Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2126224706', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1017/s0010417515000250', 'title': 'Citizenship, Cowardice, and Freedom of Conscience: British Pacifists in the Second World War', 'display_name': 'Citizenship, Cowardice, and Freedom of Conscience: British Pacifists in the Second World War', 'publication_year': 2015, 'publication_date': '2015-06-25', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2126224706', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1017/s0010417515000250', 'mag': '2126224706'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1017/s0010417515000250', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S21304105', 'display_name': 'Comparative Studies in Society and History', 'issn_l': '0010-4175', 'issn': ['0010-4175', '1475-2999'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310311721', 'host_organization_name': 'Cambridge University Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310311721', 'https://openalex.org/P4310311702'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Cambridge University Press', 'University of Cambridge'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/18818361/Conscience_CSSH_.pdf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5056976070', 'display_name': 'Tobias Kelly', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5803-9803'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1319597252', 'display_name': 'Center for Global Development', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0068yvd12', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1319597252']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Tobias Kelly', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Global Development Academy'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Global Development Academy', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1319597252']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5056976070'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1319597252'], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 14.703, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 21, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.990192, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 91, 'max': 92}, 'biblio': {'volume': '57', 'issue': '3', 'first_page': '694', 'last_page': '722'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13336', 'display_name': 'Religious Freedom and Discrimination', 'score': 0.9812, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3308', 'display_name': 'Law'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13336', 'display_name': 'Religious Freedom and Discrimination', 'score': 0.9812, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3308', 'display_name': 'Law'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11507', 'display_name': 'Religion and Society Interactions', 'score': 0.9754, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13445', 'display_name': 'American Constitutional Law and Politics', 'score': 0.9704, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3320', 'display_name': 'Political Science and International Relations'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/cowardice', 'display_name': 'Cowardice', 'score': 0.7831646}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/conscientious-objector', 'display_name': 'Conscientious objector', 'score': 0.63964504}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/suspect', 'display_name': 'Suspect', 'score': 0.6011484}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/liberal-democracy', 'display_name': 'Liberal democracy', 'score': 0.46196598}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C10180917', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193526', 'display_name': 'Conscience', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.9713998}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779640164', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1401607', 'display_name': 'Cowardice', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7831646}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C99216807', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2930613', 'display_name': 'Conscientious objector', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.63964504}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777278149', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916183', 'display_name': 'Conviction', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6199886}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778223634', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224952', 'display_name': 'Suspect', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6011484}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780781376', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42138', 'display_name': 'Citizenship', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.51927376}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.50098944}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C555826173', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174', 'display_name': 'Democracy', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.48958907}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.4744854}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111439079', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192125', 'display_name': 'Liberal democracy', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.46196598}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C94625758', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163', 'display_name': 'Politics', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.46024153}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144024400', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201', 'display_name': 'Sociology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.37457353}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C81631423', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10859', 'display_name': 'Spanish Civil War', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.13405257}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 3, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1017/s0010417515000250', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S21304105', 'display_name': 'Comparative Studies in Society and History', 'issn_l': '0010-4175', 'issn': ['0010-4175', '1475-2999'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310311721', 'host_organization_name': 'Cambridge University Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310311721', 'https://openalex.org/P4310311702'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Cambridge University Press', 'University of Cambridge'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/18818361/Conscience_CSSH_.pdf', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/18818361/Conscience_CSSH_.