Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2132073746', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.05.008', 'title': 'Learning from experience: Event-related potential correlates of reward processing, neural adaptation, and behavioral choice', 'display_name': 'Learning from experience: Event-related potential correlates of reward processing, neural adaptation, and behavioral choice', 'publication_year': 2012, 'publication_date': '2012-09-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2132073746', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.05.008', 'mag': '2132073746', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22683741', 'pmcid': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3432149'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.05.008', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S170052170', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews', 'issn_l': '0149-7634', 'issn': ['0149-7634', '1873-7528'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'review', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3432149?pdf=render', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5103180899', 'display_name': 'Matthew M. Walsh', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1457-3016'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I74973139', 'display_name': 'Carnegie Mellon University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05x2bcf33', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I74973139']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Matthew M. Walsh', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Psychology,, Baker Hall 342c, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Psychology,, Baker Hall 342c, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I74973139']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5052950395', 'display_name': 'John R. Anderson', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4977-6630'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I74973139', 'display_name': 'Carnegie Mellon University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05x2bcf33', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I74973139']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'John R. Anderson', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Psychology,, Baker Hall 342c, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Psychology,, Baker Hall 342c, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I74973139']}]}], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 4720, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 4720, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 2.98, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 467, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.997833, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '36', 'issue': '8', 'first_page': '1870', 'last_page': '1884'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10042', 'display_name': 'Neural Mechanisms of Cognitive Control and Decision Making', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2805', 'display_name': 'Cognitive Neuroscience'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/28', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10042', 'display_name': 'Neural Mechanisms of Cognitive Control and Decision Making', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2805', 'display_name': 'Cognitive Neuroscience'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/28', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10581', 'display_name': 'Neuronal Oscillations in Cortical Networks', 'score': 0.9973, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2805', 'display_name': 'Cognitive Neuroscience'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/28', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10241', 'display_name': 'Analysis of Brain Functional Connectivity Networks', 'score': 0.9875, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2805', 'display_name': 'Cognitive Neuroscience'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/28', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/negativity-effect', 'display_name': 'Negativity effect', 'score': 0.71432066}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/reward-processing', 'display_name': 'Reward Processing', 'score': 0.5899}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-making', 'display_name': 'Decision-making', 'score': 0.512038}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.8070511}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C67359045', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14026181', 'display_name': 'Event-related potential', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.77230704}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C7453019', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16254302', 'display_name': 'Negativity effect', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.71432066}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C180747234', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373', 