Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2132827427', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1086/343878', 'title': 'The Ecology of Individuals: Incidence and Implications of Individual Specialization', 'display_name': 'The Ecology of Individuals: Incidence and Implications of Individual Specialization', 'publication_year': 2003, 'publication_date': '2003-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2132827427', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1086/343878', 'mag': '2132827427', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12650459'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1086/343878', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S122176235', 'display_name': 'The American Naturalist', 'issn_l': '0003-0147', 'issn': ['0003-0147', '1537-5323'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315672', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Chicago Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315690', 'https://openalex.org/P4310315672'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Chicago', 'University of Chicago Press'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'https://digitalcommons.tacoma.uw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1563&context=ias_pub', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5061643347', 'display_name': 'Daniel I. Bolnick', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3148-6296'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I84218800', 'display_name': 'University of California, Davis', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05rrcem69', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I84218800']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Daniel\xa0I. Bolnick', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Section of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology, Storer Hall, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA. [email protected]'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Section of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology, Storer Hall, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA. [email protected]', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I84218800']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5011020468', 'display_name': 'Richard Svanbäck', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3221-4559'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I123387679', 'display_name': 'Uppsala University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/048a87296', 'country_code': 'SE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I123387679']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I90267481', 'display_name': 'Umeå University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05kb8h459', 'country_code': 'SE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I90267481']}], 'countries': ['SE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Richard Svanbäck', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Umeå University', 'Uppsala University'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Uppsala University', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I123387679']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Umeå University', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I90267481']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5029323326', 'display_name': 'James A. Fordyce', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2731-0418'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I84218800', 'display_name': 'University of California, Davis', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05rrcem69', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I84218800']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'James\xa0A. Fordyce', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['University of California at Davis'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'University of California at Davis', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I84218800']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5056521893', 'display_name': 'Louie H. Yang', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9237-5357'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I84218800', 'display_name': 'University of California, Davis', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05rrcem69', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I84218800']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Louie\xa0H. Yang', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['University of California at Davis'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'University of California at Davis', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I84218800']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5041882891', 'display_name': 'Jeremy M. Davis', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1591-289X'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I84218800', 'display_name': 'University of California, Davis', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05rrcem69', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I84218800']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Jeremy\xa0M. Davis', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['University of California at Davis'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'University of California at Davis', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I84218800']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5006002033', 'display_name': 'C. Darrin Hulsey', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9653-6728'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I84218800', 'display_name': 'University of California, Davis', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05rrcem69', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I84218800']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'C.