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400321', 'display_name': 'Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I98677209', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Edinburgh', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I98677209'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Edinburgh'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'acceptedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/0e0a9b37-1bde-43de-9f9e-5e321fcd11a9', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/files/18818361/Conscience_CSSH_.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400321', 'display_name': 'Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I98677209', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Edinburgh', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I98677209'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Edinburgh'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'cc-by-nc-nd', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd', 'version': 'acceptedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/18818361/Conscience_CSSH_.pdf', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/18818361/Conscience_CSSH_.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400321', 'display_name': 'Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I98677209', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Edinburgh', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I98677209'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Edinburgh'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'acceptedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': False}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Peace, justice, and strong institutions', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16', 'score': 0.67}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 84, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1482168435', 'https://openalex.org/W1489520981', 'https://openalex.org/W1491372902', 'https://openalex.org/W1495144673', 'https://openalex.org/W1497177130', 'https://openalex.org/W1501879927', 'https://openalex.org/W1519843051', 'https://openalex.org/W1531940348', 'https://openalex.org/W1541722181', 'https://openalex.org/W1556801619', 'https://openalex.org/W1563181208', 'https://openalex.org/W1576183009', 'https://openalex.org/W1576632330', 'https://openalex.org/W1579330929', 'https://openalex.org/W1589192318', 'https://openalex.org/W1589529416', 'https://openalex.org/W1595353434', 'https://openalex.org/W1599027346', 'https://openalex.org/W1607623707', 'https://openalex.org/W1608153102', 'https://openalex.org/W1941189713', 'https://openalex.org/W1941740647', 'https://openalex.org/W1964099916', 'https://openalex.org/W1968106836', 'https://openalex.org/W1968896816', 'https://openalex.org/W1990059411', 'https://openalex.org/W2006910436', 'https://openalex.org/W2013405237', 'https://openalex.org/W2025462047', 'https://openalex.org/W2060205220', 'https://openalex.org/W2060497443', 'https://openalex.org/W2078503662', 'https://openalex.org/W2082199229', 'https://openalex.org/W2092814929', 'https://openalex.org/W2098734528', 'https://openalex.org/W2102374525', 'https://openalex.org/W2105091320', 'https://openalex.org/W2109210554', 'https://openalex.org/W2117879543', 'https://openalex.org/W2119156391', 'https://openalex.org/W2145921850', 'https://openalex.org/W2160570120', 'https://openalex.org/W2316742086', 'https://openalex.org/W2419295290', 'https://openalex.org/W2502073323', 'https://openalex.org/W2503220472', 'https://openalex.org/W2504301404', 'https://openalex.org/W2513448492', 'https://openalex.org/W2527917455', 'https://openalex.org/W2562061498', 'https://openalex.org/W2593741807', 'https://openalex.org/W268831566', 'https://openalex.org/W2795956832', 'https://openalex.org/W2798801343', 'https://openalex.org/W2802192106', 'https://openalex.org/W2803968325', 'https://openalex.org/W2805478194', 'https://openalex.org/W2994368695', 'https://openalex.org/W3199808236', 'https://openalex.org/W379602626', 'https://openalex.org/W4230035204', 'https://openalex.org/W4230654564', 'https://openalex.org/W4237843876', 'https://openalex.org/W4239719961', 'https://openalex.org/W4242761397', 'https://openalex.org/W4245244538', 'https://openalex.org/W4255128583', 'https://openalex.org/W4285719527', 'https://openalex.org/W4289790859', 'https://openalex.org/W4299681723', 'https://openalex.org/W4300178884', 'https://openalex.org/W4301873938', 'https://openalex.org/W4307533328', 'https://openalex.org/W4392046653', 'https://openalex.org/W4416436', 'https://openalex.org/W594072629', 'https://openalex.org/W598719895', 'https://openalex.org/W602709348', 'https://openalex.org/W615611342', 'https://openalex.org/W621033866', 'https://openalex.org/W628008409', 'https://openalex.org/W640261384', 'https://openalex.org/W647659022', 'https://openalex.org/W795560932'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W618498864', 'https://openalex.org/W4232486214', 'https://openalex.org/W4210646074', 'https://openalex.org/W254192124', 'https://openalex.org/W2512399267', 'https://openalex.org/W2210706217', 'https://openalex.org/W2126224706', 'https://openalex.org/W2037416545', 'https://openalex.org/W2022416811', 'https://openalex.org/W1528276591'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Abstract': [0], 'Freedom': [1], 'of': [2, 11, 39, 67, 75, 80, 101, 103, 141], 'conscience': [3, 17, 30, 40, 68, 104, 115], 'is': [4, 16, 105], 'widely': [5, 70], 'claimed': [6], 'as': [7, 31, 41, 89], 'a': [8, 32, 73], 'central': [9], 'principle': [10], 'liberal': [12, 120, 142], 'democracy,': [13], 'but': [14, 129], 'what': [15, 23], 'and': [18, 46, 61, 92, 108, 127], 'how': [19], 'do': [20], 'we': [21], 'know': [22], 'it': [24], 'looks': [25], 'like?': [26], 'Rather': [27], 'than': [28], 'treat': [29], 'transcendent': [33], 'category,': [34], 'this': [35], 'paper': [36], 'examines': [37], 'claims': [38, 66], 'rooted': [42], 'in': [43, 56, 112], 'distinct': [44], 'cultural': [45], 'political': [47], 'histories.': [48], 'I': [49, 96], 'focus': [50], 'on': [51, 86], 'debates': [52], 'about': [53], 'conscientious': [54], 'objection': [55], 'Second': [57], 'World': [58], 'War': [59], 'Britain,': [60], 'argue': [62, 97], 'that,': [63], 'there,': [64], 'persuasive': [65], 'were': [69], 'associated': [71], 'with': [72], 'form': [74], '“detached': [76, 82], 'conviction.”': [77], 'Yet': [78], 'evidence': [79], 'such': [81], 'convictions”': [83], 'always': [84], 'verged': [85], 'being': [87], 'interpreted': [88], 'deliberate': [90], 'manipulation': [91], 'calculation.': [93], 'More': [94], 'broadly,': [95], 'that': [98], 'the': [99, 139], 'protection': [100], 'freedom': [102], 'necessarily': [106], 'incomplete': [107], 'unstable.': [109], 'The': [110], 'difficulties': [111], 'recognizing': [113], 'individual': [114], 'point': [116], 'to': [117, 134], 'anxieties': [118], 'within': [119], 'democracy.': [121], 'Not': [122], 'only': [123], 'strangers': [124], 'are': [125], 'suspect': [126], 'mistrusted,': [128], 'also': [130], 'those': [131], 'who': [132], 'claim': [133], 'stand': [135], 'most': [136], 'strongly': [137], 'by': [138], 'principles': [140], 'citizenship.': [143]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2126224706', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 12}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-08T12:45:15.283246', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}