Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2122235766', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/806/2/185', 'title': 'COSMOLOGY WITH STRONG-LENSING SYSTEMS', 'display_name': 'COSMOLOGY WITH STRONG-LENSING SYSTEMS', 'publication_year': 2015, 'publication_date': '2015-06-17', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2122235766', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/806/2/185', 'mag': '2122235766'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/806/2/185', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S1980519', 'display_name': 'The Astrophysical Journal', 'issn_l': '0004-637X', 'issn': ['0004-637X', '1538-4357'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320083', 'host_organization_name': 'IOP Publishing', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310311669', 'https://openalex.org/P4310320083'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Institute of Physics', 'IOP Publishing'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['arxiv', 'crossref', 'datacite'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'https://arxiv.org/pdf/1509.07649', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5101668806', 'display_name': 'Shuo Cao', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8870-981X'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I25254941', 'display_name': 'Beijing Normal University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/022k4wk35', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I25254941']}], 'countries': ['CN'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Shuo Cao', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Astronomy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China)'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Astronomy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China)', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I25254941']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5002020502', 'display_name': 'Marek Biesiada', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1308-7304'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210086947', 'display_name': 'Institute of Physics', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/000sfad56', 'country_code': 'PL', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210086947', 'https://openalex.org/I99542240']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I25254941', 'display_name': 'Beijing Normal University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/022k4wk35', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I25254941']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I864159182', 'display_name': 'University of Silesia in Katowice', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0104rcc94', 'country_code': 'PL', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I864159182']}], 'countries': ['CN', 'PL'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Marek Biesiada', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Astronomy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China', 'Department of Astrophysics and Cosmology, Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Astrophysics and Cosmology, Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210086947', 'https://openalex.org/I864159182']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Astronomy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I25254941']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5072965626', 'display_name': 'R. Gavazzi', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5540-6935'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I39804081', 'display_name': 'Sorbonne Université', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02en5vm52', 'country_code': 'FR', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I39804081']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1294671590', 'display_name': 'Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02feahw73', 'country_code': 'FR', 'type': 'government', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1294671590']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2801766991', 'display_name': "Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris", 'ror': 'https://ror.org/022bnxw24', 'country_code': 'FR', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1294671590', 'https://openalex.org/I2801766991', 'https://openalex.org/I39804081', 'https://openalex.org/I4210148025']}], 'countries': ['FR'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Raphaël Gavazzi', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Institute d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR7095 CNRS—Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, 98bis bd Arago, F-75014 Paris, France'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Institute d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR7095 CNRS—Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, 98bis bd Arago, F-75014 Paris, France', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I39804081', 'https://openalex.org/I1294671590', 'https://openalex.org/I2801766991']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5051501178', 'display_name': 'Aleksandra Piórkowska', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I864159182', 'display_name': 'University of Silesia in Katowice', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0104rcc94', 'country_code': 'PL', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I864159182']}], 'countries': ['PL'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Aleksandra Piórkowska', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Astrophysics and Cosmology, Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Astrophysics and Cosmology, Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I864159182']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5081090682', 'display_name': 'Zong‐Hong Zhu', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3567-6743'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I25254941', 'display_name': 'Beijing Normal University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/022k4wk35', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I25254941']}], 'countries': ['CN'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Zong-Hong Zhu', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Astronomy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China)'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Astronomy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China)', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I25254941']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 3, 'institutions_distinct_count': 6, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 4499, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 4499, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 