Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2115270048', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.62051863.x', 'title': 'Nicotine Tolerance in Chromaffin Cell Cultures: Acute and Chronic Exposure to Smoking‐Related Nicotine Doses', 'display_name': 'Nicotine Tolerance in Chromaffin Cell Cultures: Acute and Chronic Exposure to Smoking‐Related Nicotine Doses', 'publication_year': 1994, 'publication_date': '1994-05-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2115270048', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.62051863.x', 'mag': '2115270048', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8158135'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.62051863.x', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S135837084', 'display_name': 'Journal of Neurochemistry', 'issn_l': '0022-3042', 'issn': ['0022-3042', '1471-4159'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5066703519', 'display_name': 'Amy Bullock', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7237-6205'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I77920804', 'display_name': 'Albany Medical Center Hospital', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0307crw42', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I77920804']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Amy E. Bullock', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, U.S.A.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, U.S.A.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I77920804']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5040295983', 'display_name': 'Kim E. Barke', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I77920804', 'display_name': 'Albany Medical Center Hospital', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0307crw42', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I77920804']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Kim E. Barke', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, U.S.A.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, U.S.A.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I77920804']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5018328599', 'display_name': 'Allan S. Schneider', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I77920804', 'display_name': 'Albany Medical Center Hospital', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/0307crw42', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I77920804']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Allan S. Schneider', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, U.S.A.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, U.S.A.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I77920804']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 4840, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 4840, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.654, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 14, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.479311, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 81, 'max': 82}, 'biblio': {'volume': '62', 'issue': '5', 'first_page': '1863', 'last_page': '1869'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11818', 'display_name': 'Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study', 'score': 0.9998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11818', 'display_name': 'Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study', 'score': 0.9998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11178', 'display_name': 'Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling', 'score': 0.995, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10493', 'display_name': 'Ion channel regulation and function', 'score': 0.9938, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1312', 'display_name': 'Molecular Biology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/chromaffin-cell', 'display_name': 'Chromaffin cell', 'score': 0.47173607}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779547902', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28086552', 'display_name': 'Nicotine', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.9746185}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2775894120', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271663', 'display_name': 'Catecholamine', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.725806}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C134018914', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606', 'display_name': 'Endocrinology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.5302505}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C126322002', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180', 'display_name': 'Internal medicine', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.51039237}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780910648', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q919689', 'display_name': 'Chromaffin cell', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.47173607}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777667214', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q70702', 'display_name': 'Alkaloid', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4685263}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C98274493', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406', 'display_name': 'Pharmacology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.44541553}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777597313', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934888', 'display_name': 'Adrenal medulla', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.3951711}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.34616736}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C185592680', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329', 'display_name': 'Chemistry', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.33113647}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71240020', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186011', 'display_name': 'Stereochemistry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D000313', 'descriptor_name': 'Adrenal Medulla', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000187', 'qualifier_name': 'drug effects', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002118', 'descriptor_name': 'Calcium', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000378', 'qualifier_name': 'metabolism', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009538', 'descriptor_name': 'Nicotine', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000633', 'qualifier_name': 'toxicity', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009638', 'descriptor_name': 'Norepinephrine', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000378', 'qualifier_name': 'metabolism', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012907', 'descriptor_name': 'Smoking', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000109', 'descriptor_name': 'Acetylcholine', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000494', 'qualifier_name': 'pharmacology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000109', 'descriptor_name': 