'display_name': 'Cognitive psychology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.5546031}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C26760741', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402', 'display_name': 'Perception', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5052319}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C129564537', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1460873', 'display_name': 'Neural correlates of consciousness', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.47189507}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C522805319', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965', 'display_name': 'Electroencephalography', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.46765202}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C169900460', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417', 'display_name': 'Cognition', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.43970108}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138496976', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002', 'display_name': 'Developmental psychology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.36737645}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C169760540', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.25903666}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D000222', 'descriptor_name': 'Adaptation, Physiological', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000502', 'qualifier_name': 'physiology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002755', 'descriptor_name': 'Choice Behavior', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000502', 'qualifier_name': 'physiology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005071', 'descriptor_name': 'Evoked Potentials', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000502', 'qualifier_name': 'physiology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012201', 'descriptor_name': 'Reward', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000222', 'descriptor_name': 'Adaptation, Physiological', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000818', 'descriptor_name': 'Animals', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002755', 'descriptor_name': 'Choice Behavior', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005071', 'descriptor_name': 'Evoked Potentials', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D030141', 'descriptor_name': 'Feedback, Psychological', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D030141', 'descriptor_name': 'Feedback, Psychological', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000502', 'qualifier_name': 'physiology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011597', 'descriptor_name': 'Psychomotor Performance', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011597', 'descriptor_name': 'Psychomotor Performance', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000502', 'qualifier_name': 'physiology', 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 4, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.05.008', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S170052170', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews', 'issn_l': '0149-7634', 'issn': ['0149-7634', '1873-7528'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3432149', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3432149?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'acceptedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3432149', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764455111', 'display_name': 'PubMed Central', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'acceptedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22683741', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3432149', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3432149?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'acceptedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': False}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Peace, justice, and strong institutions', 'score': 0.56, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 206, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W118231353', 'https://openalex.org/W1504488252', 'https://openalex.org/W1509900640', 'https://openalex.org/W1559989154', 'https://openalex.org/W1594827615', 'https://openalex.org/W1603895822', 'https://openalex.org/W1843490652', 'https://openalex.org/W1953522602', 'https://openalex.org/W1964067234', 'https://openalex.org/W1966254072', 'https://openalex.org/W1969460147', 'https://openalex.org/W1971222702', 'https://openalex.org/W1973229581', 'https://openalex.org/W1974245974', 'https://openalex.org/W1976079390', 'https://openalex.org/W1977135358', 'https://openalex.org/W1977787462', 'https://openalex.org/W1979640215', 'https://openalex.org/W1979942203', 'https://openalex.org/W1981678973', 'https://openalex.org/W1981725931', 