Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2118430699', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-75-7-1597', 'title': 'Definition of the range and distribution of human immunodeficiency virus macrophage tropism using PCR-based infectivity measurements', 'display_name': 'Definition of the range and distribution of human immunodeficiency virus macrophage tropism using PCR-based infectivity measurements', 'publication_year': 1994, 'publication_date': '1994-07-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2118430699', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-75-7-1597', 'mag': '2118430699', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8021591'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-75-7-1597', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S103035011', 'display_name': 'Journal of General Virology', 'issn_l': '0022-1317', 'issn': ['0022-1317', '1465-2099'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320497', 'host_organization_name': 'Microbiology Society', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320497'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Microbiology Society'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'bronze', 'oa_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-75-7-1597', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5025010438', 'display_name': 'Matthew Collin', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2820-8706'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I40120149', 'display_name': 'University of Oxford', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/052gg0110', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I40120149']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'M. Collin', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, U.K.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, U.K.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I40120149']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5036721299', 'display_name': 'Peter B. Illei', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4440-9265'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I40120149', 'display_name': 'University of Oxford', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/052gg0110', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I40120149']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'P. Illei', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['University of Oxford'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'University of Oxford', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I40120149']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5016138987', 'display_name': 'William James', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2506-1198'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I40120149', 'display_name': 'University of Oxford', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/052gg0110', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I40120149']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'W. James', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['University of Oxford'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'University of Oxford', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I40120149']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5060388462', 'display_name': 'Siamon Gordon', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9967-3624'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I40120149', 'display_name': 'University of Oxford', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/052gg0110', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I40120149']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'S. Gordon', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['University of Oxford'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'University of Oxford', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I40120149']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 1.192, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 26, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.544227, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 87, 'max': 88}, 'biblio': {'volume': '75', 'issue': '7', 'first_page': '1597', 'last_page': '1603'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10112', 'display_name': 'HIV Research and Treatment', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2406', 'display_name': 'Virology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/24', 'display_name': 'Immunology and Microbiology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10112', 'display_name': 'HIV Research and Treatment', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2406', 'display_name': 'Virology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/24', 'display_name': 'Immunology and Microbiology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11560', 'display_name': 'Animal Disease Management and Epidemiology', 'score': 0.9972, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1102', 'display_name': 'Agronomy and Crop Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/11', 'display_name': 'Agricultural and Biological Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10526', 'display_name': 'HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment', 'score': 0.9963, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2725', 'display_name': 'Infectious Diseases'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/infectivity', 'display_name': 'Infectivity', 'score': 0.9091473}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/tissue-tropism', 'display_name': 'Tissue tropism', 'score': 0.8212898}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C35693153', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q239762', 'display_name': 'Tropism', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.97968525}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C106358424', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662346', 'display_name': 'Infectivity', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.9091473}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.86213636}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C159047783', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215', 'display_name': 'Virology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.8394321}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33602714', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7809666', 'display_name': 'Tissue tropism', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.8212898}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2522874641', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808', 'display_name': 'Virus', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6413269}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127716648', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104053', 'display_name': 'Phenotype', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.50691277}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C140704245', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3933202', 'display_name': 'Viral replication', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.41072905}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54355233', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162', 'display_name': 'Genetics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.18104845}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C104317684', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187', 