Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2121826767', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2011.02.013', 'title': 'Upconversion nanoparticles: synthesis, surface modification and biological applications', 'display_name': 'Upconversion nanoparticles: synthesis, surface modification and biological applications', 'publication_year': 2011, 'publication_date': '2011-12-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2121826767', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2011.02.013', 'mag': '2121826767', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21419877', 'pmcid': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3166393'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2011.02.013', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S80729884', 'display_name': 'Nanomedicine Nanotechnology Biology and Medicine', 'issn_l': '1549-9634', 'issn': ['1549-9634', '1549-9642'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'review', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3166393?pdf=render', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5100377180', 'display_name': 'Meng Wang', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6569-5013'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I9224756', 'display_name': 'Northeastern University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03awzbc87', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I9224756']}], 'countries': ['CN'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Meng Wang', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ["College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China"], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': "College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China", 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I9224756']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5073008222', 'display_name': 'Gopal Abbineni', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I8692664', 'display_name': 'University of Oklahoma', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02aqsxs83', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I8692664']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Gopal Abbineni', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I8692664']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5024625352', 'display_name': 'April L. Clevenger', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I8692664', 'display_name': 'University of Oklahoma', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02aqsxs83', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I8692664']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'April Clevenger', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I8692664']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5008423769', 'display_name': 'Chuanbin Mao', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8142-3659'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I8692664', 'display_name': 'University of Oklahoma', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02aqsxs83', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I8692664']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Chuanbin Mao', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I8692664']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5100857659', 'display_name': 'Shukun Xu', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I9224756', 'display_name': 'Northeastern University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03awzbc87', 'country_code': 'CN', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I9224756']}], 'countries': ['CN'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Shukun Xu', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ["College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China"], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': "College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China", 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I9224756']}]}], 'countries_distinct_count': 2, 'institutions_distinct_count': 2, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 3280, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 3280, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 1.904, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 471, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.994638, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '7', 'issue': '6', 'first_page': '710', 'last_page': '729'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10097', 'display_name': 'Upconversion Nanoparticles', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2505', 'display_name': 'Materials Chemistry'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/25', 'display_name': 'Materials Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10097', 'display_name': 'Upconversion Nanoparticles', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2505', 'display_name': 'Materials Chemistry'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/25', 'display_name': 'Materials Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10782', 'display_name': 'Nanotechnology and Imaging for Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis', 'score': 0.9997, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2204', 'display_name': 'Biomedical Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11240', 'display_name': 'Aggregation-Induced Emission in Fluorescent Materials', 'score': 0.9993, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2505', 'display_name': 'Materials Chemistry'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/25', 'display_name': 'Materials Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/photobleaching', 'display_name': 'Photobleaching', 'score': 0.86588115}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/upconversion-nanoparticles', 'display_name': 'Upconversion Nanoparticles', 'score': 0.670964}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/photon-upconversion', 'display_name': 'Photon Upconversion', 'score': 0.595967}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-modification', 'display_name': 'Surface modification', 'score': 0.53408337}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/luminescent-materials', 'display_name': 'Luminescent Materials', 'score': 0.521418}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/biomimetic-nanoparticles', 'display_name': 'Biomimetic Nanoparticles', 'score': 0.50892}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/nanoparticles', 'display_name': 'Nanoparticles', 'score': 0.50863}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C31332276', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899750', 'display_name': 