Publication Information

{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2131744342', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818306060310', 'title': 'Is Enforcement Necessary for Effectiveness? A Model of the International Criminal Regime', 'display_name': 'Is Enforcement Necessary for Effectiveness? A Model of the International Criminal Regime', 'publication_year': 2006, 'publication_date': '2006-10-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2131744342', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818306060310', 'mag': '2131744342'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818306060310', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S160686149', 'display_name': 'International Organization', 'issn_l': '0020-8183', 'issn': ['0020-8183', '1531-5088'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310311702', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Cambridge', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310311702'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Cambridge'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5082970261', 'display_name': 'Michael Gilligan', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3881-1717'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I57206974', 'display_name': 'New York University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0190ak572', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I57206974']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Michael J. Gilligan', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['New York University,  [email protected]'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'New York University,  [email protected]', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I57206974']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5082970261'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I57206974'], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 25.059, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 127, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.981541, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 97, 'max': 98}, 'biblio': {'volume': '60', 'issue': '04', 'first_page': None, 'last_page': None}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12752', 'display_name': 'Global Peace and Security Dynamics', 'score': 0.9987, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3320', 'display_name': 'Political Science and International Relations'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12752', 'display_name': 'Global Peace and Security Dynamics', 'score': 0.9987, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3320', 'display_name': 'Political Science and International Relations'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10053', 'display_name': 'International Relations and Foreign Policy', 'score': 0.9936, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3320', 'display_name': 'Political Science and International Relations'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10749', 'display_name': 'International Law and Human Rights', 'score': 0.9891, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3320', 'display_name': 'Political Science and International Relations'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/institution', 'display_name': 'Institution', 'score': 0.7244181}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/surrender', 'display_name': 'Surrender', 'score': 0.71550375}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779777834', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277', 'display_name': 'Enforcement', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7343406}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780510313', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178706', 'display_name': 'Institution', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7244181}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780301145', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3769366', 'display_name': 'Surrender', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.71550375}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C163258240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342', 'display_name': 'Power (physics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.58559257}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.5746253}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C48103436', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031', 'display_name': 'State (computer science)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5576418}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C29122968', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816', 'display_name': 'Incentive', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5493852}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C190253527', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354', 'display_name': 'Law and economics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.5066091}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.46007237}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144024400', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201', 'display_name': 'Sociology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.2611826}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.2420336}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.079054534}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C11413529', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366', 'display_name': 'Algorithm', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C62520636', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944', 'display_name': 'Quantum mechanics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C175444787', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072', 'display_name': 'Microeconomics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818306060310', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S160686149', 'display_name': 'International Organization', 'issn_l': '0020-8183', 'issn': ['0020-8183', '1531-5088'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310311702', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Cambridge', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310311702'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Cambridge'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Peace, justice, and