Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2131972524', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2009.11.002', 'title': 'The smoothing effect of carpool lanes on freeway bottlenecks', 'display_name': 'The smoothing effect of carpool lanes on freeway bottlenecks', 'publication_year': 2009, 'publication_date': '2009-12-10', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2131972524', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2009.11.002', 'mag': '2131972524'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2009.11.002', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S159637997', 'display_name': 'Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice', 'issn_l': '0965-8564', 'issn': ['0965-8564', '1879-2375'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'https://escholarship.org/content/qt6fk4s29c/qt6fk4s29c.pdf?t=krnnep', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5101692863', 'display_name': 'Michael J. Cassidy', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8354-0568'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I95457486', 'display_name': 'University of California, Berkeley', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01an7q238', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I95457486']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Michael J. Cassidy', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, 416 McLaughlin Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-1720, USA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, 416 McLaughlin Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-1720, USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I95457486']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5000067038', 'display_name': 'Kitae Jang', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4578-4107'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I95457486', 'display_name': 'University of California, Berkeley', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01an7q238', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I95457486']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Kitae Jang', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, 416 McLaughlin Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-1720, USA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, 416 McLaughlin Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-1720, USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I95457486']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5046475090', 'display_name': 'Carlos F. Daganzo', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I95457486', 'display_name': 'University of California, Berkeley', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01an7q238', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I95457486']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Carlos F. Daganzo', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, 416 McLaughlin Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-1720, USA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, 416 McLaughlin Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-1720, USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I95457486']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 3140, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 3140, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 14.183, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 55, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.985813, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 94, 'max': 95}, 'biblio': {'volume': '44', 'issue': '2', 'first_page': '65', 'last_page': '75'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10524', 'display_name': 'Traffic control and management', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2207', 'display_name': 'Control and Systems Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10524', 'display_name': 'Traffic control and management', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2207', 'display_name': 'Control and Systems Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10698', 'display_name': 'Transportation Planning and Optimization', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3313', 'display_name': 'Transportation'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11500', 'display_name': 'Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics', 'score': 0.9953, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2212', 'display_name': 'Ocean Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/carpool', 'display_name': 'Carpool', 'score': 0.98034894}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothing', 'display_name': 'Smoothing', 'score': 0.88441336}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780427980', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749649', 'display_name': 'Carpool', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.98034894}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C3770464', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963', 'display_name': 'Smoothing', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.88441336}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780513914', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350', 'display_name': 'Bottleneck', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.8098162}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C22684755', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847526', 'display_name': 'Queueing theory', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6481426}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C160403385', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220543', 'display_name': 'Queue', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.55712163}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C22212356', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325', 'display_name': 'Transport engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.54492676}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.5325854}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C207512268', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3074551', 'display_name': 'Traffic flow (computer networking)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.47602895}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127413603', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023', 'display_name': 'Engineering', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.24699014}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C31258907', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371', 'display_name': 'Computer network', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.23144811}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C31972630', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240', 'display_name': 'Computer vision', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C149635348', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040', 'display_name': 'Embedded system', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 3, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2009.11.002', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S159637997', 'display_name': 'Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice', 'issn_l': '0965-8564', 'issn': ['0965-8564', '1879-2375'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/6fk4s29c', 'pdf_url': 'https://escholarship.org/content/qt6fk4s29c/qt6fk4s29c.pdf?t=krnnep', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400115', 'display_name': 'eScholarship (California Digital Library)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I2801248553', 'host_organization_name': 'California Digital Library', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2801248553'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['California Digital Library'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'other-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa', 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/6fk4s29c.pdf;origin=repeccitec', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/6fk4s29c.pdf;origin=repeccitec', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401271', 'display_name': 'RePEc: Research Papers in Economics', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I77793887', 'host_organization_name': 'Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I77793887'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/6fk4s29c', 'pdf_url': 'https://escholarship.org/content/qt6fk4s29c/qt6fk4s29c.pdf?t=krnnep', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400115', 'display_name': 'eScholarship (California Digital Library)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I2801248553', 'host_organization_name': 'California Digital Library', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2801248553'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['California Digital Library'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'other-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa', 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Sustainable cities and communities', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11', 'score': 0.46}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 24, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1235026011', 'https://openalex.org/W1512957952', 'https://openalex.org/W1533410810', 'https://openalex.org/W1535712557', 'https://openalex.org/W1586181168', 'https://openalex.org/W1966963739', 'https://openalex.org/W1967252441', 'https://openalex.org/W1968331886', 'https://openalex.org/W1969706161', 'https://openalex.org/W1977542947', 'https://openalex.org/W1982048777', 'https://openalex.org/W1983615136', 'https://openalex.org/W1989900524', 'https://openalex.org/W1993420424', 'https://openalex.org/W1998542272', 'https://openalex.org/W2012152938', 'https://openalex.org/W2025276258', 'https://openalex.org/W2041808244', 'https://openalex.org/W2070391101', 'https://openalex.org/W2102650063', 'https://openalex.org/W2107809717', 'https://openalex.org/W2117038868', 'https://openalex.org/W216678443', 'https://openalex.org/W3126033772'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W842487797', 'https://openalex.org/W603034751', 'https://openalex.org/W2982511116', 'https://openalex.org/W2768886816', 'https://openalex.org/W2375665878', 'https://openalex.org/W2078164214', 'https://openalex.org/W2053400739', 'https://openalex.org/W2034843302', 'https://openalex.org/W1982014942', 'https://openalex.org/W1507875219'], 'abstract_inverted_index': None, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2131972524', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 6}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-08T17:51:11.011076', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}