [921], 'had': [925, 1282], 'previously': [927, 1005], 'reported': [928], 'another': [930], 'using': [932], 'ldlr−/−': [933], 'diabetic': [934, 2236], 'mice.16On': [935], 'level,': [938], 'treatment': [939, 1333], 'reduction': [953, 969], 'type': [959, 1638, 2439], 'III': [960], 'sodium‐dependent': [961, 2255], 'transporter,': [963], 'PiT‐1,': [964], 'possibly': [965], 'mediated': [966, 2311], 'expression.': [972], 'This': [973], 'controlling': [978], 'PiT‐1': [982, 1002], 'overexpression': [985], 'correlated': [986], 'amount': [989], 'inorganic': [991, 1039], 'uptake': [993], 'SMCs.': [995], 'Of': [996, 1619], 'relating': [998], 'result,': [1001], 'was': [1003, 1217, 1240], 'shown': [1004], 'participate': [1007], 'process.17The': [1012], 'findings': [1013, 1524], 'al': [1017, 1401, 1600, 1604], 'suggest': [1018, 1486], 'least': [1022], 'partly': [1023], 'regulates': [1024, 2167], 'activating': [1028], 'turn': [1036], 'increase': [1038], 'uptake,': [1041], 'leading': [1042], 'mineralized': [1045], 'differentiation.': [1050], 'connection': [1053], 'intriguing,': [1062], 'considering': [1063], 'response': [1067], 'connected': [1072], 'formation.18Besides': [1075], 'many': [1077], 'additional': [1078, 1155, 1455], 'factors': [1080, 1119, 1133, 1157], 'proposed': [1083, 1555], 'combination': [1093, 2424], 'independently': [1096], 'driven': [1100], 'For': [1102, 1436], 'example,': [1103, 1437], 'studies19': [1105], 'some': [1109], 'components': [1110, 1130, 2169], 'ECM': [1113, 1129, 1136, 1180, 1491], '(elastin,': [1114], 'collagen)': [1115], 'be': [1117, 1160, 1277, 1294, 1434, 1493, 1567, 1583, 1651], 'important': [1118, 1575], 'regulation': [1122, 2038], 'progression.1': [1125], 'Exactly': [1126], 'how': [1127, 1532, 1553, 1612], 'remodeling,': [1137], 'such': [1138, 1444], 'metalloproteases': [1141], 'cathepsins,': [1143], 'not': [1150, 1744, 3173], 'yet': [1151], 'fully': [1152, 1670], 'understood.': [1153], 'Furthermore,': [1154], 'unreported': [1156], 'involved': [1161, 1378, 2320], 'pathway.A': [1165], 'report': [1166], 'Purnomo': [1168, 1399, 1602, 2351], 'al20': [1170], 'JAHA': [1175], 'examined': [1176], 'highlighting': [1188], 'glycosaminoglycans': [1192], '(GAG).': [1193], 'exostosin‐like': [1198], 'glycosyltransferase': [1199], '(EXTL2)': [1201], 'deficiency': [1202, 1788], 'caused': [1203], 'heparin': [1205, 1313, 1407], 'sulfate': [1206, 1314, 1408], 'chondroitinsulfate': [1208, 1316, 1410], 'EXTL2‐deficienct': [1213], 'high‐phosphate': [1227, 1264, 1405], 'diet—a': [1228], 'than': [1232], 'al—elevated': [1238], 'layer': [1245], 'aorta,': [1248], 'GAG': [1254, 1351, 1372, 1481, 1543], 'levels.': [1255], 'diet': [1265], 'allowed': [1266], 'aspects': [1268], 'addition': [1272], 'modeled.': [1278], 'EXTL2‐deficient': [1279, 1386, 1426], 'higher': [1284], 'systolic': [1285], 'blood': [1286], 'pressure': [1287], 'compared': [1288], 'wild‐type': [1290, 1318], 'mice,': [1291, 1319, 1387], 'might': [1293, 1321, 1492], 'due': [1295], 'accompanied': [1300], 'arteries.Importantly,': [1309], 'accelerate': [1322, 2608], 'In': [1328], 'line': [1329], 'evidence,': [1332], 'heparitinase': [1335], 'chondroitinase': [1337], 'prevented': [1338], 'aorta': [1341, 2373], 'explants.': [1342], 'As': [1343], 'such,': [1344], 'sulfation': [1348, 1373], 'conceivably': [1353], 'Further': [1360], 'required,': [1363], 'however,': [1364, 1679], 'dissect': [1366], 'full': [1368], 'influence': [1369], 'specific': [1371], 'patterns': [1374], 'triggering': [1376], 'calcification.In': [1384], 'Runx2': [1388], 'collagen': [1390], '1A1': [1391], 'were': [1392, 1397], 'increased,': [1393], 'whereas': [1394], 'SMC': [1395, 1418], 'markers': [1396], 'decreased.': [1398], 'suggested': [1402], 'under': [1404, 1428, 3146], 'conditions': [1406, 1431], 'trigger': [1411], 'pathway': [1414, 1440], 'induces': [1417], 'transition.': [1420], 'Whether': [1421], 'similar': [1422], 'occur': [1424], 'disease‐relevant': [1430], 'remains': [1432, 1565], 'determined.': [1435], 'testing': [1438], 'dyslipidemic': [1442], 'conditions,': [1443], 'those': [1446, 1746], 'al,': [1451], 'reveal': [1454], 'information': [1456], 'about': [1457], '(eg,': [1461], 'whether': [1462, 1542], 'ECM‐based': [1463], 'effects': [1465], 'calcification).Taken': [1467], 'together,': [1468], 'insights': [1476], 'modulation': [1488, 2984], 'target': [1496], 'prevention': [1499], 'CKD.While': [1504], 'two': [1506, 1512], 'depicting': [1508], 'connect': [1522], 'groups,': [1527], 'questions': [1529], 'remain': [1530], 'unanswered—notably,': [1531], 'cytokines': [1534], 'like': [1535], 'activate': [1537], 'patients.': [1551], 'Just': [1552], 'will': [1557, 1582], 'ultimately': [1558], 'translate': [1559], 'condition': [1564], 'seen.': [1568], 'While': [1569], 'useful,': [1573], 'next': [1576], 'step': [1577], 'furthering': [1579], 'test': [1585], 'working': [1587, 1609], 'hypotheses': [1588, 1610], 'tissues.In': [1593], 'summary,': [1594], 'work': [1596, 3167], 'adds': [1605, 1681], 'existing': [1608], 'occurs,': [1615], 'CKD.': [1618], 'paramount': [1620], 'interpreting': [1623], 'involves': [1631], 'reflects.': [1642], 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