Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2126130217', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.11613/bm.2014.022', 'title': 'Observational and interventional study design types; an overview', 'display_name': 'Observational and interventional study design types; an overview', 'publication_year': 2014, 'publication_date': '2014-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2126130217', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.11613/bm.2014.022', 'mag': '2126130217', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24969913', 'pmcid': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4083571'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.11613/bm.2014.022', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.biochemia-medica.com/assets/images/upload/xml_tif/Thiese_MS_-Study_design_types_-_an_overview.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S185467459', 'display_name': 'Biochemia Medica', 'issn_l': '1330-0962', 'issn': ['1330-0962', '1846-7482'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310314792', 'host_organization_name': 'Croatian society of medical biochemistry and laboratory medicine', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310314792'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Croatian society of medical biochemistry and laboratory medicine'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'review', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'diamond', 'oa_url': 'https://www.biochemia-medica.com/assets/images/upload/xml_tif/Thiese_MS_-Study_design_types_-_an_overview.pdf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5059314361', 'display_name': 'Matthew S. Thiese', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4505-2907'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I866881858', 'display_name': 'Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02egdz393', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I866881858']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I223532165', 'display_name': 'University of Utah', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03r0ha626', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I223532165']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Matthew S. Thiese', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah , USA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah , USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I866881858', 'https://openalex.org/I223532165']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 2, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5059314361'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I866881858', 'https://openalex.org/I223532165'], 'apc_list': {'value': 0, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 0, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 2.404, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 495, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.989189, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '24', 'issue': '2', 'first_page': '199', 'last_page': '210'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10206', 'display_name': 'Meta-analysis and systematic reviews', 'score': 0.9908, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1804', 'display_name': 'Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/18', 'display_name': 'Decision Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10206', 'display_name': 'Meta-analysis and systematic reviews', 'score': 0.9908, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1804', 'display_name': 'Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/18', 'display_name': 'Decision Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10804', 'display_name': 'Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life', 'score': 0.9395, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12443', 'display_name': 'Delphi Technique in Research', 'score': 0.9299, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-study-design', 'display_name': 'Clinical study design', 'score': 0.7884202}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/research-design', 'display_name': 'Research Design', 'score': 0.65350056}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/strengths-and-weaknesses', 'display_name': 'Strengths and weaknesses', 'score': 0.48169383}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C23131810', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574', 'display_name': 'Observational study', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.91972786}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C148482608', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007018', 'display_name': 'Clinical study design', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.7884202}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779318504', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438035', 'display_name': 'Research design', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.65350056}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.57043815}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C19527891', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908', 'display_name': 'Medical physics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.50042987}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C176743888', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q862797', 'display_name': 'Observational methods in psychology', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.4997592}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C63882131', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17122954', 'display_name': 'Strengths and weaknesses', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.48169383}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C112930515', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547', 'display_name': 'Risk analysis (engineering)', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.36309427}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C177713679', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690', 'display_name': 'Intensive care medicine', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.34587818}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C535046627', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612', 'display_name': 'Clinical trial', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.2926762}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.18863454}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C142724271', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208', 'display_name': 'Pathology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.13331577}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C105795698', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483', 'display_name': 'Statistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.119833946}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C77805123', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272', 'display_name': 'Social psychology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D016021', 'descriptor_name': 'Epidemiologic Studies', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D064887', 'descriptor_name': 'Observational Studies as Topic', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012107', 'descriptor_name': 'Research Design', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000592', 'qualifier_name': 'standards', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D035843', 'descriptor_name': 'Biomedical Research', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016032', 'descriptor_name': 'Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012107', 'descriptor_name': 'Research Design', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016896', 'descriptor_name': 'Treatment Outcome', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 6, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.11613/bm.2014.022', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.biochemia-medica.com/assets/images/upload/xml_tif/Thiese_MS_-Study_design_types_-_an_overview.