'Photobleaching', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.86588115}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C11630735', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187864', 'display_name': 'Photon upconversion', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.82754487}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C171250308', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468', 'display_name': 'Nanotechnology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.72698396}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C91881484', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191807', 'display_name': 'Fluorescence', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.57515764}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C192562407', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736', 'display_name': 'Materials science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.54588723}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C115537861', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7645993', 'display_name': 'Surface modification', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.53408337}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C155672457', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61231', 'display_name': 'Nanoparticle', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.49747518}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C148869448', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184240', 'display_name': 'Luminescence', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.3215474}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C185592680', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329', 'display_name': 'Chemistry', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.2543959}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C49040817', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091', 'display_name': 'Optoelectronics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.19792986}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C120665830', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620', 'display_name': 'Optics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.13344264}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.054508418}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C147789679', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372', 'display_name': 'Physical chemistry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D005456', 'descriptor_name': 'Fluorescent Dyes', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000737', 'qualifier_name': 'chemistry', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008674', 'descriptor_name': 'Metals, Rare Earth', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000737', 'qualifier_name': 'chemistry', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D053758', 'descriptor_name': 'Nanoparticles', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000737', 'qualifier_name': 'chemistry', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000818', 'descriptor_name': 'Animals', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003952', 'descriptor_name': 'Diagnostic Imaging', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000379', 'qualifier_name': 'methods', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003952', 'descriptor_name': 'Diagnostic Imaging', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005456', 'descriptor_name': 'Fluorescent Dyes', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008674', 'descriptor_name': 'Metals, Rare Earth', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008856', 'descriptor_name': 'Microscopy, Fluorescence', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000379', 'qualifier_name': 'methods', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008856', 'descriptor_name': 'Microscopy, Fluorescence', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D053758', 'descriptor_name': 'Nanoparticles', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000648', 'qualifier_name': 'ultrastructure', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D053758', 'descriptor_name': 'Nanoparticles', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D036103', 'descriptor_name': 'Nanotechnology', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000379', 'qualifier_name': 'methods', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D036103', 'descriptor_name': 'Nanotechnology', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013499', 'descriptor_name': 'Surface Properties', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 4, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2011.02.013', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S80729884', 'display_name': 'Nanomedicine Nanotechnology Biology and Medicine', 'issn_l': '1549-9634', 'issn': ['1549-9634', '1549-9642'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3166393', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3166393?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'acceptedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3166393', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764455111', 'display_name': 'PubMed Central', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'acceptedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21419877', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3166393', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3166393?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'acceptedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': False}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Affordable and clean energy', 'score': 0.68, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 126, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1521029789', 'https://openalex.org/W1609599614', 'https://openalex.org/W1965087651', 'https://openalex.org/W1966765402', 'https://openalex.org/W1966999119', 'https://openalex.org/W1969990834', 'https://openalex.org/W1970957839', 'https://openalex.org/W1971510877', 'https://openalex.org/W1974888478', 'https://openalex.org/W1975533310', 'https://openalex.org/W1977182300', 'https://openalex.org/W1977598158', 'https://openalex.org/W1977974784', 'https://openalex.org/W1979500120', 'https://openalex.org/W1980599307', 'https://openalex.org/W1983670987', 'https://openalex.org/W1985058551', 'https://openalex.org/W1987250031', 'https://openalex.org/W1987611672', 'https://openalex.org/W1988037369', 'https://openalex.org/W1988532272', 'https://openalex.org/W1991605442', 'https://openalex.org/W1994060181', 'https://openalex.org/W1994460217', 'https://openalex.org/W1994855697', 'https://openalex.org/W1995469439', 'https://openalex.org/W1997448225', 'https://openalex.org/W1998240797', 'https://openalex.org/W1999022753', 