Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2130621427', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1127573', 'title': 'Recombination and the Nature of Bacterial Speciation', 'display_name': 'Recombination and the Nature of Bacterial Speciation', 'publication_year': 2007, 'publication_date': '2007-01-25', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2130621427', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1127573', 'mag': '2130621427', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17255503', 'pmcid': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2220085'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1127573', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S3880285', 'display_name': 'Science', 'issn_l': '0036-8075', 'issn': ['0036-8075', '1095-9203'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315823', 'host_organization_name': 'American Association for the Advancement of Science', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315823'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Association for the Advancement of Science'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'review', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc2220085?pdf=render', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5027792801', 'display_name': 'Christophe Fraser', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2399-9657'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I47508984', 'display_name': 'Imperial College London', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/041kmwe10', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I47508984']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Christophe Fraser', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I47508984']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5040018261', 'display_name': 'William P. Hanage', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6319-7336'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I47508984', 'display_name': 'Imperial College London', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/041kmwe10', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I47508984']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'William P. Hanage', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I47508984']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5079737412', 'display_name': 'Brian G. Spratt', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7257-4826'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I47508984', 'display_name': 'Imperial College London', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/041kmwe10', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I47508984']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Brian G. Spratt', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I47508984']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 7.231, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 571, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999002, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '315', 'issue': '5811', 'first_page': '476', 'last_page': '480'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11764', 'display_name': 'Evolutionary Dynamics of Genetic Adaptation and Mutation', 'score': 0.9995, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1311', 'display_name': 'Genetics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11764', 'display_name': 'Evolutionary Dynamics of Genetic Adaptation and Mutation', 'score': 0.9995, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1311', 'display_name': 'Genetics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10015', 'display_name': 'RNA Sequencing Data Analysis', 'score': 0.9891, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10943', 'display_name': 'Pathogenesis and Virulence of Escherichia coli', 'score': 0.9804, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1310', 'display_name': 'Endocrinology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm', 'display_name': 'Genetic algorithm', 'score': 0.7991463}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/divergence', 'display_name': 'Divergence (linguistics)', 'score': 0.64330584}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-divergence', 'display_name': 'Genetic divergence', 'score': 0.47870257}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/bacterial-invasion', 'display_name': 'bacterial invasion', 'score': 0.46966}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776838516', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787', 'display_name': 'Genetic algorithm', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7991463}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C156695909', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3373825', 'display_name': 'Recombination', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.65111554}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C207390915', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230525', 'display_name': 'Divergence (linguistics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.64330584}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.62911487}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C81977670', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585259', 'display_name': 'Genetic diversity', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.6075954}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C78458016', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400', 'display_name': 'Evolutionary biology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.58720654}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C81917197', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760', 'display_name': 'Selection (genetic algorithm)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.56242085}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C109186463', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230536', 'display_name': 'Genetic divergence', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.47870257}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C523546767', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876', 'display_name': 'Bacteria', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.41216087}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54355233', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162', 'display_name': 'Genetics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3429112}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C18903297', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150', 'display_name': 'Ecology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3211283}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.10140601}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C104317684', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187', 'display_name': 'Gene', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0868918}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144024400', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201', 'display_name': 'Sociology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.06769362}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2908647359', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603', 'display_name': 'Population', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41895202', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162', 'display_name': 'Linguistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C149923435', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732', 'display_name': 'Demography', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154945302', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660', 'display_name': 