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S185467459', 'display_name': 'Biochemia Medica', 'issn_l': '1330-0962', 'issn': ['1330-0962', '1846-7482'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310314792', 'host_organization_name': 'Croatian society of medical biochemistry and laboratory medicine', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310314792'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Croatian society of medical biochemistry and laboratory medicine'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4083571', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4083571?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'cc-by-nc-nd', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/185180', 'pdf_url': 'http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/185180', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400677', 'display_name': 'Hrčak Portal of scientific journals of Croatia (University Computing Centre)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I4210104502', 'host_organization_name': 'United Nations University', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210104502'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['United Nations University'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'cc-by-nc-nd', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://hrcak.srce.hr/125364', 'pdf_url': 'https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/185180', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400677', 'display_name': 'Hrčak Portal of scientific journals of Croatia (University Computing Centre)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I4210104502', 'host_organization_name': 'United Nations University', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210104502'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['United Nations University'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'cc-by-nc-nd', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4083571', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764455111', 'display_name': 'PubMed Central', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24969913', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.11613/bm.2014.022', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.biochemia-medica.com/assets/images/upload/xml_tif/Thiese_MS_-Study_design_types_-_an_overview.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S185467459', 'display_name': 'Biochemia Medica', 'issn_l': '1330-0962', 'issn': ['1330-0962', '1846-7482'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310314792', 'host_organization_name': 'Croatian society of medical biochemistry and laboratory medicine', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310314792'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Croatian society of medical biochemistry and laboratory medicine'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.43, 'display_name': 'Good health and well-being', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 50, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1272152194', 'https://openalex.org/W1491818900', 'https://openalex.org/W1495537300', 'https://openalex.org/W1498364240', 'https://openalex.org/W1501619595', 'https://openalex.org/W1505741243', 'https://openalex.org/W1506150625', 'https://openalex.org/W1527311855', 'https://openalex.org/W1528770862', 'https://openalex.org/W1547380883', 'https://openalex.org/W1565819060', 'https://openalex.org/W1566001373', 'https://openalex.org/W1568390176', 'https://openalex.org/W1574677842', 'https://openalex.org/W1588313728', 'https://openalex.org/W1597906458', 'https://openalex.org/W1599830593', 'https://openalex.org/W1604979160', 'https://openalex.org/W178160005', 'https://openalex.org/W1853070840', 'https://openalex.org/W1984052453', 'https://openalex.org/W1986215651', 'https://openalex.org/W2005426927', 'https://openalex.org/W2006372124', 'https://openalex.org/W2033289105', 'https://openalex.org/W2046852559', 'https://openalex.org/W2068339828', 'https://openalex.org/W2071608471', 'https://openalex.org/W2078733981', 'https://openalex.org/W2079930646', 'https://openalex.org/W2089908284', 'https://openalex.org/W2105588574', 'https://openalex.org/W2129688566', 'https://openalex.org/W2130917370', 'https://openalex.org/W2133766618', 'https://openalex.org/W2138363439', 'https://openalex.org/W2169071913', 'https://openalex.org/W2170881590', 'https://openalex.org/W2248075991', 'https://openalex.org/W2476533557', 'https://openalex.org/W2587754635', 'https://openalex.org/W2977262736', 'https://openalex.org/W3022880374', 'https://openalex.org/W3154268655', 'https://openalex.org/W4213076706', 'https://openalex.org/W4230210814', 'https://openalex.org/W4233346830', 'https://openalex.org/W4247424102', 'https://openalex.org/W4247938048', 'https://openalex.org/W4285719527'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4323056197', 'https://openalex.org/W3139156936', 'https://openalex.org/W3035658224', 'https://openalex.org/W2996456905', 'https://openalex.org/W2615380062', 'https://openalex.org/W2400939738', 'https://openalex.org/W2327165186', 'https://openalex.org/W2187310527', 'https://openalex.org/W2126130217', 'https://openalex.org/W1891813875'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'The': [0], 'appropriate': [1], 'choice': [2], 'in': [3], 'study': [4, 21, 56], 'design': [5, 36], 'is': [6, 50], 'essential': [7], 'for': [8], 'the': [9, 44], 'successful': [10], 'execution': [11], 'of': [12, 30], 'biomedical': [13], 'and': [14, 32, 41, 43], 'public': [15], 'health': [16], 'research.': [17], 'There': [18], 'are': [19], 'many': [20], 'designs': [22], 'to': [23, 46, 52], 'choose': [24], 'from': [25], 'within': [26], 'two': [27], 'broad': [28], 'categories': [29], 'observational': [31], 'interventional': [33], 'studies.': [34], 'Each': [35], 'has': [37], 'its': [38], 'own': [39], 'strengths': [40], 'weaknesses,': [42], 'need': [45], 'understand': [47], 'these': [48], 'limitations': [49], 'necessary': [51], 'arrive': [53], 'at': [54], 'correct': [55], 'conclusions.': [57]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2126130217', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 58}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 71}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 74}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 75}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 70}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 60}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 42}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 22}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-17T12:32:36.810030', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}