\xa0Darrin Hulsey', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['University of California at Davis'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'University of California at Davis', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I84218800']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5077575314', 'display_name': 'Matthew L. Forister', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2765-4779'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I84218800', 'display_name': 'University of California, Davis', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05rrcem69', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I84218800']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Matthew\xa0L. Forister', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['University of California at Davis'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'University of California at Davis', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I84218800']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 2, 'institutions_distinct_count': 3, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 30.202, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 2513, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999912, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '161', 'issue': '1', 'first_page': '1', 'last_page': '28'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11913', 'display_name': 'Ecological Impact of Invasive Species on Islands', 'score': 0.999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2303', 'display_name': 'Ecology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/23', 'display_name': 'Environmental Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11913', 'display_name': 'Ecological Impact of Invasive Species on Islands', 'score': 0.999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2303', 'display_name': 'Ecology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/23', 'display_name': 'Environmental Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10199', 'display_name': 'Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Biology', 'score': 0.9985, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2303', 'display_name': 'Ecology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/23', 'display_name': 'Environmental Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10005', 'display_name': 'Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Management', 'score': 0.9984, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2309', 'display_name': 'Nature and Landscape Conservation'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/23', 'display_name': 'Environmental Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/variation', 'display_name': 'Variation (astronomy)', 'score': 0.57868975}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/species-richness', 'display_name': 'Species Richness', 'score': 0.555796}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/community-ecology', 'display_name': 'Community Ecology', 'score': 0.53728}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/habitat-fragmentation', 'display_name': 'Habitat Fragmentation', 'score': 0.527026}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/habitat-selection', 'display_name': 'Habitat Selection', 'score': 0.505173}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/population-ecology', 'display_name': 'Population ecology', 'score': 0.4708193}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/niche-differentiation', 'display_name': 'Niche differentiation', 'score': 0.46716726}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C131892835', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q770985', 'display_name': 'Intraspecific competition', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7652353}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C153991713', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17142856', 'display_name': 'Niche', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.70844525}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C18903297', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150', 'display_name': 'Ecology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.70659333}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.63156277}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2908647359', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603', 'display_name': 'Population', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.60150373}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778334786', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270', 'display_name': 'Variation (astronomy)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.57868975}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C91306197', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767', 'display_name': 'Competition (biology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5188514}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C204323151', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424', 'display_name': 'Range (aeronautics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.49964547}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C102715595', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172861', 'display_name': 'Ecological