Does Indivisible Labor Explain the Difference between Micro and Macro Elasticities? A Meta-Analysis of Extensive Margin Elasticities

Name: Work Video:
Duration: 3 min 30 s
Raj Chetty; Adam Guren; Day Manoli; Andrea Weber
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4412], 'Extensive': [17], 'Margin': [18], 'ElasticitiesRaj': [19], 'Chetty,': [20], 'Adam': [21, 40], 'Guren,': [22], 'Day': [23, 51], 'Manoli,': [24], 'Andrea': [26, 68], 'WeberRaj': [27], 'ChettyHarvard': [28], 'University': [29, 42, 80], 'NBER': [31, 58], 'Search': [32, 43, 59, 72], 'for': [33, 44, 60, 73, 136, 421, 448, 553, 617, 640, 657, 744, 973, 1032, 1180, 1372, 1444, 1510, 1553, 1570, 1702, 1720, 1831, 1963, 2325, 2342, 2369, 2529, 2601, 2638, 2662, 2800, 3035, 3113, 3313, 3333, 3510, 3540, 3558, 3596, 3640, 3647, 3663, 3771, 3879, 3896, 3905, 4095, 4169, 4245, 4266, 4326, 4380, 4401, 4416, 4430], 'more': [34, 45, 61, 74, 806, 2609, 2631], 'articles': [35, 46, 62, 75], 'by': [36, 47, 63, 76, 178, 200, 503, 562, 604, 696, 878, 989, 1084, 1095, 1281, 1310, 1431, 1769, 1915, 1986, 2146, 2545, 2618, 2652, 2827, 2909, 2993, 3019, 3079, 3553, 3942, 3951, 3968, 3981, 4143], 'this': [37, 48, 64, 77, 132, 220, 363, 554, 593, 1571, 1741, 2055, 2328, 2411, 2446, 2791, 3742, 4075], 'author': [38, 49, 65, 78], ',': [39, 50, 66], 'GurenHarvard': [41], 'ManoliUniversity': [52], 'California,': [54, 85], 'Los': [55, 86], 'Angeles,': [56, 87], 'WeberUniversity': [69], 'Mannheim': [71], 'Harvard': [79], 'NBERHarvard': [82], 'UniversityUniversity': [83], 'NBERUniversity': [89], 'MannheimPDFPDF': [91], 'PLUSFull': [92], 'Text': [93], 'Add': [94], 'to': [95, 145, 227, 253, 276, 292, 359, 391, 411, 438, 464, 516, 576, 589, 619, 709, 787, 819, 842, 1041, 1100, 1225, 1325, 1340, 1401, 1420, 1461, 1516, 1580, 1698, 1747, 1751, 1921, 1961, 2154, 2170, 2271, 2305, 2320, 2355, 2402, 2433, 2510, 2512, 2518, 2566, 2568, 2578, 2580, 2683, 2850, 2863, 2960, 3056, 3148, 3218, 3247, 3262, 3328, 3358, 3387, 3397, 3425, 3481, 3494, 3544, 3568, 3612, 3635, 3682, 3754, 3831, 3867, 3892, 4008, 4040, 4068, 4089, 4131, 4185, 4323, 4339, 4388, 4434], 'favoritesDownload': [96], 'CitationTrack': [97], 'CitationsPermissionsReprints': [98], 'Share': [99], 'onFacebookTwitterLinked': [100], 'InRedditEmailQR': [101], 'Code': [102], 'SectionsMoreI.': [103], 'IntroductionMacroeconomic': [104], 'models': [105, 224, 272, 372, 1382, 1705, 1750, 1800, 2151, 2192, 2248, 2266, 2380, 2644, 2980, 3011, 3417], 'fluctuations': [107, 414, 425, 823, 859, 907, 1306, 2642, 2648, 4101], 'in': [108, 188, 197, 284, 451, 514, 518, 599, 601, 622, 643, 666, 678, 683, 713, 727, 737, 753, 776, 816, 851, 856, 860, 908, 924, 971, 991, 999, 1062, 1079, 1234, 1303, 1318, 1410, 1480, 1491, 1558, 1576, 1689, 1842, 1845, 1857, 1899, 1909, 1925, 1988, 2051, 2080, 2100, 2209, 2229, 2281, 2358, 2413, 2423, 2445, 2643, 2669, 2715, 2723, 2731, 2773, 2784, 2973, 3026, 3089, 3099, 3185, 3188, 3249, 3273, 3311, 3393, 3413, 3444, 3449, 3469, 3532, 3563, 3576, 3620, 3625, 3654, 3700, 3702, 3710, 3715, 3726, 3729, 3734, 3750, 3815, 3817, 3840, 3862, 3882, 3920, 3926, 3933, 3962, 3965, 3972, 4005, 4030, 4057, 4102, 4129, 4159, 4172, 4177, 4183, 4188, 4194, 4213, 4217, 4226, 4248, 4253, 4276, 4298, 4342, 4363, 4367, 4386, 4391, 4422, 4443, 4452], 'hours': [109, 129, 199, 213, 570, 770, 1111, 1204, 1235, 1910, 1926, 1952, 2033, 2086, 2106, 2546, 2574, 2585, 2647, 2725, 2768, 3126, 3238, 3245, 3342, 3376, 3512, 4097, 4104], 'work': [111, 159, 517, 618, 711, 854, 1237, 1912, 1928, 1954, 2035, 2088, 2108, 2548, 3219, 3240, 3878, 4132], 'over': [112, 426, 862, 910, 1335, 1548, 1685, 1929, 3017, 3021, 3155, 3230, 3237, 3346, 3363, 4105], 'business': [114, 143, 428, 821, 864, 912, 1337, 1550, 1687, 1931, 2640, 4107], 'cycle': [115, 546, 822, 865, 1338, 1551, 1688, 1932, 2641, 3139, 3349, 3366, 3416], 'or': [116, 190, 1660, 1663, 1716, 2036], 'across': [117, 454, 1238, 1458, 1737, 1934, 2671, 3629], 'countries': [118, 455, 1239, 1935], 'imply': [119, 1054, 1156, 1312, 2726], 'much': [120, 1230, 1334, 2871, 2904, 4027], 'larger': [121, 720, 1214, 2872, 2946, 3991, 4028], 'labor': [122, 180, 183, 423, 452, 547, 586, 782, 817, 896, 982, 1149, 1222, 1518, 1582, 1606, 1618, 1683, 1918, 1989, 2119, 2195, 2213, 2226, 2246, 2406, 2653, 2901, 2983, 3014, 3048, 3410, 3751, 3769, 3807, 4050], 'supply': [123, 184, 424, 453, 548, 587, 783, 818, 897, 983, 1223, 1583, 1607, 1684, 1919, 2120, 2227, 2247, 2407, 2902, 3770, 3808], 'elasticities': [124, 283, 354, 494, 660, 984, 1053, 1089, 1126, 1160, 1174, 1255, 1279, 1293, 1317, 1386, 1422, 1486, 1507, 1584, 1673, 1727, 1791, 1805, 1920, 1959, 1982, 2131, 2136, 2161, 2261, 2290, 2390, 2424, 2451, 2474, 2490, 2508, 2711, 2824, 2957, 3063], 'than': [125, 721, 1215, 1794, 2611, 2876, 2906, 2947, 3992], 'microeconometric': [126, 532, 1943, 2199, 2894, 3092, 3441], 'estimates': [127, 231, 279, 295, 