Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2121929370', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-6296(98)00044-7', 'title': 'Equity in the finance of health care: some further international comparisons', 'display_name': 'Equity in the finance of health care: some further international comparisons', 'publication_year': 1999, 'publication_date': '1999-06-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2121929370', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-6296(98)00044-7', 'mag': '2121929370', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10537896'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-6296(98)00044-7', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S166621295', 'display_name': 'Journal of Health Economics', 'issn_l': '0167-6296', 'issn': ['0167-6296', '1879-1646'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5017616881', 'display_name': 'Adam Wagstaff', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4442-5070'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I162608824', 'display_name': 'University of Sussex', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00ayhx656', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I162608824']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Adam Wagstaff', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['School of Social Sciences, University of Sussex , Brighton , BN1 9QN , UK'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'School of Social Sciences, University of Sussex , Brighton , BN1 9QN , UK', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I162608824']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5056551664', 'display_name': 'Eddy van Doorslaer', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2692-1433'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I913958620', 'display_name': 'Erasmus University Rotterdam', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/057w15z03', 'country_code': 'NL', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I913958620']}], 'countries': ['NL'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Eddy van Doorslaer', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Health Policy, Erasmus University, 3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Health Policy, Erasmus University, 3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I913958620']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5027070323', 'display_name': 'Hattem van der Burg', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I913958620', 'display_name': 'Erasmus University Rotterdam', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/057w15z03', 'country_code': 'NL', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I913958620']}], 'countries': ['NL'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Hattem van der Burg', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Health Policy, Erasmus University, 3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Health Policy, Erasmus University, 3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I913958620']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5050540472', 'display_name': 'Samuel Calonge', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I42134832', 'display_name': 'Barcelona School of Economics', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02k09n368', 'country_code': 'ES', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I42134832']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I71999127', 'display_name': 'Universitat de Barcelona', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/021018s57', 'country_code': 'ES', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I71999127']}], 'countries': ['ES'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Samuel Calonge', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Econometrics, University of Barcelona, 08034 Barcelona, Spain'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Econometrics, University of Barcelona, 08034 Barcelona, Spain', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I42134832', 'https://openalex.org/I71999127']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5067731525', 'display_name': 'Terkel Christiansen', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5674-5712'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': ['DK'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Terkel Christiansen', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Centre for Health and Social Policy, Odense University, 5000 Odense, Denmark'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Centre for Health and Social Policy, Odense University, 5000 Odense, Denmark', 'institution_ids': []}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5033917803', 'display_name': 'Guido Citoni', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': ['IT'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Guido Citoni', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Public Economics, Università La Sapienza, Rome, Italy'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Public Economics, Università La Sapienza, Rome, Italy', 'institution_ids': []}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5031687662', 'display_name': 'Ulf‐G. Gerdtham', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0647-7817'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I180242103', 'display_name': 'Stockholm School of Economics', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01s5jzh92', 'country_code': 'SE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I180242103']}], 'countries': ['SE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Ulf-G Gerdtham', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Stockholm School of Economics, SE-113 83 Stockholm, Sweden'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Stockholm School of Economics, SE-113 83 Stockholm, Sweden', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I180242103']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5022430719', 'display_name': 'Michael Gerfin', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8420-4542'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I118564535', 'display_name': 'University of Bern', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02k7v4d05', 'country_code': 'CH', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I118564535']}], 'countries': ['CH'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Mike Gerfin', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Economics, Bern University, 3012 Bern, Switzerland'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Economics, Bern University, 3012 Bern, Switzerland', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I118564535']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5005168812', 'display_name': 'Lorna Gross', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I130785548', 'display_name': 'Clark University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04123ky43', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I130785548']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Lorna Gross', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Economics, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Economics, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I130785548']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5074225826', 'display_name': 'Unto Häkinnen', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': ['FI'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Unto Häkinnen', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health, 00531 Helsinki, Finland'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health, 00531 Helsinki, Finland', 'institution_ids': []}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5060996736', 'display_name': 'Paul