'https://openalex.org/W1985000262', 'https://openalex.org/W1986614143', 'https://openalex.org/W1990020728', 'https://openalex.org/W1990592342', 'https://openalex.org/W1990884945', 'https://openalex.org/W1992997294', 'https://openalex.org/W1993541461', 'https://openalex.org/W1993664966', 'https://openalex.org/W1995406380', 'https://openalex.org/W1996141425', 'https://openalex.org/W1997530357', 'https://openalex.org/W2000676707', 'https://openalex.org/W2000775565', 'https://openalex.org/W2000998192', 'https://openalex.org/W2001898186', 'https://openalex.org/W2002188928', 'https://openalex.org/W2002714701', 'https://openalex.org/W2003915803', 'https://openalex.org/W2004133746', 'https://openalex.org/W2004996944', 'https://openalex.org/W2005391856', 'https://openalex.org/W2005815081', 'https://openalex.org/W2007774400', 'https://openalex.org/W2008437934', 'https://openalex.org/W2009639618', 'https://openalex.org/W2010247009', 'https://openalex.org/W2012699239', 'https://openalex.org/W2015517044', 'https://openalex.org/W2017588104', 'https://openalex.org/W2017783568', 'https://openalex.org/W2017934537', 'https://openalex.org/W2020441740', 'https://openalex.org/W2021170333', 'https://openalex.org/W2022775357', 'https://openalex.org/W2026129340', 'https://openalex.org/W2029096622', 'https://openalex.org/W2039483201', 'https://openalex.org/W2040450362', 'https://openalex.org/W2041492340', 'https://openalex.org/W2042650460', 'https://openalex.org/W2043214237', 'https://openalex.org/W2043609373', 'https://openalex.org/W204614751', 'https://openalex.org/W2047520910', 'https://openalex.org/W2048142524', 'https://openalex.org/W2048479102', 'https://openalex.org/W2049373827', 'https://openalex.org/W2049715629', 'https://openalex.org/W2054417801', 'https://openalex.org/W2056131989', 'https://openalex.org/W2057001461', 'https://openalex.org/W2057504145', 'https://openalex.org/W2057509043', 'https://openalex.org/W2057598144', 'https://openalex.org/W2057859304', 'https://openalex.org/W2061859238', 'https://openalex.org/W2065127840', 'https://openalex.org/W2067161666', 'https://openalex.org/W2067481871', 'https://openalex.org/W2068764264', 'https://openalex.org/W2068994370', 'https://openalex.org/W2070851476', 'https://openalex.org/W2073455868', 'https://openalex.org/W2073554185', 'https://openalex.org/W2076234930', 'https://openalex.org/W2078522988', 'https://openalex.org/W2080389968', 'https://openalex.org/W2082959047', 'https://openalex.org/W2086833879', 'https://openalex.org/W2089765193', 'https://openalex.org/W2089991025', 'https://openalex.org/W2092086864', 'https://openalex.org/W2093657864', 'https://openalex.org/W2095576699', 'https://openalex.org/W2096193724', 'https://openalex.org/W2096240659', 'https://openalex.org/W2096279410', 'https://openalex.org/W2096412262', 'https://openalex.org/W2096452841', 'https://openalex.org/W2097509759', 'https://openalex.org/W2097706321', 'https://openalex.org/W2097842170', 'https://openalex.org/W2097985595', 'https://openalex.org/W2098534820', 'https://openalex.org/W2099444326', 'https://openalex.org/W2100491675', 'https://openalex.org/W2102726432', 'https://openalex.org/W2103110194', 'https://openalex.org/W2103316114', 'https://openalex.org/W2103454939', 'https://openalex.org/W2103851658', 'https://openalex.org/W2106592701', 'https://openalex.org/W2106662788', 'https://openalex.org/W2107751769', 'https://openalex.org/W2108312837', 'https://openalex.org/W2109301184', 'https://openalex.org/W2110113299', 'https://openalex.org/W2110274942', 'https://openalex.org/W2110993036', 'https://openalex.org/W2112027340', 'https://openalex.org/W2113235895', 'https://openalex.org/W2114411261', 'https://openalex.org/W2114861281', 'https://openalex.org/W2114927477', 'https://openalex.org/W2115282236', 'https://openalex.org/W2115836035', 'https://openalex.org/W2116085129', 'https://openalex.org/W2116146623', 'https://openalex.org/W2116254744', 'https://openalex.org/W2116277780', 'https://openalex.org/W2117191731', 'https://openalex.org/W2117275480', 'https://openalex.org/W2118755615', 'https://openalex.org/W2119170562', 'https://openalex.org/W2120254525', 'https://openalex.org/W2120261153', 'https://openalex.org/W2120638475', 'https://openalex.org/W2121863487', 'https://openalex.org/W2121881937', 'https://openalex.org/W2122591666', 'https://openalex.org/W2124650214', 'https://openalex.org/W2125015303', 'https://openalex.org/W2125823313', 'https://openalex.org/W2126311844', 'https://openalex.org/W2128562176', 'https://openalex.org/W2128821475', 'https://openalex.org/W2129478155', 'https://openalex.org/W2130085170', 'https://openalex.org/W2130344411', 'https://openalex.org/W2130788353', 'https://openalex.org/W2131675069', 'https://openalex.org/W2132340226', 'https://openalex.org/W2133991587', 'https://openalex.org/W2135572147', 'https://openalex.org/W2135948469', 'https://openalex.org/W2137827713', 'https://openalex.org/W2137884548', 'https://openalex.org/W2138154769', 'https://openalex.org/W2138586832', 'https://openalex.org/W2138712283', 'https://openalex.org/W2138812487', 'https://openalex.org/W2138877238', 