'display_name': 'Gene', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.15695503}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D006678', 'descriptor_name': 'HIV', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000502', 'qualifier_name': 'physiology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008264', 'descriptor_name': 'Macrophages', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000382', 'qualifier_name': 'microbiology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016133', 'descriptor_name': 'Polymerase Chain Reaction', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001483', 'descriptor_name': 'Base Sequence', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002460', 'descriptor_name': 'Cell Line', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006678', 'descriptor_name': 'HIV', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000276', 'qualifier_name': 'immunology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006678', 'descriptor_name': 'HIV', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000235', 'qualifier_name': 'genetics', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006678', 'descriptor_name': 'HIV', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016655', 'descriptor_name': 'HIV Core Protein p24', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000032', 'qualifier_name': 'analysis', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016655', 'descriptor_name': 'HIV Core Protein p24', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008262', 'descriptor_name': 'Macrophage Activation', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008264', 'descriptor_name': 'Macrophages', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000276', 'qualifier_name': 'immunology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008264', 'descriptor_name': 'Macrophages', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008969', 'descriptor_name': 'Molecular Sequence Data', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013045', 'descriptor_name': 'Species Specificity', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013601', 'descriptor_name': 'T-Lymphocytes', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013601', 'descriptor_name': 'T-Lymphocytes', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000382', 'qualifier_name': 'microbiology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D014779', 'descriptor_name': 'Virus Replication', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-75-7-1597', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S103035011', 'display_name': 'Journal of General Virology', 'issn_l': '0022-1317', 'issn': ['0022-1317', '1465-2099'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320497', 'host_organization_name': 'Microbiology Society', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320497'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Microbiology Society'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8021591', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-75-7-1597', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S103035011', 'display_name': 'Journal of General Virology', 'issn_l': '0022-1317', 'issn': ['0022-1317', '1465-2099'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320497', 'host_organization_name': 'Microbiology Society', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320497'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Microbiology Society'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.79, 'display_name': 'Good health and well-being', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 39, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1540165068', 'https://openalex.org/W1545701301', 'https://openalex.org/W1723922714', 'https://openalex.org/W1739595091', 'https://openalex.org/W1773346304', 'https://openalex.org/W1794017375', 'https://openalex.org/W1840537526', 'https://openalex.org/W1876598876', 'https://openalex.org/W1890058237', 'https://openalex.org/W1922162046', 'https://openalex.org/W1938763205', 'https://openalex.org/W1963487395', 'https://openalex.org/W1970664121', 'https://openalex.org/W1975258429', 'https://openalex.org/W1982887925', 'https://openalex.org/W1983747887', 'https://openalex.org/W1986865717', 'https://openalex.org/W2007989611', 'https://openalex.org/W2010769658', 'https://openalex.org/W2017190280', 'https://openalex.org/W2021785678', 'https://openalex.org/W2022770520', 'https://openalex.org/W2022974362', 'https://openalex.org/W2030889255', 'https://openalex.org/W2032790020', 'https://openalex.org/W2046910649', 'https://openalex.org/W2046965609', 'https://openalex.org/W2066121768', 'https://openalex.org/W2069407559', 'https://openalex.org/W2069761065', 'https://openalex.org/W2071516463', 'https://openalex.org/W2082955208', 'https://openalex.org/W2106460806', 'https://openalex.org/W2114279162', 'https://openalex.org/W2125080468', 'https://openalex.org/W2128135205', 'https://openalex.org/W2135770620', 'https://openalex.org/W2152975649', 'https://openalex.org/W2256756668'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4386844903', 'https://openalex.org/W4366091465', 'https://openalex.org/W4319761902', 'https://openalex.org/W2384093552', 'https://openalex.org/W2362246970', 'https://openalex.org/W2174387488', 'https://openalex.org/W2001397790', 'https://openalex.org/W1986780657', 'https://openalex.org/W1953735714', 'https://openalex.org/W138586086'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'The': [0, 49], 'tropism': [1, 42, 54, 88, 99, 128], 'of': [2, 19, 40, 47, 60, 98, 106, 110, 120, 129], 'human': [3], 'immunodeficiency': [4], 'virus': [5, 111, 145], '(HIV)': [6], 'for': [7, 43, 72, 75, 117], 'macrophages': [8], '(mΓΈ)is': [9], 'a': [10, 32, 69, 90], 'well': [11], 'recognized': [12], 'phenomenon,': [13], 'but': [14], 'the': [15, 64, 96, 104, 118, 127], 'range': [16], 'and': [17, 62, 108], 'distribution': [18], 'mπ-tropic': [20, 66, 122], 'phenotypes': [21], 'have': [22, 68], 'not': [23], 'been': [24], 'defined': [25], 'by': [26, 103, 138], 'quantitative': [27], 'means.': [28], 'This': [29], 'study': [30], 'uses': [31], 'PCR-based': [33], 'infectivity': [34, 71], 'assay': [35], 'to': [36, 135], 'derive': [37], 'an': [38, 139], 'index': [39], 'mπ': [41, 53, 73, 87], 'several': [44], 'common': [45], 'strains': [46, 67, 132], 'HIV.': [48], 'results': [50], 'show': [51], 'that': [52, 63, 86], 'varies': [55], 'over': [56], 'about': [57], 'six': [58], 'orders': [59], 'magnitude': [61], 'most': [65], 'higher': [70], 'than': [74], 'peripheral': [76], 'blood': [77], 'lymphocytes.': [78], 'Strains': [79], 'were': [80], 'distributed': [81], 'throughout': [82], 'this': [83], 'range,': [84], 'suggesting': [85], 'is': [89], 'continuously': [91], 'variable': [92], 'phenotypic': [93], 'property.': [94], 'Although': [95], 'degree': [97], 'was': [100, 114, 133], 'strongly': [101], 'influenced': [102], 'mode': [105], 'isolation': [107], 'propagation': [109], 'strains,': [112], 'there': [113], 'no': [115], 'evidence': [116], 'existence': [119], 'distinct': [121], 'or': [123], 'non-mπ-tropic': [124], 'phenotypes.': [125], 'Finally,': [126], 'two': [130], 'selected': [131], 'found': [134], 'be': [136], 'determined': [137], 'early': [140], 'step': [141], 'in': [142], 'replication,': [143], 'probably': [144], 'entry.': [146]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2118430699', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-17T04:30:25.843978', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}