Johnson', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0236-7549'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I139607695', 'display_name': 'Institute for Fiscal Studies', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04r1cjx59', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I139607695']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Paul Johnson', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Institute for Fiscal Studies, London WC1E 7AE, UK'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Institute for Fiscal Studies, London WC1E 7AE, UK', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I139607695']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5056393141', 'display_name': 'Jürgen John', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6071-3948'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210127477', 'display_name': 'Institute of Groundwater Ecology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03fp59e94', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2802076133', 'https://openalex.org/I4210127477']}], 'countries': ['DE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Jürgen John', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['GSF National Research Center for Environment and Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'GSF National Research Center for Environment and Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210127477']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5059733072', 'display_name': 'Jan Klavus', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': ['FI'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Jan Klavus', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health, 00531 Helsinki, Finland'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health, 00531 Helsinki, Finland', 'institution_ids': []}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5030932309', 'display_name': 'Claire Lachaud', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I100532134', 'display_name': 'Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/029brtt94', 'country_code': 'FR', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I100532134', 'https://openalex.org/I203339264']}], 'countries': ['FR'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Claire Lachaud', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['URA 934, University C. Bernard, Lyon I, 69623, Villeurbanne Cedex, France'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'URA 934, University C. Bernard, Lyon I, 69623, Villeurbanne Cedex, France', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I100532134']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5053591789', 'display_name': 'Jørgen Lauritsen', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2801484278', 'display_name': 'Odense Municipality', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/025csd220', 'country_code': 'DK', 'type': 'government', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2801484278']}], 'countries': ['DK'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Jørgen Lauritsen', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Economics, Odense University, 5000 Odense, Denmark'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Economics, Odense University, 5000 Odense, Denmark', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I2801484278']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5034166493', 'display_name': 'Robert E. Leu', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I118564535', 'display_name': 'University of Bern', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02k7v4d05', 'country_code': 'CH', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I118564535']}], 'countries': ['CH'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Robert Leu', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Economics, Bern University, 3012 Bern, Switzerland'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Economics, Bern University, 3012 Bern, Switzerland', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I118564535']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5050102431', 'display_name': 'Brian Nolan', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5992-4182'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I132389103', 'display_name': 'Economic and Social Research Institute', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04q0a4f84', 'country_code': 'IE', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I132389103']}], 'countries': ['IE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Brian Nolan', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Economic and Social Research Institute , Dublin 4, Ireland'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Economic and Social Research Institute , Dublin 4, Ireland', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I132389103']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5015852572', 'display_name': 'Encarna Perán', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I42134832', 'display_name': 'Barcelona School of Economics', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02k09n368', 'country_code': 'ES', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I42134832']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I71999127', 'display_name': 'Universitat de Barcelona', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/021018s57', 'country_code': 'ES', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I71999127']}], 'countries': ['ES'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Encarna Perán', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Public Economics, University of Barcelona, 08034 Barcelona, Spain'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Public Economics, University of Barcelona, 08034 Barcelona, Spain', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I42134832', 'https://openalex.org/I71999127']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5045146075', 'display_name': 'João Pereira', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7390-9755'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I141596103', 'display_name': 'University of Lisbon', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01c27hj86', 'country_code': 'PT', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I141596103']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I83558840', 'display_name': 'Universidade Nova de Lisboa', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02xankh89', 'country_code': 'PT', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I83558840']}], 'countries': ['PT'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'João Pereira', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['National School of Public Health, New University of Lisbon, 1699 Lisbon Codex, Portugal'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'National School of Public Health, New University of Lisbon, 1699 Lisbon Codex, Portugal', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I141596103', 'https://openalex.org/I83558840']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5087414125', 'display_name': 'Carol Propper', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8257-431X'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I36234482', 'display_name': 'University of Bristol', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0524sp257', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I36234482']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Carol Propper', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Economics, Bristol University, Bristol BS8 1TN, UK'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Economics, Bristol University, Bristol BS8 1TN, UK', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I36234482']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5050901822', 