'https://openalex.org/W2139195423', 'https://openalex.org/W2142106331', 'https://openalex.org/W2142993178', 'https://openalex.org/W2144308681', 'https://openalex.org/W2145183094', 'https://openalex.org/W2146117167', 'https://openalex.org/W2146382901', 'https://openalex.org/W2147390260', 'https://openalex.org/W2148962857', 'https://openalex.org/W2150096845', 'https://openalex.org/W2150643588', 'https://openalex.org/W2151169111', 'https://openalex.org/W2151612974', 'https://openalex.org/W2152753037', 'https://openalex.org/W2153258785', 'https://openalex.org/W2153302032', 'https://openalex.org/W2153799842', 'https://openalex.org/W2154017217', 'https://openalex.org/W2158394599', 'https://openalex.org/W2159371292', 'https://openalex.org/W2159496846', 'https://openalex.org/W2159594385', 'https://openalex.org/W2161066525', 'https://openalex.org/W2161757757', 'https://openalex.org/W2161780394', 'https://openalex.org/W2162877556', 'https://openalex.org/W2164418127', 'https://openalex.org/W2165389751', 'https://openalex.org/W2167362547', 'https://openalex.org/W2167749707', 'https://openalex.org/W2168941449', 'https://openalex.org/W2171230327', 'https://openalex.org/W2322090078', 'https://openalex.org/W2396980118', 'https://openalex.org/W2402578595', 'https://openalex.org/W2467792987', 'https://openalex.org/W2484455518', 'https://openalex.org/W2799263934', 'https://openalex.org/W3127231893', 'https://openalex.org/W4214717370', 'https://openalex.org/W654345244', 'https://openalex.org/W654390625', 'https://openalex.org/W92671443'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W6731470', 'https://openalex.org/W4285284729', 'https://openalex.org/W2592007985', 'https://openalex.org/W2572366036', 'https://openalex.org/W2475830385', 'https://openalex.org/W2391153736', 'https://openalex.org/W2103715549', 'https://openalex.org/W2056131989', 'https://openalex.org/W2045955850', 'https://openalex.org/W1966046007'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'To': [0, 101], 'behave': [1], 'adaptively,': [2], 'we': [3, 113, 123], 'must': [4], 'learn': [5], 'from': [6], 'the': [7, 23, 38, 52, 55, 58, 71, 89, 93, 103, 109, 128, 137, 150, 159, 163], 'consequences': [8], 'of': [9, 25, 60, 92], 'our': [10], 'actions.': [11, 170], 'Studies': [12], 'using': [13], 'event-related': [14], 'potentials': [15], '(ERPs)': [16], 'have': [17, 32], 'been': [18], 'informative': [19], 'with': [20, 155], 'respect': [21], 'to': [22, 48], 'question': [24], 'how': [26], 'such': [27], 'learning': [28], 'occurs.': [29], 'These': [30], 'studies': [31], 'revealed': [33], 'a': [34, 74, 131], 'frontocentral': [35], 'negativity': [36, 40], 'termed': [37], 'feedback-related': [39], '(FRN)': [41], 'that': [42, 106, 116, 146, 161], 'appears': [43], 'after': [44], 'negative': [45], 'feedback.': [46], 'According': [47], 'one': [49], 'prominent': [50], 'theory,': [51], 'FRN': [53, 72, 110, 129, 138, 151, 164], 'tracks': [54], 'difference': [56], 'between': [57], 'values': [59], 'actual': [61], 'and': [62, 80, 120, 143, 152, 157], 'expected': [63], 'outcomes,': [64], 'or': [65], 'reward': [66, 78, 133], 'prediction': [67, 134], 'errors.': [68], 'As': [69], 'such,': [70], 'provides': [73], 'tool': [75], 'for': [76], 'studying': [77], 'valuation': [79], 'decision': [81], 'making.': [82], 'We': [83, 95], 'begin': [84], 'this': [85], 'review': [86], 'by': [87, 141, 144, 168], 'examining': [88], 'neural': [90], 'significance': [91], 'FRN.': [94], 'then': [96], 'examine': [97], 'its': [98, 118], 'functional': [99], 'significance.': [100], 'understand': [102], 'cognitive': [104], 'processes': [105], 'occur': [107], 'when': [108], 'is': [111, 139, 165], 'generated,': [112], 'explore': [114], 'variables': [115], 'influence': [117], 'appearance': [119], 'amplitude.': [121], 'Specifically,': [122], 'evaluate': [124], 'four': [125], 'hypotheses:': [126], '(1)': [127], 'encodes': [130], 'quantitative': [132], 'error;': [135], '(2)': [136], 'evoked': [140], 'outcomes': [142], 'stimuli': [145], 'predict': [147], 'outcomes;': [148], '(3)': [149], 'behavior': [153], 'change': [154], 'experience;': [156], '(4)': [158], 'system': [160], 'produces': [162], 'maximally': [166], 'engaged': [167], 'volitional': [169]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2132073746', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 22}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 30}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 38}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 52}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 41}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 46}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 52}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 51}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 37}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 46}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 39}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 2}], 'updated_date': '2024-09-10T03:07:58.434131', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}