'https://openalex.org/W2006708847', 'https://openalex.org/W2008435420', 'https://openalex.org/W2008965839', 'https://openalex.org/W2010986334', 'https://openalex.org/W2011357317', 'https://openalex.org/W2011963795', 'https://openalex.org/W2013492511', 'https://openalex.org/W2014583862', 'https://openalex.org/W2014633697', 'https://openalex.org/W2016548636', 'https://openalex.org/W2017128189', 'https://openalex.org/W2018691490', 'https://openalex.org/W2019026961', 'https://openalex.org/W2021977928', 'https://openalex.org/W2023027351', 'https://openalex.org/W2023287739', 'https://openalex.org/W2023357160', 'https://openalex.org/W2026375288', 'https://openalex.org/W2027954912', 'https://openalex.org/W2030235507', 'https://openalex.org/W2032817070', 'https://openalex.org/W2034088537', 'https://openalex.org/W2035098709', 'https://openalex.org/W2035138107', 'https://openalex.org/W2035443471', 'https://openalex.org/W2035462040', 'https://openalex.org/W2038668303', 'https://openalex.org/W2040059706', 'https://openalex.org/W2042272343', 'https://openalex.org/W2042545507', 'https://openalex.org/W2047133341', 'https://openalex.org/W2047364256', 'https://openalex.org/W2048157217', 'https://openalex.org/W2050201788', 'https://openalex.org/W2050735556', 'https://openalex.org/W2051036599', 'https://openalex.org/W2051297871', 'https://openalex.org/W2051884992', 'https://openalex.org/W2052745039', 'https://openalex.org/W2057675099', 'https://openalex.org/W2059042430', 'https://openalex.org/W2060031329', 'https://openalex.org/W2061330733', 'https://openalex.org/W2062525753', 'https://openalex.org/W2062816488', 'https://openalex.org/W2064149902', 'https://openalex.org/W2064497305', 'https://openalex.org/W2064860382', 'https://openalex.org/W2065064248', 'https://openalex.org/W2066568914', 'https://openalex.org/W2067182622', 'https://openalex.org/W2068059432', 'https://openalex.org/W2068404300', 'https://openalex.org/W2068929369', 'https://openalex.org/W2069396125', 'https://openalex.org/W2071277186', 'https://openalex.org/W2071496071', 'https://openalex.org/W2074525366', 'https://openalex.org/W2080198282', 'https://openalex.org/W2080611523', 'https://openalex.org/W2080942181', 'https://openalex.org/W2084380099', 'https://openalex.org/W2084445006', 'https://openalex.org/W2091495894', 'https://openalex.org/W2094060559', 'https://openalex.org/W2094392916', 'https://openalex.org/W2094437628', 'https://openalex.org/W2096150480', 'https://openalex.org/W2097532530', 'https://openalex.org/W2100042879', 'https://openalex.org/W2101712671', 'https://openalex.org/W2111575053', 'https://openalex.org/W2113092125', 'https://openalex.org/W2117499821', 'https://openalex.org/W2121859774', 'https://openalex.org/W2122426644', 'https://openalex.org/W2122483392', 'https://openalex.org/W2125325875', 'https://openalex.org/W2128471274', 'https://openalex.org/W2129540565', 'https://openalex.org/W2145044754', 'https://openalex.org/W2147025447', 'https://openalex.org/W2147749427', 'https://openalex.org/W2148823313', 'https://openalex.org/W2152869853', 'https://openalex.org/W2157601674', 'https://openalex.org/W2160912925', 'https://openalex.org/W2161524033', 'https://openalex.org/W2166498951', 'https://openalex.org/W2320698956', 'https://openalex.org/W2334348991', 'https://openalex.org/W2526696857', 'https://openalex.org/W2951538125', 'https://openalex.org/W3145924874', 'https://openalex.org/W4233177557', 'https://openalex.org/W4249078301', 'https://openalex.org/W8463605'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W2342205071', 'https://openalex.org/W2285855067', 'https://openalex.org/W2094998126', 'https://openalex.org/W2071450831', 'https://openalex.org/W2054084484', 'https://openalex.org/W2053777176', 'https://openalex.org/W1988328429', 'https://openalex.org/W1974507974', 'https://openalex.org/W1964951352', 'https://openalex.org/W1527295392'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'New': [0], 'generation': [1, 128], 'fluorophores,': [2, 41], 'also': [3], 'termed': [4], 'upconversion': [5], 'nanoparticles': [6, 124], '(UCNPs),': [7], 'have': [8, 33, 146], 'the': [9, 102, 106], 'ability': [10], 'to': [11, 39, 81], 'convert': [12, 132], 'near': [13, 133], 'infrared': [14, 134], 'radiations': [15, 21, 135, 138], 'with': [16, 22, 115, 152], 'lower': [17], 'energy': [18, 24], 'into': [19, 67, 136], 'visible': [20, 137], 'higher': [23], 'via': [25, 139], 'a': [26, 116, 126, 140], 'nonlinear': [27, 141], 'optical': [28, 142], 'process.': [29, 143], 'Recently,': [30], 'these': [31], 'UCNPs': [32, 58, 84, 114, 145], 'evolved': [34, 147], 'as': [35, 148], 'alternative': [36, 87, 149], 'fluorescent': [37, 95, 150], 'labels': [38, 151], 'traditional': [40, 94], 'showing': [42], 'great': [43, 153], 'potential': [44, 154], 'for': [45, 89, 155], 'imaging': [46, 156], 'and': [47, 54, 78, 108, 157, 164], 'biodetection': [48, 158], 'assays': [49, 159], 'in': [50, 52, 55, 93, 105, 160, 162, 165], 'both': [51, 161], 'vitro': [53, 163], 'vivo': [56, 166], 'applications.': [57, 122, 167], 'exhibit': [59], 'unique': [60], 'luminescent': [61], 'properties,': [62], 'including': [63], 'high': [64, 79], 'penetration': [65], 'depth': [66], 'tissues,': [68], 'low': [69], 'background': [70], 'signals,': [71], 'large': [72], 'Stokes': [73], 'shifts,': [74], 'sharp': [75], 'emission': [76], 'bands,': [77], 'resistance': [80], 'photobleaching,': [82], 'making': [83], 'an': [85], 'attractive': [86], 'source': [88], 'overcoming': [90], 'current': [91], 'limitations': [92], 'probes.': [96], 'In': [97], 'this': [98], 'article,': [99], 'we': [100], 'discuss': [101], 'recent': [103], 'progress': [104], 'synthesis': [107], 'surface': [109], 'modification': [110], 'of': [111, 129], 'rare-earth': [112], 'doped': [113], 'specific': [117], 'focus': [118], 'on': [119], 'their': [120], 'biological': [121], 'Upconversion': [123], '–': [125], 'new': [127], 'fluorophores': [130], '-': [131], 'These': [144]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2121826767', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 19}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 31}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 34}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 40}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 42}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 43}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 44}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 47}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 42}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 40}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 35}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 38}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 11}], 'updated_date': '2024-09-10T02:00:44.194654', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}