niche', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.49556196}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C59598135', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049866', 'display_name': 'Population ecology', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.4708193}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C78991832', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3027700', 'display_name': 'Niche differentiation', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.46716726}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C185933670', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52105', 'display_name': 'Habitat', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.16997212}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C149923435', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732', 'display_name': 'Demography', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.11205459}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C192562407', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736', 'display_name': 'Materials science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144024400', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201', 'display_name': 'Sociology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C44870925', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547', 'display_name': 'Astrophysics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C159985019', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790', 'display_name': 'Composite material', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D005075', 'descriptor_name': 'Biological Evolution', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004463', 'descriptor_name': 'Ecology', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014644', 'descriptor_name': 'Genetic Variation', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000818', 'descriptor_name': 'Animals', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003247', 'descriptor_name': 'Conservation of Natural Resources', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008954', 'descriptor_name': 'Models, Biological', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D018401', 'descriptor_name': 'Sample Size', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013045', 'descriptor_name': 'Species Specificity', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 3, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1086/343878', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S122176235', 'display_name': 'The American Naturalist', 'issn_l': '0003-0147', 'issn': ['0003-0147', '1537-5323'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315672', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Chicago Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315690', 'https://openalex.org/P4310315672'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Chicago', 'University of Chicago Press'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://digitalcommons.tacoma.uw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1563&context=ias_pub', 'pdf_url': 'https://digitalcommons.tacoma.uw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1563&context=ias_pub', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400628', 'display_name': 'University of Washington Tacoma Digital Commons (University of Washington Tacoma)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I4210150356', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Washington Tacoma', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210150356'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Washington Tacoma'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12650459', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://digitalcommons.tacoma.uw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1563&context=ias_pub', 'pdf_url': 'https://digitalcommons.tacoma.uw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1563&context=ias_pub', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400628', 'display_name': 'University of Washington Tacoma Digital Commons (University of Washington Tacoma)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I4210150356', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Washington Tacoma', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210150356'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Washington Tacoma'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 238, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1026492164', 'https://openalex.org/W119815167', 'https://openalex.org/W1502700877', 'https://openalex.org/W1520946653', 'https://openalex.org/W1534970190', 'https://openalex.org/W1585068147', 'https://openalex.org/W1600814660', 'https://openalex.org/W1603923763', 'https://openalex.org/W1616094067', 'https://openalex.org/W1767577938', 'https://openalex.org/W195191082', 'https://openalex.org/W1964260681', 'https://openalex.org/W1964897338', 'https://openalex.org/W1967834339', 'https://openalex.org/W1968893667', 'https://openalex.org/W1970215351', 'https://openalex.org/W1972644124', 'https://openalex.org/W1975440038', 'https://openalex.org/W1975832569', 'https://openalex.org/W1977132176', 'https://openalex.org/W1977628840', 'https://openalex.org/W1977849598', 'https://openalex.org/W1978425260', 'https://openalex.org/W1980473638', 'https://openalex.org/W1981139674', 'https://openalex.org/W1981401651', 'https://openalex.org/W1982448088', 'https://openalex.org/W1983096747', 'https://openalex.org/W1983361851', 'https://openalex.org/W1984104508', 'https://openalex.org/W1985546738', 'https://openalex.org/W1986558663', 