350, 940, 1031, 1045, 1108, 1121, 1187, 1273, 1287, 1360, 1400, 1419, 1482, 1537, 1569, 1579, 1634, 1695, 2157, 2349, 2383, 2931], 'elasticities.': [130, 235, 299, 747, 944, 1007, 1112, 1541, 2278], 'Understanding': [131], 'divergence': [133, 171], 'is': [134, 172, 185, 241, 389, 416, 443, 688, 742, 1002, 1018, 1023, 1077, 1328, 1407, 1429, 1585, 1610, 1809, 2286, 2317, 2431, 2607, 2636, 2657, 2712, 2816, 2838, 2846, 2858, 2878, 2943, 2958, 3005, 3033, 3106, 3161, 3167, 3645, 3870, 3986, 4000, 4052, 4073], 'critical': [135, 2637], 'questions': [137], 'ranging': [138], 'from': [139, 948, 1047, 1417, 1620, 1772, 3669, 4180, 4383], 'sources': [141, 963], 'cycles': [144], 'impacts': [147, 328, 338, 506, 756, 778, 1145, 1348, 1947, 2666, 3084, 3307, 3581], 'tax': [149, 189, 343, 458, 738, 849, 1242, 1350, 1938, 1949, 2771, 3163, 3170, 3274, 3465, 3491, 3496, 3556, 3573, 3584, 3627, 3638, 3662, 3696, 3721, 3743, 3763, 3776, 3813, 3826, 3847, 3887, 3903, 4112, 4168, 4175, 4261, 4284, 4373], 'policy': [150, 344, 508, 1034, 1049, 3086, 3399, 3466, 3574], 'on': [151, 212, 215, 308, 332, 346, 378, 761, 781, 794, 814, 1127, 1148, 1252, 1346, 1352, 1468, 1474, 1682, 1821, 1881, 1951, 2110, 2245, 2275, 2395, 2453, 2587, 2769, 2805, 2900, 2989, 2995, 3279, 3299, 3677, 3689, 3697, 3707, 3759, 3768, 3792, 4114, 4133, 4449], 'growth': [152], 'inequality.': [154], 'Starting': [155], 'with': [156, 375, 456, 468, 528, 1171, 1240, 1263, 1397, 1561, 1629, 1802, 1936, 2127, 2187, 2292, 2381, 2981, 2986, 3066, 3439, 3527, 3773, 3975], 'seminal': [158], 'Rogerson': [161, 536, 1859, 1993, 1997, 2024, 2178, 2592, 2997, 3050, 3254, 4146], '(1988)': [162], 'Hansen': [164, 1991], '(1985),': [165], 'one': [166, 1178, 1342, 1394, 1743, 1761, 2361, 3114, 3664, 4170], 'leading': [167, 3007], 'explanation': [168], 'extensive': [174, 202, 238, 260, 281, 304, 352, 379, 828, 942, 1005, 1010, 1087, 1130, 1158, 1275, 1289, 1315, 1364, 1411, 1446, 1565, 1604, 1803, 1885, 2129, 2166, 2207, 2224, 2259, 2276, 2288, 2314, 2335, 2539, 2613, 2990, 3043, 3226, 3648], 'margin': [175, 203, 234, 239, 261, 282, 298, 305, 353, 380, 829, 889, 943, 1006, 1011, 1074, 1088, 1159, 1173, 1254, 1276, 1290, 1316, 1365, 1412, 1447, 1566, 1605, 1648, 1804, 2118, 2130, 2135, 2160, 2167, 2208, 2225, 2260, 2277, 2289, 2315, 2336, 2386, 2398, 2455, 2542, 2991, 3046, 3061, 3227, 3244, 3429, 3519, 3649], 'response': [176, 841, 2457, 2465, 3246, 3801], 'created': [177], 'indivisible': [179, 1373, 1822, 2194, 2982, 3013], 'supply.': [181, 1150, 2214, 3049], 'If': [182, 2028, 2054], 'indivisible,': [186], 'changes': [187, 196, 345, 441, 509, 513, 815, 845, 873, 970, 990, 1035, 1351, 1681, 3087, 3248, 3272, 3310, 3467, 3595, 3919, 4113, 4225, 4451], 'wage': [191, 413, 440, 667, 844, 872, 885, 993, 1600, 1644, 1680, 2075, 2081, 2101, 2294, 2302, 2322, 2685, 3203, 3250, 3353, 3361, 3760, 3793, 4059, 4243], 'rates': [192, 677, 739, 763, 1331, 1545, 2082, 2102, 2772, 3204, 3251, 3275, 3777, 3794, 3904, 3922, 3964, 4060, 4176, 4301, 4331, 4374, 4400, 4411, 4427], 'can': [193, 249, 355, 1762, 1983, 2491, 3179, 3802], 'generate': [194, 511, 577, 820, 905, 1384, 4090], 'large': [195, 692, 827, 906, 1917, 1971, 2128, 2198, 2887, 3068, 4064, 4078, 4092], 'aggregate': [198, 333, 569, 769, 1110, 1203, 2042, 2085, 2233, 2525, 2573, 2646, 2724, 3016, 3072, 3390, 3511, 3799, 4096, 4103], 'inducing': [201], '(participation)': [204], 'responses': [205, 306, 410, 437, 527, 588, 708, 1224, 1413, 1448, 2682, 2695, 2992], 'even': [206, 573, 1552, 1706], 'if': [207, 1614, 2346, 2399, 2419, 2549], 'they': [208, 289, 662, 1708, 1732, 3301, 3615], 'have': [209, 1396, 2267, 2551, 2623, 3200, 3276], 'little': [210], 'effect': [211, 2963], 'conditional': [214, 2109, 2586], 'employment.': [216], 'In': [217, 382, 1297, 1454, 1626, 1824, 1872, 1940, 3498, 3656, 3692, 3996], 'view': [218], 'argument,': [221], 'modern': [222, 2149], 'macro': [223, 361, 371, 466, 487, 521, 560, 809, 1107, 1120, 1139, 1154, 1167, 1267, 1272, 1301, 1359, 1381, 1421, 1492, 1502, 1536, 1581, 1704, 1749, 1799, 1879, 1981, 2143, 2150, 2191, 2265, 2370, 2379, 2559, 2979], 'are': [225, 290, 373, 655, 716, 785, 874, 927, 986, 1058, 1098, 1169, 1261, 1294, 1307, 1367, 1389, 1508, 1513, 1839, 1897, 1913, 2066, 2152, 2350, 2472, 2616, 2649, 2825, 2903, 2984, 3064, 3194, 3302, 4038, 4332, 4428], 'calibrated': [226, 251, 275, 291, 542, 575, 702, 1801, 2153, 2270, 3503, 4145], 'match': [228, 254, 277, 293, 1752, 2138, 2155, 2171, 2272, 3329, 3388, 3482], 'low': [229, 3201, 3774], 'micro': [230, 278, 294, 376, 469, 478, 485, 788, 1096, 1105, 1118, 1137, 1152, 1165, 1186, 1216, 1265, 1270, 1357, 1375, 1418, 1435, 1481, 1500, 1534, 1564, 1578, 1588, 1632, 1694, 1758, 1870, 1877, 1979, 2141, 2156, 2273, 2310, 2348, 2382, 2496, 2627, 2987, 3062], 'intensive': [233, 297, 1132, 1172, 1253, 1883, 2117, 2134, 2159, 2385, 2397, 2541, 3045, 3243, 3428, 3518], 