'display_name': 'Frank Puffer', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I130785548', 'display_name': 'Clark University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04123ky43', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I130785548']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Frank Puffer', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Economics, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Economics, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I130785548']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5054817057', 'display_name': 'Lise Rochaix', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6467-0332'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I56435720', 'display_name': 'Université Paris Dauphine-PSL', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/052bz7812', 'country_code': 'FR', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I56435720']}], 'countries': ['FR'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Lise Rochaix', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['LEGOS, University Paris Dauphine, 75016 Paris, France'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'LEGOS, University Paris Dauphine, 75016 Paris, France', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I56435720']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5033840777', 'display_name': 'Marisol Rodrı́guez', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0732-8669'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I42134832', 'display_name': 'Barcelona School of Economics', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02k09n368', 'country_code': 'ES', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I42134832']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I71999127', 'display_name': 'Universitat de Barcelona', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/021018s57', 'country_code': 'ES', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I71999127']}], 'countries': ['ES'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Marisol Rodrı́guez', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Economic Policy, University of Barcelona, 08034 Barcelona, Spain'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Economic Policy, University of Barcelona, 08034 Barcelona, Spain', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I42134832', 'https://openalex.org/I71999127']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5102090215', 'display_name': 'Martin Schellhorn', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I118564535', 'display_name': 'University of Bern', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02k7v4d05', 'country_code': 'CH', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I118564535']}], 'countries': ['CH'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Martin Schellhorn', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Economics, Bern University, 3012 Bern, Switzerland'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Economics, Bern University, 3012 Bern, Switzerland', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I118564535']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5055364983', 'display_name': 'Gun Sundberg', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I123387679', 'display_name': 'Uppsala University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/048a87296', 'country_code': 'SE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I123387679']}], 'countries': ['SE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Gun Sundberg', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Economics , Uppsala University , 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Economics , Uppsala University , 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I123387679']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5003402595', 'display_name': 'Olaf Winkelhake', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210127477', 'display_name': 'Institute of Groundwater Ecology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03fp59e94', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'nonprofit', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2802076133', 'https://openalex.org/I4210127477']}], 'countries': ['DE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Olaf Winkelhake', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['GSF National Research Center for Environment and Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'GSF National Research Center for Environment and Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210127477']}]}], 'countries_distinct_count': 13, 'institutions_distinct_count': 17, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 3980, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 3980, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 26.958, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 430, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.99993, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '18', 'issue': '3', 'first_page': '263', 'last_page': '290'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12781', 'display_name': 'Determinants of Health Care Expenditure and Longevity', 'score': 0.9994, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3600', 'display_name': 'General Health Professions'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/36', 'display_name': 'Health Professions'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12781', 'display_name': 'Determinants of Health Care Expenditure and Longevity', 'score': 0.9994, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3600', 'display_name': 'General Health Professions'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/36', 'display_name': 'Health Professions'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10391', 'display_name': 'Economics of Health Care Systems and Policies', 'score': 0.9962, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11531', 'display_name': 'Financing of Health Care Systems and Universal Coverage', 'score': 0.9907, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2003', 'display_name': 'Finance'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/comparability', 'display_name': 'Comparability', 'score': 0.83395046}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/equity', 'display_name': 'Equity (law)', 'score': 0.6856714}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/health-economics', 'display_name': 'Health economics', 'score': 0.63103026}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-financing', 'display_name': 'Health care financing', 'score': 0.6202899}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/equity-in-health-care', 'display_name': 'Equity in Health Care', 'score': 0.566163}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/health-financing', 'display_name': 'Health Financing', 'score': 0.566022}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/international-comparisons', 'display_name': 'International comparisons', 'score': 0.5404798}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C197947376', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5155608', 'display_name': 'Comparability', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.83395046}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199728807', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557', 'display_name': 'Equity (law)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6856714}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C524218345', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31218', 'display_name': 'Health economics', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.63103026}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C160735492', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207', 'display_name': 