'https://openalex.org/W1987012034', 'https://openalex.org/W1988632653', 'https://openalex.org/W1990685134', 'https://openalex.org/W1991039676', 'https://openalex.org/W1991331137', 'https://openalex.org/W1991347848', 'https://openalex.org/W1991516547', 'https://openalex.org/W1992717808', 'https://openalex.org/W1993411130', 'https://openalex.org/W1994170085', 'https://openalex.org/W1994452206', 'https://openalex.org/W1995435924', 'https://openalex.org/W1995447250', 'https://openalex.org/W1998974170', 'https://openalex.org/W1999155124', 'https://openalex.org/W2001421046', 'https://openalex.org/W2003380228', 'https://openalex.org/W2004780841', 'https://openalex.org/W2006429184', 'https://openalex.org/W2007599265', 'https://openalex.org/W2007993714', 'https://openalex.org/W2008526089', 'https://openalex.org/W2008735110', 'https://openalex.org/W2009412549', 'https://openalex.org/W2009441669', 'https://openalex.org/W2010749912', 'https://openalex.org/W2011101596', 'https://openalex.org/W2011331125', 'https://openalex.org/W2011717158', 'https://openalex.org/W2012064270', 'https://openalex.org/W2012456888', 'https://openalex.org/W2013281350', 'https://openalex.org/W2013420418', 'https://openalex.org/W2013792869', 'https://openalex.org/W2014043714', 'https://openalex.org/W2015074689', 'https://openalex.org/W2018053971', 'https://openalex.org/W2020109148', 'https://openalex.org/W2021514629', 'https://openalex.org/W2026469148', 'https://openalex.org/W2026999465', 'https://openalex.org/W2027232849', 'https://openalex.org/W2028496707', 'https://openalex.org/W2029614216', 'https://openalex.org/W2030789410', 'https://openalex.org/W2032394199', 'https://openalex.org/W2033730494', 'https://openalex.org/W2038711681', 'https://openalex.org/W2038991801', 'https://openalex.org/W2040035582', 'https://openalex.org/W2040756023', 'https://openalex.org/W2041284660', 'https://openalex.org/W2041385204', 'https://openalex.org/W2041458458', 'https://openalex.org/W2041666350', 'https://openalex.org/W2043112645', 'https://openalex.org/W2043176339', 'https://openalex.org/W2043666825', 'https://openalex.org/W2043867316', 'https://openalex.org/W2044025287', 'https://openalex.org/W2044457156', 'https://openalex.org/W2045402725', 'https://openalex.org/W2045416120', 'https://openalex.org/W2046778550', 'https://openalex.org/W2048284842', 'https://openalex.org/W2050557849', 'https://openalex.org/W2050941388', 'https://openalex.org/W2051265855', 'https://openalex.org/W2051272799', 'https://openalex.org/W2051349910', 'https://openalex.org/W2052117054', 'https://openalex.org/W2052315312', 'https://openalex.org/W2053214206', 'https://openalex.org/W2054365628', 'https://openalex.org/W2054979209', 'https://openalex.org/W2055742635', 'https://openalex.org/W2056109375', 'https://openalex.org/W2057742847', 'https://openalex.org/W2057783709', 'https://openalex.org/W2058074795', 'https://openalex.org/W2058476570', 'https://openalex.org/W2059118516', 'https://openalex.org/W2059524357', 'https://openalex.org/W2059608431', 'https://openalex.org/W2059655508', 'https://openalex.org/W2060109668', 'https://openalex.org/W2060366032', 'https://openalex.org/W2061626405', 'https://openalex.org/W2061772295', 'https://openalex.org/W2061851999', 'https://openalex.org/W2062959428', 'https://openalex.org/W2063529230', 'https://openalex.org/W2065093701', 'https://openalex.org/W2065492567', 'https://openalex.org/W2065739635', 'https://openalex.org/W2069009044', 'https://openalex.org/W2069724944', 'https://openalex.org/W2070361631', 'https://openalex.org/W2071667836', 'https://openalex.org/W2072389442', 'https://openalex.org/W2075285340', 'https://openalex.org/W2077146162', 'https://openalex.org/W2077357267', 'https://openalex.org/W2078358667', 'https://openalex.org/W2080598899', 'https://openalex.org/W2083489253', 'https://openalex.org/W2085188628', 'https://openalex.org/W2085285261', 'https://openalex.org/W2086946054', 'https://openalex.org/W2087118998', 'https://openalex.org/W2087358550', 'https://openalex.org/W2088711929', 'https://openalex.org/W2088960561', 'https://openalex.org/W2089359756', 'https://openalex.org/W2089430677', 'https://openalex.org/W2092106212', 'https://openalex.org/W2092456707', 'https://openalex.org/W2093526895', 'https://openalex.org/W2093626342', 'https://openalex.org/W2095108874', 'https://openalex.org/W2096008157', 'https://openalex.org/W2097482033', 'https://openalex.org/W2098858859', 'https://openalex.org/W2099664713', 'https://openalex.org/W2100795858', 'https://openalex.org/W2101083023', 'https://openalex.org/W2101784227', 'https://openalex.org/W2111382033', 'https://openalex.org/W2113089324', 'https://openalex.org/W2117735482', 'https://openalex.org/W2119526299', 'https://openalex.org/W2122098453', 'https://openalex.org/W2122286614', 'https://openalex.org/W2126259084', 'https://openalex.org/W2127094668', 'https://openalex.org/W2128826268', 'https://openalex.org/W2129211542', 'https://openalex.org/W2131336753', 'https://openalex.org/W2132843807', 'https://openalex.org/W2133341571', 'https://openalex.org/W2137906281', 'https://openalex.org/W2138283757', 'https://openalex.org/W2139035330', 'https://openalex.org/W2141353459', 'https://openalex.org/W2146051138', 'https://openalex.org/W2146788035', 'https://openalex.org/W2147324473', 'https://openalex.org/W2151704696', 'https://openalex.org/W2152378543', 'https://openalex.org/W2154445560', 'https://openalex.org/W2156655833', 'https://openalex.org/W2158963497', 'https://openalex.org/W2159634102', 'https://openalex.org/W2160580669', 'https://openalex.org/W2163830032', 'https://openalex.org/W2165687094', 'https://openalex.org/W2165778970', 'https://openalex.org/W2166126936', 'https://openalex.org/W2168128311', 