strong institutions', 'score': 0.83, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 36, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W136439182', 'https://openalex.org/W1535643370', 'https://openalex.org/W1561406324', 'https://openalex.org/W1587502636', 'https://openalex.org/W1964584173', 'https://openalex.org/W1972491285', 'https://openalex.org/W1973966222', 'https://openalex.org/W2004720158', 'https://openalex.org/W2022042361', 'https://openalex.org/W2036055047', 'https://openalex.org/W2092631134', 'https://openalex.org/W2093248821', 'https://openalex.org/W2097155323', 'https://openalex.org/W2102827369', 'https://openalex.org/W2115285680', 'https://openalex.org/W2115411156', 'https://openalex.org/W2123831532', 'https://openalex.org/W2126808194', 'https://openalex.org/W2132378363', 'https://openalex.org/W2151875548', 'https://openalex.org/W2162379174', 'https://openalex.org/W2163039446', 'https://openalex.org/W2164079995', 'https://openalex.org/W2164304100', 'https://openalex.org/W2170087824', 'https://openalex.org/W2171858823', 'https://openalex.org/W2256909045', 'https://openalex.org/W2333470315', 'https://openalex.org/W2735940684', 'https://openalex.org/W3023174517', 'https://openalex.org/W3081949511', 'https://openalex.org/W3124283101', 'https://openalex.org/W4244145626', 'https://openalex.org/W4299128929', 'https://openalex.org/W433381612', 'https://openalex.org/W437877368'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4390930311', 'https://openalex.org/W3124443392', 'https://openalex.org/W3122014024', 'https://openalex.org/W2804871432', 'https://openalex.org/W2493140076', 'https://openalex.org/W2388778178', 'https://openalex.org/W2380187289', 'https://openalex.org/W2379315598', 'https://openalex.org/W2372210886', 'https://openalex.org/W2358675762'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Recently,': [0], 'scholars': [1], 'have': [2], 'questioned': [3], 'whether': [4], 'enforcement': [5, 35, 175], 'mechanisms': [6], 'are': [7], 'necessary': [8], 'to': [9, 64, 71, 86, 89, 193, 199, 217, 234, 259, 268, 292, 308], 'make': [10], 'regimes': [11], 'effective.': [12], 'This': [13], 'article': [14, 38, 109], 'provides': [15, 248], 'a': [16, 121, 124, 164, 182], 'model': [17, 106, 117, 151], 'of': [18, 44, 131, 140, 143, 166, 185, 253, 262, 274, 286], 'the': [19, 25, 45, 53, 62, 66, 75, 118, 129, 138, 141, 167, 171, 194, 211, 219, 230, 254, 260, 263, 272, 276], 'international': [20], 'criminal': [21], 'regime': [22, 26], 'in': [23, 107, 201], 'which': [24, 242], 'changes': [27], 'state': [28, 126, 213], 'behavior': [29], 'even': [30], 'though': [31], 'it': [32, 60, 68, 81], 'possesses': [33], 'no': [34, 174, 215], 'mechanisms.': [36], 'The': [37, 105, 150, 223], 'also': [39, 306], 'answers': [40], 'several': [41], 'prominent': [42], 'criticisms': [43, 112], 'International': [46], 'Criminal': [47], 'Court': [48, 255], '(ICC).': [49], 'Critics': [50], 'claim': [51], 'that': [52, 127, 133, 148, 188], 'ICC': [54, 76, 277], 'is': [55, 69], 'at': [56, 229, 283], 'best': [57], 'futile': [58], 'because': [59, 80], 'lacks': [61], 'power': [63, 90], 'apprehend': [65], 'criminals': [67], 'meant': [70], 'prosecute.': [72], 'Even': [73], 'worse,': [74], 'may': [77, 113, 225], 'be': [78, 114, 161, 204], 'harmful': [79], 'will': [82, 159, 203], 'induce': [83], 'atrocious': [84], 'leaders': [85, 178], 'hold': [87], 'on': [88, 147], 'longer': [91], 'than': [92, 197], 'they': [93, 96, 189], 'would': [94, 190, 232, 305], 'if': [95], 'could': [97], 'step': [98], 'down': [99], 'with': [100, 180], 'immunity': [101], 'for': [102, 271, 280, 323], 'past': [103], 'crimes.': [104], 'this': [108, 287], 'suggests': [110], 'those': [111, 209], 'inaccurate.': [115], 'I': [116, 136, 246, 289, 304], 'interaction': [119], 'between': [120], 'leader': [122, 134, 220], 'and': [123, 245, 256, 279, 295, 320], 'foreign': [125, 212], 'has': [128, 173, 214], 'option': [130], 'offering': [132], 'asylum.': [135, 221], 'examine': [137], 'effect': [139], 'creation': [142], 'an': [144, 249], 'ICC-like': [145], 'institution': [146, 172, 195, 224], 'interaction.': [149], 'produces': [152], 'three': [153], 'main': [154], 'findings.': [155], '(1)': [156], "Leaders'": [157], 'reigns': [158], 'not': [160], 'prolonged': [162], 'as': [163], 'result': [165], 'regime.': [168], '(2)': [169], 'Although': [170], 'power,': [176], 'some': [177, 227], '(those': [179], 'such': [181], 'high': [183], 'probability': [184], 'being': [186], 'deposed': [187], 'willingly': [191], 'surrender': [192], 'rather': [196], 'try': [198], 'stay': [200], 'office)': [202], 'punished': [205], 'by': [206], 'it.': [207], 'In': [208], 'circumstances,': [210], 'incentive': [216], 'offer': [218], '(3)': [222], 'deter': [226], 'atrocities': [228], 'margin.I': [231], 'like': [233, 307], 'thank': [235], 'Tanaz': [236], 'Moghadam,': [237], 'whose': [238], 'undergraduate': [239], 'honors': [240], 'thesis,': [241], 'William': [243, 269], 'Clark': [244, 270], 'advised,': [247], 'earlier': [250], 'game-theoretic': [251], 'analysis': [252], 'introduced': [257], 'me': [258], 'topic': [261], 'ICC.': [264], 'Special': [265], 'thanks': [266], 'go': [267], 'idea': [273], 'treating': [275], 'game-theoretically': [278], 'valuable': [281], 'comments': [282], 'various': [284], 'stages': [285], 'project.': [288], 'am': [290], 'grateful': [291], 'Lisa': [293], 'Martin': [294], 'two': [296], 'anonymous': [297], 'reviewers': [298], 'who': [299], 'provided': [300], 'exceptionally': [301], 'helpful': [302], 'insights.': [303], 'acknowledge': [309], 'Sandy': [310], 'Gordon,': [311], 'Dimitri': [312], 'Landa,': [313], 'James': [314], 'Morrow,': [315], 'Steve': [316], 'Ratner,': [317], 'Shanker': [318], 'Satyanath': [319], 'Ken': [321], 'Scheve': [322], 'their': [324], 'much-appreciated': [325], 'input.': [326], 'All': [327], 'errors': [328], 'remain': [329], 'my': [330], 'responsibility.': [331]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2131744342', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 25}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 18}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 14}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 6}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-12T08:14:26.792416', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}