'However,': [236, 1269, 1528, 1723, 2327, 2893], 'elasticity': [240, 262, 406, 434, 479, 567, 581, 771, 1012, 1030, 1044, 1209, 1366, 1471, 1568, 1633, 1834, 2168, 2316, 2337, 2367, 2442, 2523, 2571, 2583, 2635, 2678, 2692, 2728, 2742, 2757, 2779, 2796, 2803, 2840, 2942, 2950, 3070, 3408, 3431, 3509, 3522, 3900, 4094], 'usually': [242], 'treated': [243, 266], 'as': [244, 267, 342, 549, 691, 693, 847, 1093, 1521, 1622, 1654, 1778, 1811, 1836, 2338, 2389, 2782, 3025, 3183, 3252, 3296, 3412, 3666, 3805, 3849, 4207, 4421], 'a': [245, 268, 475, 519, 550, 578, 596, 611, 767, 826, 833, 936, 953, 1060, 1612, 1627, 1636, 1757, 1829, 2077, 2115, 2123, 2125, 2197, 2284, 2339, 2404, 2531, 2732, 2755, 2763, 2777, 2798, 2801, 2870, 2925, 3006, 3067, 3101, 3129, 3136, 3168, 3266, 3608, 3670, 3683, 3748, 3755, 3806, 3898, 3957, 3969, 4026, 4063, 4077, 4091, 4214, 4237, 4242, 4343], 'free': [246, 269, 2340], 'parameter': [247, 420, 447, 2341, 2528, 2661, 3404], 'that': [248, 258, 288, 325, 387, 484, 510, 675, 694, 715, 784, 811, 899, 951, 985, 1055, 1066, 1136, 1182, 1221, 1257, 1383, 1393, 1408, 1423, 1434, 1441, 1505, 1512, 1586, 1602, 1784, 1975, 2249, 2287, 2356, 2720, 2867, 2879, 2897, 2928, 3015, 3058, 3172, 3452, 3536, 3566, 3604, 3787, 3824, 3876, 4015, 4037, 4071], 'be': [250, 265, 274, 357, 1038, 1326, 1735, 1984, 2306, 2393, 2492, 3180, 3803, 4018], 'purely': [252, 1309, 2169, 2650], 'macroeconomic': [255, 330, 1403, 1905, 2172, 2359, 2499], 'moments.We': [256], 'argue': [257], 'should': [263, 273, 1696, 1744], 'not': [264, 987, 1378, 1591, 1710, 1734, 1745, 2071, 2104, 2268, 2331, 2658, 3217], 'parameter.': [270], 'same': [286, 322, 880, 1671, 2098, 2374], 'way': [287], 'The': [300, 321, 401, 430, 556, 651, 730, 748, 1008, 1026, 1051, 1405, 1478, 1782, 1813, 2522, 2673, 2748, 2865, 3002, 3031, 3177, 3234, 3403, 3719, 3836, 3858, 3885, 3946, 3978, 4023, 4054, 4136, 4231, 4360, 4445], 'size': [301], 'depends': [307, 2044], 'density': [310, 324, 881, 1069, 1640, 2059, 2298], 'distribution': [313, 886, 1601, 1645, 1656, 2047, 2056, 2303, 4349], 'reservation': [315, 884, 1599, 1643, 2049, 2301], 'wages': [316, 2050, 3193, 3281, 3292], 'around': [317, 1091, 1161, 1175, 1259, 1295, 3938], "economy's": [319], 'equilibrium.': [320], 'marginal': [323, 2848], 'determines': [326, 336], 'variation': [331, 665, 736, 998, 1233, 1924, 2323, 2353, 2516], 'employment': [334, 347, 676, 762, 861, 868, 909, 1064, 1076, 1305, 1330, 1353, 1544, 2043, 2111, 2588, 3391, 3800, 3860, 3921, 3924, 3931, 3963, 3999, 4031, 4115, 4134, 4205, 4227, 4300, 4330, 4399, 4410, 4426, 4450], 'also': [335, 1675, 3289, 3746], 'quasi-experiments': [340, 473, 1856, 3286], 'such': [341, 836, 846, 1520, 1653, 1690, 2283], 'rates.': [348, 668, 994, 4135, 4228], 'therefore': [356, 417, 444, 4061], 'used': [358, 1841, 2324, 2357, 2517], 'calibrate': [360, 1402, 1748, 2164, 3053, 3322], 'models.1In': [362], 'paper,': [364], 'we': [365, 385, 922, 934, 1016, 1116, 1779, 1788, 1827, 1875, 3287, 3370, 3401, 3447, 3472, 3534, 3586, 3602, 3844, 4202, 4294], 'assess': [366], 'whether': [367, 915, 1086, 2978], 'existing': [368, 1250, 1819, 1847], 'calibrations': [369, 467], 'consistent': [374, 1170, 1262, 2985, 3065, 3438, 3526, 3974], 'evidence': [377, 488, 561, 903, 1097, 1168, 1251, 1771, 1880, 2274, 2895, 2988, 3442], 'responses.': [381, 1496], 'doing': [383], 'so,': [384, 1115], 'find': [386, 674, 1135, 3214], 'it': [388, 765, 2656, 3039, 3215, 3667, 4016, 4072], 'crucial': [390], 'distinguish': [392, 2449], 'two': [394, 462, 653, 1390, 2343, 2602, 2956], 'types': [395], 'elasticities:': [397], 'Hicksian': [398, 431, 491, 768, 1123, 1157, 1208, 1470, 1485, 2689, 2708, 2764, 2778, 2795, 2822, 2949], 'Frisch.': [400], 'Frisch': [402, 498, 579, 659, 830, 1125, 1363, 1385, 1476, 1567, 2570, 2634, 2674, 2710, 2756, 2802, 2819, 2941, 3069, 3407, 3430, 3899, 4093], '(marginal': [403, 2675], 'utility': [404, 2400, 2676, 2809, 2815, 2882, 2912, 2926, 3154], 'constant)': [405, 433, 2677, 2691], 'controls': [407, 435, 2679, 2693, 3405], 'intertemporal': [408, 565, 706, 1027, 1245, 1277, 1291, 1313, 1539, 2481, 2484, 2680, 2842, 3507, 3520, 3976], 'substitution': [409, 566, 707, 1028, 1246, 1278, 1292, 1314, 1540, 2467, 2681, 2843, 3508, 3521], 'temporary': [412, 615, 664, 843, 1033, 2684, 4055], 'relevant': [419, 446, 2368, 2527, 2660, 3646], 'understanding': [422, 449, 2639], 'cycle.2': [429], '(wealth': [432, 2690], 'steady-state': [436, 746, 777, 1043, 1144, 1495, 2477, 2479, 2665, 2694], 'permanent': [439, 735, 1048], 'differences': [450, 1908, 2668, 2722], 'different': [457, 1241, 1774, 1843, 1937, 2598], 'systems.': [459], 'We': [460, 534, 584, 945, 1134, 2409, 2448, 2501, 2596, 3074, 3384, 3420, 3622, 3810, 4308, 4407], 'use': [461, 535, 2502, 2597], 'approaches': [463, 482], 'comparing': [465, 524], 'evidence:': [470], 'simulations': [471, 926, 1852], 'meta-analysis': [476, 