'https://openalex.org/W2168541291', 'https://openalex.org/W2171032524', 'https://openalex.org/W2174275238', 'https://openalex.org/W2178791212', 'https://openalex.org/W2209504210', 'https://openalex.org/W2313125133', 'https://openalex.org/W2315177009', 'https://openalex.org/W2315288827', 'https://openalex.org/W2317880633', 'https://openalex.org/W2320033781', 'https://openalex.org/W2320369140', 'https://openalex.org/W2322027567', 'https://openalex.org/W2322448727', 'https://openalex.org/W2323371020', 'https://openalex.org/W2324133459', 'https://openalex.org/W2324292687', 'https://openalex.org/W2324638987', 'https://openalex.org/W2324803688', 'https://openalex.org/W2324849364', 'https://openalex.org/W2325253370', 'https://openalex.org/W2326003099', 'https://openalex.org/W2326572933', 'https://openalex.org/W2327848599', 'https://openalex.org/W2328252300', 'https://openalex.org/W2331510406', 'https://openalex.org/W2332138496', 'https://openalex.org/W2333163318', 'https://openalex.org/W2333773234', 'https://openalex.org/W2334074892', 'https://openalex.org/W2335295919', 'https://openalex.org/W2335741514', 'https://openalex.org/W2482661094', 'https://openalex.org/W2490372990', 'https://openalex.org/W2767564800', 'https://openalex.org/W2936385631', 'https://openalex.org/W3109732503', 'https://openalex.org/W3144380197', 'https://openalex.org/W3173057383', 'https://openalex.org/W3213286069', 'https://openalex.org/W4232373959', 'https://openalex.org/W4232744402', 'https://openalex.org/W4234355755', 'https://openalex.org/W4238380085', 'https://openalex.org/W4240345219', 'https://openalex.org/W4253013762', 'https://openalex.org/W4285719527', 'https://openalex.org/W591677893'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4387563314', 'https://openalex.org/W4385850473', 'https://openalex.org/W4282964192', 'https://openalex.org/W4205302120', 'https://openalex.org/W3104818766', 'https://openalex.org/W2899151130', 'https://openalex.org/W2754073780', 'https://openalex.org/W2619105170', 'https://openalex.org/W1998116500', 'https://openalex.org/W1985545421'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Most': [0], 'empirical': [1], 'and': [2, 8, 44, 108, 118, 134, 159, 165], 'theoretical': [3], 'studies': [4, 73, 172], 'of': [5, 46, 68, 94, 101, 115, 154, 170], 'resource': [6], 'use': [7], 'population': [9], 'dynamics': [10], 'treat': [11], 'conspecific': [12], 'individuals': [13, 80], 'as': [14], 'ecologically': [15], 'equivalent.': [16], 'This': [17, 37], 'simplification': [18], 'is': [19, 26, 58, 177], 'only': [20], 'justified': [21], 'if': [22], 'interindividual': [23], 'niche': [24, 48, 97, 140], 'variation': [25, 49, 88, 141], 'rare,': [27], 'weak,': [28], 'or': [29], 'has': [30, 129], 'a': [31, 65, 112, 178], 'trivial': [32], 'effect': [33], 'on': [34], 'ecological': [35, 119], 'processes.': [36], 'article': [38], 'reviews': [39], 'the': [40, 76, 92, 95, 149, 152, 160], 'incidence,': [41], 'degree,': [42], 'causes,': [43], 'implications': [45], 'individual‐level': [47], 'to': [50, 78, 84, 163], 'challenge': [51], 'these': [52], 'simplifications.': [53], 'Evidence': [54], 'for': [55, 60], 'individual': [56, 102, 127, 175], 'specialization': [57, 103, 128, 176], 'available': [59], '93': [61], 'species': [62, 107], 'distributed': [63], 'across': [64], 'broad': [66], 'range': [67], 'taxonomic': [69], 'groups.': [70], 'Although': [71], 'few': [72], 'have': [74], 'quantified': [75], 'degree': [77, 100], 'which': [79], 'are': [81], 'specialized': [82], 'relative': [83], 'their': [85], 'population,': [86], 'between‐individual': [87], 'can': [89, 122, 146], 'sometimes': [90], 'comprise': [91], 'majority': [93], 'population’s': [96, 150, 161], 'width.': [98], 'The': [99], 'varies': [104], 'widely': [105], 'among': [106, 109], 'populations,': [110], 'reflecting': [111], 'diverse': [113], 'array': [114], 'physiological,': [116], 'behavioral,': [117], 'mechanisms': [120], 'that': [121, 139, 145, 174, 183], 'generate': [123], 'intrapopulation': [124], 'variation.': [125], 'Finally,': [126], 'potentially': [130], 'important': [131, 186], 'ecological,': [132], 'evolutionary,': [133], 'conservation': [135], 'implications.': [136], 'Theory': [137], 'suggests': [138, 173], 'facilitates': [142], 'frequency‐dependent': [143], 'interactions': [144], 'profoundly': [147], 'affect': [148], 'stability,': [151], 'amount': [153], 'intraspecific': [155], 'competition,': [156], 'fitness‐function': [157], 'shapes,': [158], 'capacity': [162], 'diversify': [164], 'speciate': [166], 'rapidly.': [167], 'Our': [168], 'collection': [169], 'case': [171], 'widespread': [179], 'but': [180, 187], 'underappreciated': [181], 'phenomenon': [182], 'poses': [184], 'many': [185], 'unanswered': [188], 'questions.': [189]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2132827427', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 104}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 152}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 184}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 187}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 170}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 180}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 141}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 159}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 136}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 170}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 124}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 127}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 124}], 'updated_date': '2024-09-18T19:25:16.785111', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}