'Health care', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6214352}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2992054633', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31218', 'display_name': 'Health care financing', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.6202899}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.5676115}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777216955', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18351911', 'display_name': 'International comparisons', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5404798}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C100001284', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246', 'display_name': 'Public economics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.49873686}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C18762648', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213', 'display_name': 'Work (physics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.43059203}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162118730', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453', 'display_name': 'Actuarial science', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.42804638}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C10138342', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015', 'display_name': 'Finance', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.36545426}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C50522688', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833', 'display_name': 'Economic growth', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.20609805}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.1692146}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C78519656', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333', 'display_name': 'Mechanical engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127413603', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023', 'display_name': 'Engineering', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C114614502', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592', 'display_name': 'Combinatorics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D006291', 'descriptor_name': 'Health Policy', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000191', 'qualifier_name': 'economics', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009313', 'descriptor_name': 'National Health Programs', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000191', 'qualifier_name': 'economics', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012935', 'descriptor_name': 'Social Justice', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013660', 'descriptor_name': 'Taxes', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000145', 'qualifier_name': 'classification', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003431', 'descriptor_name': 'Cross-Cultural Comparison', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005060', 'descriptor_name': 'Europe', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005387', 'descriptor_name': 'Finland', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005858', 'descriptor_name': 'Germany', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006291', 'descriptor_name': 'Health Policy', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006302', 'descriptor_name': 'Health Services Research', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D007182', 'descriptor_name': 'Income', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D007182', 'descriptor_name': 'Income', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000706', 'qualifier_name': 'statistics & numerical data', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D007348', 'descriptor_name': 'Insurance, Health', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D007348', 'descriptor_name': 'Insurance, Health', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000191', 'qualifier_name': 'economics', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009313', 'descriptor_name': 'National Health Programs', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013548', 'descriptor_name': 'Sweden', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013660', 'descriptor_name': 'Taxes', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013660', 'descriptor_name': 'Taxes', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000706', 'qualifier_name': 'statistics & numerical data', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013660', 'descriptor_name': 'Taxes', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000191', 'qualifier_name': 'economics', 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-6296(98)00044-7', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S166621295', 'display_name': 'Journal of Health Economics', 'issn_l': '0167-6296', 'issn': ['0167-6296', '1879-1646'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10537896', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17', 'display_name': 'Partnerships for the goals', 'score': 0.44}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 11, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1517822488', 'https://openalex.org/W1599609710', 'https://openalex.org/W1970401165', 'https://openalex.org/W2003399068', 'https://openalex.org/W2023032423', 'https://openalex.org/W2063903057', 'https://openalex.org/W2154130911', 'https://openalex.org/W2240322131', 'https://openalex.org/W2953770853', 'https://openalex.org/W4252154825', 'https://openalex.org/W586717721'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W2980753551', 'https://openalex.org/W2909836960', 'https://openalex.org/W2733034163', 'https://openalex.org/W2543006217', 'https://openalex.org/W2505489810', 'https://openalex.org/W2438041772', 'https://openalex.org/W2148137983', 'https://openalex.org/W1983839302', 'https://openalex.org/W1974017851', 'https://openalex.org/W1225451560'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'This': [0], 'paper': [1, 14], 'presents': [2], 'further': [3], 'international': [4, 39], 'comparisons': [5], 'of': [6, 8, 19, 35, 42, 54, 67, 79], 'progressivity': [7], 'health': [9, 36], 'care': [10], 'financing': [11, 88], 'systems.': [12], 'The': [13], 'builds': [15], 'on': [16, 85], 'the': [17, 33, 58, 77], 'work': [18], 'Wagstaff': [20], 'et': [21, 28], 'al.': [22], '[Wagstaff,': [23], 'A.,': [24], 'van': [25], 'Doorslaer': [26], 'E.,': [27], 'al.,': [29], '1992.': [30], 'Equity': [31], 'in': [32, 51, 70, 87], 'finance': [34], 'care:': [37], 'some': [38], 'comparisons,': [40], 'Journal': [41], 'Health': [43], 'Economics': [44], '11,': [45], 'pp.': [46], '361–387]': [47], 'but': [48], 'extends': [49], 'it': [50], 'a': [52, 64], 'number': [53], 'directions:': [55], 'we': [56, 73, 82], 'modify': [57], 'methodology': [59], 'used': [60], 'there': [61], 'and': [62, 75, 81, 90], 'achieve': [63], 'higher': [65], 'degree': [66], 'cross-country': [68], 'comparability': [69], 'variable': [71], 'definitions;': [72], 'update': [74], 'extend': [76], 'cross-section': [78], 'countries;': [80], 'present': [83], 'evidence': [84], 'trends': [86], 'mixes': [89], 'progressivity.': [91]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2121929370', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 23}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 14}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 15}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 17}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 14}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 19}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 22}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 22}], 'updated_date': '2024-08-31T11:48:44.882165', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}