937, 1868, 1896], 'estimates.': [480, 1871], 'Both': [481, 1151], 'show': [483, 2417, 3057, 3448, 3956], 'agree': [489, 1141], 'about': [490, 497, 1004, 1142, 1466, 2437, 2808], '(steady': [492], 'state)': [493], 'but': [495, 685, 1472, 2162, 2655, 3959, 4010], 'disagree': [496], '(intertemporal': [499, 2466], 'substitution)': [500], 'elasticities.We': [501], 'begin': [502], 'simulating': [504], 'exogenous': [512], 'incentives': [515, 972, 3312, 4130], 'standard': [520, 3414], 'model': [522, 543, 552, 558, 704, 750, 810, 837, 892, 898, 1628, 2126, 2251, 3004, 3032, 3055, 3098, 3178, 3504, 3565, 3820, 3845, 3984, 4013, 4024, 4088], 'predicted': [526, 695, 3980, 4142], 'findings': [530, 1219], 'studies.': [533], "Wallenius's": [538], '(2009,': [539], 'henceforth,': [540], 'RW)': [541], 'life': [545, 3023, 3138, 3232, 3337, 3348, 3365, 3415], 'benchmark': [551], 'exercise.': [555], 'RW': [557, 698, 703, 749, 800, 2975, 3003, 3080, 3094, 3186, 3819, 3983, 4012, 4087], 'matches': [559, 2929], 'generating': [563], 'an': [564, 1202, 1282, 1691, 2313, 2727, 2741, 3042, 3096, 3225, 3242, 3427, 3506, 3517, 3850, 3906, 3987, 4126, 4258, 4281], 'above': [571, 1387, 1806, 3513], '2': [572, 3424, 3514], 'when': [574, 1725, 2377], 'intensive-margin': [580, 2582, 2606], 'below': [582, 1024], '0.5.': [583], 'simulate': [585, 3082, 3288, 3550, 3579, 3811], 'three': [590, 920, 1855, 3090, 3464, 3500], 'policies': [591], 'using': [592, 1398, 2262, 2352, 2494, 2626, 2745, 4404], 'model:': [594], '(1)': [595], 'tax-free': [597], 'year': [598, 3665, 3927, 3934, 4171, 4216], 'Iceland': [600, 679, 852, 3658, 3816, 4164, 4178, 4446], '1987': [602, 3716, 3966, 4006, 4189], 'studied': [603], 'Bianchi,': [605, 669, 4197], 'Gudmundsson,': [606, 670, 3737, 3779], 'Zoega': [608, 672, 3739, 3781, 4200], '(2001);': [609], '(2)': [610], 'randomized': [612], 'experiment': [613, 3400, 3895, 4320], 'providing': [614], 'subsidies': [616, 712, 855], 'welfare': [620, 2698, 4240, 4441], 'recipients': [621, 4241], 'Canada': [623, 714], '(Card': [624, 3418], 'Hyslop': [626, 725, 4292], '2005);': [627], '(3)': [629], '1994': [631, 4368], 'expansion': [632, 760, 4362], 'Earned': [635], 'Income': [636], 'Tax': [637, 3652], 'Credit': [638], '(EITC)': [639], 'low-income': [641], 'individuals': [642, 1057, 1071, 1525, 2029, 2065, 2092, 2550, 3018, 3199, 3630, 3694, 3704, 3772, 3877, 4081, 4275, 4336, 4431], 'United': [645, 4365], 'States': [646, 4366], '(Meyer': [647], 'Rosenbaum': [649], '2001).': [650, 2923, 3740], 'first': [652, 1406], 'examples': [654], 'ideal': [656, 3894], 'identifying': [658, 745, 3897], 'because': [661, 764, 2090, 2752, 2951, 3038, 4032], 'induce': [663], '(2001)': [673], 'do': [680, 1114, 1377, 1709, 1780], 'indeed': [681, 1228], 'rise': [682], '1987,': [684, 3657, 3693, 3730], 'increase': [687, 3961, 4056], 'only': [689, 1212, 2392, 2944, 3524], 'one-fifth': [690], 'model.': [699, 1863, 3001, 3884], 'Similarly,': [700], 'predicts': [705, 4014], 'nearly': [717], 'four': [718, 2473, 2489], 'times': [719], 'what': [722, 1341], 'Card': [723, 4290], 'observe': [726], 'their': [728, 1063, 3054, 3211], 'data.': [729, 1268, 2628, 2747, 4161, 4406], 'third': [731], 'example—the': [732], 'EITC': [733, 759, 4361], 'expansion—generates': [734], 'thus': [741, 3713, 3889, 4099], 'well-suited': [743, 3034], 'performs': [751], 'better': [752], 'matching': [754], 'generates': [766, 3224, 3241, 3505, 4025], 'approximately': [773], '0.7,': [774, 1211, 2781], 'resulting': [775], 'taxes': [780, 1147, 2670, 3614, 3674, 3686, 4377], 'closer': [786], 'estimates.While': [789], 'our': [790, 802, 1082, 1463, 1623, 3036], 'quantitative': [791], 'results': [792, 917, 947], 'rest': [793], 'particular': [796], 'assumptions': [797, 2807], 'model,': [801, 2734, 4150], 'qualitative': [803], 'conclusions': [804, 2427], 'apply': [805], 'generally.': [807], 'Any': [808], 'relies': [812], 'primarily': [813, 2751], 'must': [824, 3587], 'feature': [825], 'elasticity.': [831, 1477, 1759, 2121, 2521, 2765], 'As': [832, 2122, 3531], 'result,': [834, 2124], 'any': [835, 895, 1753, 2309], 'will': [838, 2093, 2362, 2391], 'overpredict': [839], 'holiday': [850, 3653, 3764], 'Canada.': [857, 4444], 'Intuitively,': [858], 'effects': [869, 2899], 'quasi-experimental': [871, 902, 939, 1786, 1942, 2263], 'both': [875, 1128, 1164, 1264, 1499, 2139, 2495, 2615, 2622, 3041], 'fundamentally': [876], 'determined': [877, 2617], 'at': [887, 1059, 1072, 1646, 2060, 2073, 3108, 3127, 3205, 3220, 3355, 3617, 3853, 4270, 4315], 'irrespective': [890], 'specification.': [893], 'Thus,': [894], 'fits': [900], 'cannot': [904, 2030], 'cycle.To': [913], 'explore': [914], 'studies': [921, 950, 967, 1015, 1140, 1155, 1376, 1436, 1493, 1503, 1589, 1775, 1944, 3298], 'consider': [923, 1017], 'representative': [928, 2532], 'broader': [931], 'empirical': [932, 2930], 'literature,': [933], 'conduct': [935], 