'Acetylcholine', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000313', 'descriptor_name': 'Adrenal Medulla', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000378', 'qualifier_name': 'metabolism', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000313', 'descriptor_name': 'Adrenal Medulla', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000704', 'descriptor_name': 'Analysis of Variance', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000818', 'descriptor_name': 'Animals', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002118', 'descriptor_name': 'Calcium', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002417', 'descriptor_name': 'Cattle', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002478', 'descriptor_name': 'Cells, Cultured', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004246', 'descriptor_name': 'Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000494', 'qualifier_name': 'pharmacology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004246', 'descriptor_name': 'Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004305', 'descriptor_name': 'Dose-Response Relationship, Drug', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D004361', 'descriptor_name': 'Drug Tolerance', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D007700', 'descriptor_name': 'Kinetics', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009538', 'descriptor_name': 'Nicotine', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009638', 'descriptor_name': 'Norepinephrine', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011188', 'descriptor_name': 'Potassium', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000494', 'qualifier_name': 'pharmacology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011188', 'descriptor_name': 'Potassium', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013997', 'descriptor_name': 'Time Factors', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.62051863.x', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S135837084', 'display_name': 'Journal of Neurochemistry', 'issn_l': '0022-3042', 'issn': ['0022-3042', '1471-4159'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8158135', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3', 'display_name': 'Good health and well-being', 'score': 0.88}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 22, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1522668923', 'https://openalex.org/W1607974042', 'https://openalex.org/W1988652789', 'https://openalex.org/W1994279940', 'https://openalex.org/W1997358626', 'https://openalex.org/W1997499133', 'https://openalex.org/W2005782249', 'https://openalex.org/W2009285843', 'https://openalex.org/W2026952731', 'https://openalex.org/W2063596141', 'https://openalex.org/W2069448376', 'https://openalex.org/W2071489050', 'https://openalex.org/W2077101781', 'https://openalex.org/W2081532420', 'https://openalex.org/W2089219015', 'https://openalex.org/W2091374932', 'https://openalex.org/W2106995929', 'https://openalex.org/W2109720904', 'https://openalex.org/W2144457042', 'https://openalex.org/W2342418389', 'https://openalex.org/W2410467118', 'https://openalex.org/W3134097395'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W73169329', 'https://openalex.org/W2417310453', 'https://openalex.org/W2150404404', 'https://openalex.org/W2074339498', 'https://openalex.org/W2070275379', 'https://openalex.org/W2058826656', 'https://openalex.org/W2028921451', 'https://openalex.org/W2005935488', 'https://openalex.org/W1976445028', 'https://openalex.org/W1546904687'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Abstract:': [0], 'Nicotine': [1, 250], 'tolerance': [2, 53, 133, 251, 284, 298], 'and': [3, 30, 50, 62, 93, 125, 166, 169, 211, 238, 266, 276, 299], 'dependence': [4], 'are': [5, 18, 76], 'key': [6], 'aspects': [7], 'of': [8, 64, 81, 102, 121, 136, 156, 190, 196, 205, 213, 222, 231, 245, 296], 'tobacco': [9], 'addiction;': [10], 'however,': [11], 'the': [12, 60, 191, 223, 228, 253], 'cellular': [13, 302], 'mechanisms': [14, 295], 'underlying': [15], 'these': [16], 'phenomena': [17], 'poorly': [19], 'understood.': [20], 'Adrenal': [21], 'chromaffin': [22, 42], 'cells': [23, 43, 75], 'release': [24, 127, 139, 158, 225, 255], 'catecholamines': [25], 'upon': [26, 128, 159], 'exposure': [27, 33, 177, 232, 247], 'to': [28, 57, 69, 78, 90, 115, 141, 147, 161, 178, 187, 194, 233, 273, 287, 290, 305], 'nicotine': [29, 37, 52, 82, 103, 116, 130, 151, 162, 182, 217, 237, 246, 260], 'with': [31, 97, 173, 279], 'repeated': [32], 'this': [34], 'response': [35, 193, 207, 256], 'exhibits': [36], 'tolerance.': [38], 'Using': [39], 'bovine': [40], 'adrenal': [41], 'in': [44, 59, 118, 143, 252], 'culture,': [45], 'we': [46], 'have': [47], 'demonstrated': [48], 'acute': [49], 'chronic': [51, 297], 'at': [54, 112, 152, 241, 248], 'doses': [55, 80], 'relevant': [56], 'that': [58], 'blood': [61], 'tissues': [63], 'smokers': [65], '(10–': [66, 104], '7': [67, 91, 180, 212, 215], 'M': [68, 72, 106, 150, 181, 216, 236], '10–': [70, 148, 179, 214, 234], '6': [71, 149, 235], ').': [73], 'Chromaffin': [74], 'preexposed': [77], 'low': [79], 'for': [83, 108, 183, 240], 'time': [84], 'periods': [85], 'ranging': [86], 'from': [87], '10': [88, 109], 'min': [89], 'days': [92, 185, 209], 'then': [94], 'subsequently': [95], 'challenged': [96], 'a': [98, 119, 188, 201, 243, 280], 'maximally': [99], 'stimulating': [100], 'dose': [101, 165], '5': [105, 210, 271], ')': [107], 'min,': [110], 'all': [111], '37°C.': [113, 153, 249], 'Preexposure': [114], 'results': [117], 'depression': [120, 155, 189, 221], '45': [122], 'Ca': [123], 'uptake': [124], 'catecholamine': [126, 138, 157, 254], 'subsequent': [129, 277], 'challenge.': [131], 'Acute': [132, 283], 'or': [134], 'desensitization': [135], 'nicotinestimulated': [137], 'begins': [140], 'occur': [142], 'minutes': [144], 'after': [145, 259, 270], 'preexposure': [146, 160], 'The': [154, 294], 'is': [163, 170, 285], 'both': [164], 'temperature': [167], 'dependent': [168], 'not': [171], 'seen': [172], 'potassium‐evoked': [174], 'release.': [175], 'Chronic': [176], '3': [184], 'led': [186], 'secretory': [192], '∼70%': [195], 'control': [197], 'responses.': [198], 'There': [199], 'was': [200, 257, 268], 'trend': [202], 'toward': [203], 'recovery': [204], 'full': [206], 'by': [208], 'preexposure.': [218], 'Nearly': [219], 'complete': [220], 'nicotine‐evoked': [224], 'occurs': [226], 'within': [227], 'first': [229], 'day': [230], 'persists': [239], 'least': [242], 'week': [244], 'reversible': [258], 'washout.': [261], 'Cross‐tolerance': [262], 'between': [263], 'nicotine,': [264], 'acetylcholine,': [265], 'dimethylphenylpiperazinium': [267], 'observed': [269], 'days’exposure': [272], 'one': [274], 'agonist': [275], 'challenge': [278], 'different': [281], 'agonist.': [282], 'likely': [286], 'be': [288, 306], 'related': [289], 'nicotinic': [291], 'receptor': [292], 'desensitization.': [293], 'potential': [300], 'adaptive': [301], 'changes': [303], 'remain': [304], 'determined.': [307]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2115270048', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-16T13:47:47.305358', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}