'Artificial intelligence', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D001419', 'descriptor_name': 'Bacteria', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000145', 'qualifier_name': 'classification', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D018407', 'descriptor_name': 'Bacterial Physiological Phenomena', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003198', 'descriptor_name': 'Computer Simulation', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D049810', 'descriptor_name': 'Genetic Speciation', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014644', 'descriptor_name': 'Genetic Variation', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008957', 'descriptor_name': 'Models, Genetic', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011995', 'descriptor_name': 'Recombination, Genetic', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013291', 'descriptor_name': 'Streptococcus', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000235', 'qualifier_name': 'genetics', 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 6, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1127573', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S3880285', 'display_name': 'Science', 'issn_l': '0036-8075', 'issn': ['0036-8075', '1095-9203'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315823', 'host_organization_name': 'American Association for the Advancement of Science', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315823'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Association for the Advancement of Science'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc2220085', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc2220085?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'acceptedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2220085', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764455111', 'display_name': 'PubMed Central', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'acceptedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/34184', 'pdf_url': 'http://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/34184/4/nihms-1405.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401396', 'display_name': 'Spiral (Imperial College London)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I47508984', 'host_organization_name': 'Imperial College London', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I47508984'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Imperial College London'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.547.8697', 'pdf_url': 'http://www.bio-nica.info/Biblioteca/Fraser2007.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400349', 'display_name': 'CiteSeer X (The Pennsylvania State University)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I130769515', 'host_organization_name': 'Pennsylvania State University', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I130769515'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Pennsylvania State University'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17255503', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc2220085', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc2220085?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'acceptedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': False}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.59, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15', 'display_name': 'Life on land'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 33, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1711571047', 'https://openalex.org/W1981894896', 'https://openalex.org/W1984306711', 'https://openalex.org/W2006790542', 'https://openalex.org/W2008144158', 'https://openalex.org/W2024810689', 'https://openalex.org/W2045194639', 'https://openalex.org/W2069794768', 'https://openalex.org/W2070497706', 'https://openalex.org/W2105333758', 'https://openalex.org/W2108360478', 'https://openalex.org/W2109853233', 'https://openalex.org/W2113601822', 'https://openalex.org/W2114363836', 'https://openalex.org/W2126482672', 'https://openalex.org/W2126833174', 'https://openalex.org/W2128884353', 'https://openalex.org/W2132147093', 'https://openalex.org/W2134650310', 'https://openalex.org/W2135764299', 'https://openalex.org/W2135891608', 'https://openalex.org/W2137207655', 'https://openalex.org/W2138952930', 'https://openalex.org/W2142503351', 'https://openalex.org/W2144386534', 'https://openalex.org/W2151371624', 'https://openalex.org/W2151511015', 'https://openalex.org/W2159487855', 'https://openalex.org/W2159638147', 'https://openalex.org/W2161854763', 'https://openalex.org/W2167708183', 'https://openalex.org/W2170093840', 'https://openalex.org/W2171333624'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4296312060', 'https://openalex.org/W3009329597', 'https://openalex.org/W2325645063', 'https://openalex.org/W2266291442', 'https://openalex.org/W2230485236', 'https://openalex.org/W2084825432', 'https://openalex.org/W2052936919', 'https://openalex.org/W1980506871', 'https://openalex.org/W1605330245', 'https://openalex.org/W1511805459'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Genetic': [0], 'surveys': [1, 121], 'reveal': [2], 'the': [3, 10, 27, 35, 78], 'diversity': [4], 'of': [5, 12, 30, 37, 64, 72, 80, 111, 127], 'bacteria': [6], 'and': [7, 67, 82, 104, 130, 133], 'lead': [8], 'to': [9, 16, 45, 52, 85, 108], 'questioning': [11], 'species': [13, 24, 54], 'concepts': [14], 'used': [15, 51], 'categorize': [17], 'bacteria.': [18, 43], 'One': [19], 'difficulty': [20], 'in': [21, 34], 'defining': [22], 'bacterial': [23, 65, 112], 'arises': [25], 'from': [26, 119, 124, 134], 'high': [28], 'rates': [29, 132], 'recombination': [31, 81, 131], 'that': [32, 77, 96], 'results': [33], 'transfer': [36], 'DNA': [38], 'between': [39, 101], 'relatively': [40], 'distantly': [41], 'related': [42], 'Barriers': [44], 'this': [46], 'process,': [47], 'which': [48], 'could': [49], 'be': [50, 99], 'define': [53], 'naturally,': [55], 'are': [56], 'not': [57, 117], 'apparent.': [58], 'Here,': [59], 'we': [60, 114], 'review': [61], 'conceptual': [62], 'models': [63], 'speciation': [66], 'describe': [68], 'our': [69], 'computer': [70], 'simulations': [71], 'speciation.': [73, 106], 'Our': [74], 'findings': [75], 'suggest': [76], 'rate': [79], 'its': [83], 'relation': [84], 'genetic': [86, 120], 'divergence': [87, 103], 'have': [88], 'a': [89, 97], 'strong': [90], 'influence': [91], 'on': [92], 'outcomes.': [93], 'We': [94], 'propose': [95], 'distinction': [98], 'made': [100], 'clonal': [102], 'sexual': [105], 'Hence,': [107], 'make': [109], 'sense': [110], 'diversity,': [113], 'need': [115], 'data': [116], 'only': [118], 'but': [122], 'also': [123], 'experimental': [125], 'determination': [126], 'selection': [128], 'pressures': [129], 'theoretical': [135], 'models.': [136]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2130621427', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 20}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 14}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 21}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 22}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 22}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 60}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 29}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 34}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 29}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 33}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 38}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 36}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 36}], 'updated_date': '2024-09-17T16:29:52.676373', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}