'summarize': [946, 1117], 'fifteen': [949], 'span': [952], 'broad': [954], 'range': [955, 1765], 'countries,': [957], 'demographic': [958], 'groups,': [959], 'time': [960, 4269, 4419], 'periods,': [961], 'variation.': [965, 2500], 'These': [966, 1218], 'generally': [968], 'analyze': [969, 3095, 3305], 'small': [974, 1052, 2078, 2116, 2133, 3059, 3315], 'subgroups': [975, 1440, 1459, 1511, 3316], 'population,': [978], 'permitting': [979], 'identification': [980], 'confounded': [988], 'equilibrium': [992, 1300, 3757, 3790], 'Despite': [995], 'great': [997], 'methodologies,': [1000], 'there': [1001], 'consensus': [1003], 'mean': [1009, 2934, 4314], 'among': [1013], '0.28': [1019], 'every': [1021, 1785], 'estimate': [1022, 1755, 2311, 2519, 2740, 2792], '0.43.': [1025], '(Frisch)': [1029], 'turn': [1036], 'out': [1037, 2852, 4047], 'quite': [1039, 2713], 'similar': [1040, 2354, 2746, 3458], 'obtained': [1046], 'changes.': [1050], 'most': [1056, 1964], 'corner': [1061], 'choices;': [1065], 'is,': [1067, 1355, 2063], 'thin': [1078], 'practice.We': [1080], 'conclude': [1081], 'analysis': [1083, 1624, 2211, 2231, 4447], 'evaluating': [1085, 2663], '0.25': [1092, 3456], 'suggested': [1094], 'adequate': [1099], 'reconcile': [1101], 'gap': [1103], 'To': [1113, 3599], 'margins.': [1133, 1886], '0.2.': [1162], 'And': [1163], '0.3': [1176], 'once': [1177], 'accounts': [1179], 'frictions': [1181, 1615, 1662], 'may': [1183, 1395, 1590, 1733, 2103], 'attenuate': [1184], 'observed': [1185, 1490, 3331, 3994, 4158, 4311], '(Chetty,': [1188], 'Friedman,': [1189], 'et': [1190], 'al.': [1191], '2011;': [1192], 'Chetty': [1193], '2012).': [1194, 1453], "Prescott's": [1195, 2774], '(2004)': [1196, 2718], 'widely-cited': [1197], 'cross-country': [1198, 2721], 'data': [1199, 2775], 'set': [1200, 3371, 3385, 3421, 3632], 'implies': [1201, 3786, 3875], '(extensive': [1205, 2458], 'plus': [1206], 'intensive)': [1207, 2460], 'slightly': [1213, 2945], 'estimates.3': [1217], 'indicate': [1220, 1504], 'taxation': [1226, 2701], 'could': [1227, 1442, 2083, 2137, 3745], 'explain': [1229, 1922, 4100], 'systems.4On': [1243], 'margin,': [1247], 'limited': [1249], 'suggests': [1256], 'values': [1258, 2888, 2935, 3332], '0.5': [1260, 1795], 'differ': [1280], 'order': [1283, 3988], 'magnitude.': [1285], 'Quasi-experimental': [1286], '0.25.': [1296], 'contrast,': [1298, 1941], 'pure': [1299], 'models,': [1302], 'which': [1304, 1556, 1907, 3100, 3300, 3673, 3874], 'driven': [1308, 1914, 2651], 'preferences,': [1311], 'excess': [1319], '2.': [1321], 'Hence,': [1322, 1693, 2308], 'puzzle': [1324], 'resolved': [1327], 'why': [1329, 1356], 'fluctuate': [1332, 1546], 'so': [1333, 1368, 3271, 3797, 3843], 'relative': [1339, 3357, 4007], 'would': [1343, 1674, 4017], 'predict': [1344], 'based': [1345, 2452, 2804, 3303], 'rates—that': [1354], 'different.5': [1369], 'Even': [1370], 'accounting': [1371], 'labor,': [1374, 3134], 'support': [1379], 'representative-agent': [1380, 2733], '1.There': [1388], 'potential': [1391, 1574], 'concerns': [1392], 'microeconomic': [1399], 'models.': [1404], 'heterogeneity': [1409, 1457, 1479, 1489, 1529, 2422, 3624], 'complicates': [1414], 'mapping': [1416, 1577], 'reflect': [1424], 'economy-wide': [1425, 1445], 'behavior.6': [1426], 'This': [1427, 1609, 3223, 3785, 4221], 'problem': [1428, 2375], 'compounded': [1430], 'concern': [1433, 1575, 1613], 'sometimes': [1437], 'exclude': [1438], 'important': [1439, 2714], 'matter': [1443], '(Dyrda,': [1449], 'Kaplan,': [1450], 'Ríos-Rull': [1452], 'practice,': [1455], 'however,': [1456], 'appears': [1460], 'strengthen': [1462], 'main': [1464, 3529], 'conclusion': [1465], 'agreement': [1467], 'disagreement': [1473], 'extensive-margin': [1484, 1506], 'mirrors': [1487], 'For': [1497, 3460], 'instance,': [1498], 'higher': [1509, 4004], 'less': [1514, 1793], 'attached': [1515], 'force,': [1519], 'single': [1522, 1754, 4381, 4402, 4413], 'mothers': [1523, 4382, 4414], 'near': [1526, 4082], 'retirement.': [1527], 'magnifies': [1530], 'discrepancy': [1532, 1977], 'Most': [1542], 'notably,': [1543], 'substantially': [1547], 'prime-age': [1554], 'males,': [1555], 'stands': [1557], 'sharp': [1559, 3970], 'contrast': [1560], 'near-zero': [1563], 'group.A': [1572], 'second': [1573], 'reduced-form': [1587, 1631, 1672, 1726], 'directly': [1592], 'identify': [1593, 1711], 'structural': [1595, 1651, 1730], 'primitives': [1596, 1718], 'control': [1603, 4255, 4306, 4312], 'choices.': [1608], 'particularly': [1611], 'prevent': [1616], 'market': [1619], 'clearing,': [1621], 'suggests.': [1625], 'frictions,': [1630], 'represent': [1635], 'convolution': [1637], 'other': [1650, 1717], 'parameters,': [1652, 1731], 'adjustment': [1658], 'costs': [1659, 2039], 'search': [1661], 'degree': [1665], 'liquidity': [1667], 'constraints.': [1668], 'Importantly,': [1669], 'determine': [1676], 'impact': [1678, 3278, 