6.922, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 145, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999953, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 98, 'max': 99}, 'biblio': {'volume': '806', 'issue': '2', 'first_page': '185', 'last_page': '185'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10095', 'display_name': 'Cosmology and Gravitation Theories', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3103', 'display_name': 'Astronomy and Astrophysics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/31', 'display_name': 'Physics and Astronomy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10095', 'display_name': 'Cosmology and Gravitation Theories', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3103', 'display_name': 'Astronomy and Astrophysics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/31', 'display_name': 'Physics and Astronomy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10026', 'display_name': 'Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3103', 'display_name': 'Astronomy and Astrophysics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/31', 'display_name': 'Physics and Astronomy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10039', 'display_name': 'Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies', 'score': 0.9981, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3103', 'display_name': 'Astronomy and Astrophysics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/31', 'display_name': 'Physics and Astronomy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/strong-gravitational-lensing', 'display_name': 'Strong gravitational lensing', 'score': 0.7177644}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/gravitational-lensing-formalism', 'display_name': 'Gravitational lensing formalism', 'score': 0.57503295}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.8505975}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C172790937', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18343', 'display_name': 'Dark energy', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.789852}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C38437897', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7624558', 'display_name': 'Strong gravitational lensing', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.7177644}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C26405456', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338', 'display_name': 'Cosmology', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.68100375}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C68498078', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185243', 'display_name': 'Gravitational lens', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.6755786}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C44870925', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547', 'display_name': 'Astrophysics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.6307007}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C190670322', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13073796', 'display_name': 'Weak gravitational lensing', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.6122431}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C53810900', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214967', 'display_name': 'Equation of state', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5912672}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138125448', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17018930', 'display_name': 'Gravitational lensing formalism', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.57503295}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33024259', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76250', 'display_name': 'Redshift', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5578568}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C159249277', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79925', 'display_name': 'Dark matter', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.511006}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C98444146', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318', 'display_name': 'Galaxy', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.49517146}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C124017977', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11412', 'display_name': 'Gravitation', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.43988386}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C1276947', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333', 'display_name': 'Astronomy', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.36430943}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33332235', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362', 'display_name': 'Theoretical physics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3211942}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C62520636', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944', 'display_name': 'Quantum mechanics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.12089065}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 3, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/806/2/185', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S1980519', 'display_name': 'The Astrophysical Journal', 'issn_l': '0004-637X', 'issn': ['0004-637X', '1538-4357'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320083', 'host_organization_name': 'IOP Publishing', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310311669', 'https://openalex.org/P4310320083'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Institute of Physics', 'IOP Publishing'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://arxiv.org/abs/1509.07649', 'pdf_url': 'https://arxiv.org/pdf/1509.07649', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400194', 'display_name': 'arXiv (Cornell University)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I205783295', 'host_organization_name': 'Cornell University', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I205783295'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Cornell University'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://api.datacite.org/dois/10.48550/arxiv.1509.07649', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4393179698', 'display_name': 'DataCite API', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I4210145204', 'host_organization_name': 'DataCite', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210145204'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['DataCite'], 'type': 'metadata'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://arxiv.org/abs/1509.07649', 'pdf_url': 'https://arxiv.org/pdf/1509.07649', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400194', 