3758, 3767, 3979, 4124, 4141, 4157], 'environment.': [1692], 'continue': [1697], 'provide': [1699], 'useful': [1700], 'targets': [1701], 'calibrating': [1703, 2378, 2530], 'though': [1707], 'structure': [1713], 'preferences': [1715, 2553], 'necessary': [1719], 'normative': [1721], 'analysis.7': [1722], 'especially': [1724], 'combine': [1728], 'several': [1729], 'stable': [1736, 3829], 'settings.': [1738], 'Because': [1739, 3192], 'instability,': [1742], 'seek': [1746], 'Nevertheless,': [1760], 'gauge': [1763], 'plausible': [1767], 'magnitudes': [1768], 'pooling': [1770], 'many': [1773, 2064, 2091], 'settings': [1777], 'here.': [1781], 'fact': [1783], 'study': [1787], 'review': [1789, 2242], 'finds': [1790], 'significantly': [1792, 2089], 'casts': [1796], 'doubt': [1797], 'upon': [1798, 2045], '1.The': [1807], 'organized': [1810], 'follows.': [1812], 'next': [1814], 'section': [1815, 1825, 1873, 2414], 'briefly': [1816], 'reviews': [1817], 'literature': [1820, 1972, 2200, 2244, 2560], 'labor.': [1823], 'III,': [1826], 'establish': [1828, 2434], 'terminology': [1830, 2438, 2599], 'various': [1833, 2441], 'concepts,': [1835], 'these': [1837, 2147, 2488], 'terms': [1838, 2504], 'often': [1840], 'ways': [1844], 'literature.': [1848], 'Section': [1849, 1864, 1887], 'IV': [1850], 'reports': [1851, 2719, 2754, 4397], 'Wallenius': [1861, 2022, 2026, 2180, 2594, 2999, 3052, 3256, 3321, 4148], '(2009)': [1862, 3000, 4149], 'V': [1865], 'presents': [1866], 'VI,': [1874], 'compare': [1876], 'VII': [1888], 'concludes.': [1889], 'Details': [1890], 'simulation': [1893], 'methods': [1894], 'given': [1898, 2439, 4215, 4344], 'appendix.II.': [1901], 'Labor:': [1903], 'BackgroundEquilibrium': [1904], 'models—in': [1906], 'preferences—require': [1916], 'regimes.': [1939], 'reforms': [1950], 'earnings': [1956], 'typically': [1957, 2163, 3304], 'obtain': [1958, 2363, 3426], 'close': [1960, 3891, 4039], 'zero': [1962], 'groups': [1965], 'except': [1966], 'very': [1967, 2112], 'high': [1968], 'income': [1969, 2898, 2962, 3661, 3681, 3698, 3708, 3714, 4167], 'earners.8A': [1970], 'has': [1973, 2057, 2201, 2257], 'posited': [1974], 'explained': [1985], 'indivisibilities': [1987], '(e.g.,': [1990, 2589], '1985;': [1992], '1988;': [1994, 1998], 'Cho': [1995, 2003], 'Christiano': [1999], 'Eichenbaum': [2001], '1992;': [2002], 'Cooley': [2005], '1994;': [2006], 'King': [2007], 'Rebelo': [2009, 2176], '1999;': [2010, 2177, 2834], 'Chang': [2011], 'Kim': [2013], '2006;': [2014, 2018], 'Ljungqvist': [2015, 2182, 3027], 'Sargent': [2017, 2184, 3029], 'Prescott,': [2019], 'Rogerson,': [2020], '2009;': [2023, 2181], '2009).9': [2027], 'freely': [2031], 'choose': [2032, 3473], 'face': [2037], 'fixed': [2038], 'entry,': [2041], 'economy.': [2053], 'substantial': [2058], 'margin—that': [2062, 4084], 'indifferent': [2067, 4042], 'working': [2069, 2072, 3547, 3911, 4044, 4267, 4341], 'prevailing': [2074], 'rates—then': [2076], 'reduction': [2079, 3888], 'reduce': [2084], 'stop': [2094], 'working.': [2095], 'Yet': [2096], 'change': [2099, 3575, 3744, 3749, 3848, 3852, 4128], 'affect': [2105], 'much,': [2113], 'implying': [2114], 'evidence.': [2144], 'Motivated': [2145], 'results,': [2148], 'moments': [2173, 3484], '(King': [2174], '2011).In': [2185], 'parallel': [2186], 'development': [2189], 'supply,': [2196, 2654, 3411], 'recognized': [2202], 'importance': [2204, 2222], 'Ashenfelter': [2215], '(1984)': [2216, 2219], 'Heckman': [2218, 2235, 2240], 'discuss': [2220], 'choices': [2228, 2620], 'fluctuations.': [2234], 'Killingsworth': [2237], '(1986)': [2238], '(1993)': [2241], 'explicitly': [2250], 'participation': [2252, 3229], 'decisions.': [2253], 'More': [2254], 'recent': [2255, 3010], 'research': [2256], 'estimated': [2258, 2493, 2625], 'methods.However,': [2264], 'been': [2269, 2624], 'One': [2279], 'complication': [2280], 'performing': [2282], 'calibration': [2285], 'vary': [2291], 'rate': [2295, 3164, 3354, 3362, 3392, 3557, 3639, 3722, 3861, 3925, 3932, 4206, 4262, 4285], 'unless': [2296], 'happens': [2304, 2401], 'uniform.': [2307], 'necessarily': [2318], 'local': [2319, 2366], 'identification.': [2326], 'argument': [2329], 'does': [2330], 'justify': [2332], 'treating': [2333], 'reasons.': [2344, 2603], 'First,': [2345, 2604], 'identified': [2351], 'comparisons,': [2360], 'appropriate': [2365], 'calibrations.': [2371], 'Second,': [2372, 2629], 'arises': [2376, 2750], 'elasticities,': [2387, 2543], 'insofar': [2388], 'constant': [2394], 'produce': [2403, 3747], 'constant-elasticity': [2405], 'function.': [2408], 'revisit': [2410], 'issue': [2412], 'VI': [2415], 'that,': [2418], 'anything,': [2420], 'observable': [2421], 'reinforces': [2425], 'drawn': [2428], 'later.III.': [2429], 'TerminologyIt': [2430], 'helpful': [2432], 'some': [2435], 'conventions': [2436], 'concepts': [2443], 'discussed': [2444], 'paper.': [2447], 'vs.': [2459, 2468], 'timing': [2463], 'steady': [2469], 'state).': [2470], 'There': [2471], 'interest:': [2476], 'extensive,': [2478, 2482], 'intensive,': [2480], 'intensive.': [2485], 'Each': [2486, 4120], '(quasi-experimental)': [2497], '"micro"': [2505, 2610], '"macro"': [2507], 'exclusively': [2509], 'refer': [2511, 2567, 2579], 'source': [2514], 'hours—the': [2526], 'agent': [2533, 3538], 'model—is': [2534], 'sum': [2536, 3592], 'weighted': [2544], 'heterogeneous': [2552], '(Blundell,': [2554], 'Bozio,': [2555], 'Laroque': [2557], '2011).The': [2558], 'uses': [2561, 2885], 'term': [2563], '"macro': [2564], 'elasticity"': [2565, 2577], '"micro': [2576], 'Prescott': [2590, 2717, 2753, 2789, 2868, 2911], '2004;': [2591], '2009).': [2595], 'here': [2600], 'no': [2608, 3277, 3766], 'margin;': [2614], 'household-level': [2619], 'importantly,': [2632], 'where': [2645, 3685], 'countries.': [2672], 'fluctuations,': [2686], 'while': [2687, 4151, 4274], 'consequences': [2699], '(MaCurdy': [2702], '1981;': [2703], 'Auerbach': [2704], '1985).10The': [2705], 'distinction': [2706], 'practice.': [2716], '3': [2730, 4001], 'whereas': [2735, 2758], 'Davis': [2736, 2759], 'Henrekson': [2738, 2761], '(2005)': [2739], '0.33': [2744], 'difference': [2749, 2953, 4297, 4325], 'report': [2762], 'Regressing': [2766], 'log': [2767, 2770, 3153], 'yields': [2776, 3457], 'shown': [2783], 'figure': [2785, 3783, 3915, 4395], '2,': [2786], 'panel': [2787, 4121, 4222], 'A.': [2788], 'maps': [2790], 'into': [2797], 'value': [2799, 2873], 'parametric': [2806, 2881], 'wealth-earnings': [2812], 'ratio.': [2813], 'When': [2814], 'time-separable,': [2817], '(εF)': [2820], '(εH)': [2823], 'related': [2826], 'following': [2829], 'identity': [2830], '(Ziliak': [2831], 'Kniesner': [2833], 'Browning': [2835], '2005):where': [2836], 'ρ': [2837], '(EIS),': [2844], '(d[wl])/dA': [2845, 2937], 'propensity': [2849], 'earn': [2851], 'unearned': [2854], 'income,': [2855], 'A/wl': [2857, 2890], 'ratio': [2860], 'assets': [2862], 'earnings.': [2864, 3691], 'reason': [2866], 'obtains': [2869], 'εF': [2875], 'εH': [2877], 'specification': [2883, 2913, 2927], 'he': [2884], 'produces': [2886, 3130], '(d[wl])/dA.': [2892], 'shows': [2896, 4122, 4139, 4155], 'smaller': [2905], 'those': [2907, 3221], 'produced': [2908], '(Holtz-Eakin,': [2914], 'Joulfaian,': [2915], 'Rosen': [2917], '1993;': [2918], 'Imbens,': [2919], 'Rubin,': [2920], 'Sacerdote': [2922], 'Under': [2924], 'A/wl,': [2939], 'proportional': [2959], 'squared': [2964], '(d[wl]/dA)2': [2965], '(Chetty': [2966], '2012,': [2967], 'table': [2968], 'III).11IV.': [2969], 'Simulations': [2970, 4117], 'Quasi-Experiments': [2972], 'ModelWe': [2976], 'evaluate': [2977], 'focusing': [2994], 'example': [3008], 'time-averaging': [3020], 'cycle,': [3024], '(2006).': [3030], 'purposes': [3037], 'features': [3040], 'intensive-': [3060], 'hours.': [3073], 'adopt': [3075], 'parameters': [3077, 3324, 3477], 'chosen': [3078], 'analyzed': [3088, 3643, 3950], 'prominent': [3091], 'studies.12Setup.': [3093], 'overlapping-generations': [3097], 'unit': [3102, 3115], 'mass': [3103], 'agents': [3105, 4067], 'born': [3107], 'each': [3109, 3157, 3398, 3461, 3537, 3551, 3597, 3605, 3618], 'instant': [3110, 3619], 'lives': [3112, 3212, 3539], 'time.': [3117], 'An': [3118], 'individual': [3119], 'who': [3120], 'supplies': [3121], 'h(a)': [3122], '∈': [3123], '[0,': [3124], '1]': [3125], 'age': [3128, 4348], 'efficiency': [3131, 3197], 'units': [3132], 'whereis': [3135], 'tent-shaped': [3137], 'productivity': [3140], 'profile': [3141], '.': [3143], 'Complete': [3144], 'asset': [3145], 'markets': [3146], 'lead': [3147], 'perfect': [3149], 'consumption': [3150], 'smoothing.': [3151], 'With': [3152], 'consumption,': [3156], 'generation': [3158, 3606], 'solveswhere': [3159], 'τ': [3160, 3633], 'T': [3166, 3594], 'lump-sum': [3169, 3609], 'rebate': [3171, 3593, 3610], 'balances': [3173], "government's": [3175], 'budget.': [3176], 'solved': [3181], 'analytically': [3182], 'described': [3184], 'technical': [3190], 'appendix.': [3191], 'paid': [3195, 3676, 3688, 3695], 'per': [3196, 3344, 3377], 'unit,': [3198], 'hourly': [3202], 'beginning': [3207], 'end': [3209], 'optimal': [3216], 'points.': [3222], 'cycle.': [3233], 'convex': [3235], 'disutility': [3236], 'well.': [3253], 'normalize': [3257], 'price': [3259], 'output': [3261], '1': [3263, 3916], 'assume': [3265, 3535, 3603], 'constant-': [3267], 'returns-to-scale': [3268], 'production': [3269], 'technology,': [3270], 'pretax': [3280, 3291], 'prices.': [3283], 'Accordingly,': [3284], 'hold': [3290], 'prices': [3294], 'constant,': [3295], 'differential': [3309], 'relatively': [3314], 'population.Rogerson': [3319], 'α,': [3325], 'e1,': [3326, 3479], 'empirically': [3330], 'fraction': [3335, 3908, 4034, 4079, 4209, 4334], 'worked': [3338, 3343, 4212], '(f),': [3339], 'maximum': [3341, 3360], 'week': [3345], '(hmax),': [3350], 