'display_name': 'arXiv (Cornell University)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I205783295', 'host_organization_name': 'Cornell University', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I205783295'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Cornell University'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Affordable and clean energy', 'score': 0.43, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': ['https://openalex.org/W2122235766', 'https://openalex.org/W3101938286'], 'referenced_works_count': 67, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1634855474', 'https://openalex.org/W1853767801', 'https://openalex.org/W1898238891', 'https://openalex.org/W1965787441', 'https://openalex.org/W1968592338', 'https://openalex.org/W1969978942', 'https://openalex.org/W1972866774', 'https://openalex.org/W1979584639', 'https://openalex.org/W1979931460', 'https://openalex.org/W1990954111', 'https://openalex.org/W1996641637', 'https://openalex.org/W1997183263', 'https://openalex.org/W1997769953', 'https://openalex.org/W2006683290', 'https://openalex.org/W2009272034', 'https://openalex.org/W2011258461', 'https://openalex.org/W2028755227', 'https://openalex.org/W2029301383', 'https://openalex.org/W2030852280', 'https://openalex.org/W2035243456', 'https://openalex.org/W2041827233', 'https://openalex.org/W2042504885', 'https://openalex.org/W2044435535', 'https://openalex.org/W2047341297', 'https://openalex.org/W2052247350', 'https://openalex.org/W2053958534', 'https://openalex.org/W2062322201', 'https://openalex.org/W2064355595', 'https://openalex.org/W2064615924', 'https://openalex.org/W2068405714', 'https://openalex.org/W2072818940', 'https://openalex.org/W2073832139', 'https://openalex.org/W2074795523', 'https://openalex.org/W2075894558', 'https://openalex.org/W2076490440', 'https://openalex.org/W2079411199', 'https://openalex.org/W2090200115', 'https://openalex.org/W2090735241', 'https://openalex.org/W2102600871', 'https://openalex.org/W2106002129', 'https://openalex.org/W2116312019', 'https://openalex.org/W2116594012', 'https://openalex.org/W2117797710', 'https://openalex.org/W2131858398', 'https://openalex.org/W2136032480', 'https://openalex.org/W2137216250', 'https://openalex.org/W2139937287', 'https://openalex.org/W2143112358', 'https://openalex.org/W2170679831', 'https://openalex.org/W2951069277', 'https://openalex.org/W3040059853', 'https://openalex.org/W3098634990', 'https://openalex.org/W3099216648', 'https://openalex.org/W3100626482', 'https://openalex.org/W3101460081', 'https://openalex.org/W3101641279', 'https://openalex.org/W3101919294', 'https://openalex.org/W3103188581', 'https://openalex.org/W3103983804', 'https://openalex.org/W3104033838', 'https://openalex.org/W3104355598', 'https://openalex.org/W3105368576', 'https://openalex.org/W3105475347', 'https://openalex.org/W3106411409', 'https://openalex.org/W3122726958', 'https://openalex.org/W3123236850', 'https://openalex.org/W3123982970'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W3124711456', 'https://openalex.org/W2950286905', 'https://openalex.org/W2724941348', 'https://openalex.org/W2505048119', 'https://openalex.org/W2155623914', 'https://openalex.org/W2141449818', 'https://openalex.org/W2115735528', 'https://openalex.org/W1665335327', 'https://openalex.org/W1616562941', 'https://openalex.org/W1489067695'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'In': [0, 42], 'this': [1], 'paper,': [2], 'we': [3, 44, 93], 'assemble': [4], 'a': [5, 61, 105, 164, 174, 212], 'catalog': [6], 'of': [7, 40, 48, 98, 104, 176, 204, 220], '118': [8], 'strong': [9, 189], 'gravitational': [10, 190], 'lensing': [11, 90, 191], 'systems': [12, 192], 'from': [13], 'the': [14, 37, 52, 70, 95, 99, 122, 144, 155, 168, 180, 201, 217], 'Sloan': [15], 'Lens': [16, 23], 'ACS': [17], 'Survey,': [18], 'BOSS': [19], 'emission-line': [20], 'lens': [21], 'survey,': [22], 'Structure': [24], 'and': [25, 27, 32, 68, 132, 142], 'Dynamics,': [26], 'Strong': [28], 'Lensing': [29], 'Legacy': [30], 'Survey': [31], 'use': [33], 'them': [34], 'to': [35, 78, 114, 179, 196, 214], 'constrain': [36, 143], 'cosmic': [38, 202, 218], 'equation': [39, 203, 219], 'state.': [41], 'particular,': [43], 'consider': [45], 'two': [46], 'cases': [47], 'dark': [49, 56, 207], 'energy': [50, 57], 'phenomenology:': [51], 'XCDM': [53, 123], 'model,': [54], 'where': [55, 74], 'is': [58, 76], 'modeled': [59], 'by': [60, 136], 'fluid': [62], 'with': [63, 80, 116, 127, 148, 163, 223], 'constant': [64], 'w': [65, 75, 131], 'equation-of-state': [66], 'parameter,': [67], 'in': [69, 89, 102, 167], 'Chevalier–Polarski–Linder': [71], '(CPL)': [72], 'parameterization,': [73], 'allowed': [77], 'evolve': [79, 115], 'redshift,': [81], '.': [82, 118, 149], 'We': [83, 139], 'assume': [84], 'spherically': [85], 'symmetric': [86], 'mass': [87], 'distribution': [88], 'galaxies,': [91], 'but': [92], 'relax': [94], 'rigid': [96], 'assumption': [97], 'SIS': [100], 'model': [101], 'favor': [103], 'more': [106], 'general': [107], 'power-law': [108], 'index': [109], 'γ,': [110], 'also': [111, 172], 'allowing': [112], 'it': [113], 'redshifts': [117], 'Our': [119, 185], 'results': [120], 'for': [121, 154, 206], 'cosmology': [124], 'show': [125], 'agreement': [126], 'values': [128], '(concerning': [129], 'both': [130], 'γ': [133], 'parameters)': [134], 'obtained': [135, 162], 'other': [137], 'authors.': [138], 'go': [140], 'further': [141], 'CPL': [145], 'parameters': [146, 156, 199], 'jointly': [147], 'The': [150], 'resulting': [151], 'confidence': [152], 'regions': [153], 'are': [157, 171], 'much': [158], 'better': [159], 'than': [160], 'those': [161], 'similar': [165], 'method': [166], 'past.': [169], 'They': [170], 'showing': [173], 'trend': [175], 'being': [177], 'complementary': [178], 'Type': [181], 'Ia': [182], 'supernova': [183], 'data.': [184], 'analysis': [186], 'demonstrates': [187], 'that': [188], 'can': [193], 'be': [194], 'used': [195], 'probe': [197], 'cosmological': [198], 'like': [200], 'state': [205, 221], 'energy.': [208], 'Moreover,': [209], 'they': [210], 'have': [211], 'potential': [213], 'judge': [215], 'whether': [216], 'evolved': [222], 'time': [224], 'or': [225], 'not.': [226]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2122235766', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 13}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 14}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 16}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 22}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 15}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 18}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 22}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 15}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-08T14:53:48.623502', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}