'retirement': [3356], '(wR/wmax).': [3367], 'Following': [3368, 4196, 4289], 'RW,': [3369, 3533], 'hmax': [3372], '=': [3373, 3382, 3423, 3434, 3436, 3455, 3872], '45%': [3374], '(45': [3375], 'week)': [3378], 'wR/': [3380], 'wmax': [3381], '1/2.': [3383], 'f': [3386, 3487, 3871], 'period': [3395, 3865], 'prior': [3396, 3493, 3830, 3866], 'consider.': [3402], '1990).': [3419], 'γ': [3422], 'εINT': [3433, 3454], '1/γ': [3435], '0.5,': [3437, 3525], 'summarized': [3443], 'following;': [3446], 'appendix': [3450, 4356], 'setting': [3453], 'results.13': [3459], 'simulated': [3468, 4425], 'following,': [3471], "model's": [3475], 'remaining': [3476], '{α,': [3478], '}': [3480, 3488], '{hmax,': [3485], 'wR/wmax,': [3486], 'under': [3489, 3672, 3821], 'system': [3492, 3628, 3671, 3684, 3827], 'change.14': [3497], 'all': [3499], 'cases,': [3501], 'despite': [3515], 'having': [3516], "RW's": [3528], 'result.15': [3530], 'sixty': [3541], 'years': [3542, 3881], '(corresponding': [3543], 'average': [3545, 3637, 3720, 3859, 4260, 4283, 4372], 'adult': [3546, 4219], 'lives)': [3548], 'quasi-experiment': [3552], 'changing': [3554], 'number': [3560], 'periods': [3562], 'correspond': [3567], 'duration': [3570], 'data.16To': [3578], 'unanticipated': [3583, 3851, 4127], 'changes,': [3585], 'specify': [3588], 'how': [3589], 'lump': [3591], 'agent.': [3598], 'simplify': [3600], 'aggregation,': [3601], 'receives': [3607], 'equal': [3611, 3634], 'pay': [3616], 'time.17': [3621], 'ignore': [3623], 'subgroup': [3642], '(which': [3644], 'decisions).Experiment': [3650], '1:': [3651], 'Iceland.': [3655], 'suspended': [3659, 4165], 'its': [3660, 4166], 'transitioned': [3668], 'were': [3675, 3687, 3705], 'previous': [3679], "year's": [3680], 'current': [3690], 'earned': [3699, 3709], '1986;': [3701], '1988,': [3703, 3711, 3973, 4009], 'taxed': [3706], 'was': [3717, 3723, 3795, 3838], 'untaxed.': [3718], '14.5': [3724, 4181], 'percent': [3725, 3733, 4182, 4187, 4193, 4265, 4385, 4390], '1986,': [3727, 3842], '0': [3728, 4186], '8.0': [3732, 4192], '1988': [3735], '(Bianchi,': [3736, 3778], 'Although': [3741], 'demand': [3752], 'due': [3753], 'general': [3756, 3789], 'rates,': [3761], 'had': [3765], 'initial': [3775], '2001,': [3782], '9).': [3784], 'feedback': [3791], 'negligible,': [3796], 'interpreted': [3804], 'elasticity.18': [3809], 'reform': [3814, 3837, 3869], 'assumption': [3823], 'remains': [3828], '1986': [3832, 4184], 'after': [3834], '1988.': [3835, 4195], 'announced': [3839], 'late': [3841], 'start': [3855, 4317], '1987.': [3857, 4173], 'three-year': [3864], '79.2%,': [3873], '47.5': [3880], 'single-year': [3886], 'comes': [3890], 'reducing': [3902], 'infinitesimal': [3907], 'life.Panel': [3912], 'plots': [3917, 4223], 'annual': [3918, 4224, 4398], '(the': [3923], 't': [3928, 3935], 'minus': [3929], '–': [3936], '1)': [3937], 'reform,': [3940], 'demarcated': [3941], 'vertical': [3944], 'line.': [3945], 'Icelandic': [3947], 'administrative': [3948], 'records': [3949], 'Bianchi': [3952], 'colleagues': [3954], '(squares)': [3955], 'modest': [3958], 'significant': [3960], 'followed': [3967], 'dip': [3971], 'substitution.': [3977], '(circles)': [3985], 'magnitude': [3990], 'impact.': [3995], 'data,': [3998], 'percentage': [4002, 4020], 'points': [4003, 4021], '13.5': [4019], 'higher.': [4022], 'spike': [4029], 'cohorts': [4036], 'being': [4041], 'staying': [4046], 'force': [4051], 'large.': [4053], 'induces': [4062], 'group': [4065, 4238, 4256, 4279, 4313, 4354], 'work.': [4069], 'Note': [4070], 'precisely': [4074], 'mechanism—having': [4076], 'allows': [4085], 'cycle.Fig.': [4108], '1.': [4109], 'Impacts': [4110], 'rates:': [4116], 'versus': [4118], 'dataNotes:': [4119], 'dashed': [4137], 'series': [4138, 4154], 'solid': [4153], 'Panel': [4162, 4229, 4358], 'A:': [4163], 'Average': [4174], 'changed': [4179], 'then': [4191], 'Gudmunsson,': [4198], '(2001),': [4201], 'define': [4203], 'weeks': [4211], 'population.': [4220], 'B:': [4230], 'Canadian': [4232], 'SSP': [4233, 4352, 4440], 'demonstration': [4234, 4442], 'randomly': [4235], 'assigned': [4236], 'subsidy': [4244], 'thirty-six': [4246], 'months': [4247], 'early': [4250], '1990s.': [4251], 'Individuals': [4252], 'faced': [4257, 4280], 'effective': [4259, 4282], '74.3': [4264], 'full': [4268], 'minimum': [4272], 'wage,': [4273], 'treatment': [4278, 4304, 4353], '16.7': [4287], 'percent.': [4288], '(2005),': [4293], 'plot': [4295, 4408], 'monthly': [4299], 'groups.': [4307], 'add': [4309], '(23.5': [4321], 'percent)': [4322], 'scaling': [4327], 'purposes.': [4328], 'Simulated': [4329], 'aged': [4337, 4432], 'sixteen': [4338, 4433], 'forty-six': [4340], 'month,': [4345], 'reflecting': [4346], '(see': [4355], 'A).': [4357], 'C:': [4359], '1995': [4370], 'lowered': [4371], 'net': [4375], 'transfers': [4379], '50.8': 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