A global database of <scp>C</scp><sub>4</sub> photosynthesis in grasses

Name: Work Video:
Duration: 3 min 30 s
Colin P. Osborne; Anna Salomaa; Thomas Kluyver; Vernon Visser; Elizabeth A. Kellogg; Osvaldo Morrone; Maria S. Vorontsova; W. D. Clayton; David A. Simpson
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'understanding': [41, 1880], 'patterns': [43], 'and': [44, 49, 94, 136, 155, 196, 207, 221, 298, 351, 368, 384, 420, 479, 488, 508, 523, 535, 586, 600, 623, 668, 685, 717, 732, 735, 776, 791, 832, 880, 897, 903, 922, 938, 998, 1030, 1069, 1097, 1142, 1196, 1214, 1278, 1293, 1314, 1316, 1375, 1394, 1416, 1457, 1485, 1498, 1524, 1552, 1573, 1600, 1606, 1635, 1649, 1717, 1737, 1744, 1785, 1814, 1837, 1848, 1854, 1875, 1884, 1896, 1923, 1938, 1941, 1969, 1987, 2007, 2043, 2086, 2099, 2139], 'processes': [45, 54, 1886], 'evolution': [48, 93, 206, 1849], 'its': [50, 191, 1240], 'role': [51], 'ecological': [53, 197, 208, 383, 1846, 1883], 'large': [56, 240, 515, 1037, 1071], '(e.g.': [58, 117, 492], 'changes': [59], 'composition': [62], 'biomes': [64], 'under': [65], 'global': [66, 1309, 1697, 1705], 'change).': [67], 'photosynthesis': [69, 174, 212, 1230, 1731, 1813], 'most': [71, 343, 748, 785, 1093, 1126, 1157, 1255, 1307], 'prevalent': [72], 'Poaceae': [75, 769, 1287], '(grasses),': [76], 'which': [77, 388, 782, 852, 1163, 1253], 'account': [78], 'for': [79, 179, 227, 258, 278, 293, 307, 366, 378, 422, 460, 514, 567, 747, 793, 798, 814, 834, 850, 1343, 1364, 1449, 1508, 1514, 1658, 1713, 1899, 1953, 1972, 2055, 2070, 2075, 2080, 2089, 2102, 2108, 2151, 2186, 2212], 'about': [80, 1239], 'half': [81], 'all': [83, 547, 815, 1080, 1620], '(Sage': [86, 619, 1720], 'et': [87, 119, 123, 152, 165, 170, 200, 268, 337, 400, 404, 464, 468, 620, 778, 837, 1042, 1145, 1201, 1274, 1289, 1445, 1581, 1682, 1721], 'al.,': [88, 120, 124, 153, 166, 171, 201, 269, 338, 401, 405, 465, 469, 621, 838, 1043, 1146, 1202, 1275, 1290, 1582, 1683, 1722], '1999a).': [89], 'Research': [90, 1985], 'on': [91, 290, 395, 437, 532, 597, 950, 990, 1596, 1832, 1888, 1903, 1909, 1919, 2057], 'ecology': [95], 'plants': [98], 'has': [99, 371, 448, 755, 1182], 'undergone': [100], 'renaissance': [102], 'during': [103], 'last': [105], '7': [106], 'yr,': [107], 'catalyzed': [108], 'by': [109, 453, 485, 1160, 1412, 1980, 1993, 2000, 2009, 2014, 2027, 2161, 2196], 'phylogenetic': [110, 1180, 1245, 1777, 1838], 'analyses': [111, 1778], 'showing': [112, 650], 'multiple': [113, 1131, 1597, 1781], 'parallel': [114], 'origins': [116], 'Christin': [118, 1041, 1898], '2007;': [121], 'Vicentini': [122], '2008;': [125, 146, 167], 'GPWG': [126], 'II,': [127], '2012),': [128], 'insights': [129, 1843], 'into': [130, 162, 1844], 'assembly': [137], 'grassland': [141], 'biome': [142], '(Edwards': [143], '&': [144, 148, 333, 472, 476, 638, 773, 1024, 1112, 1469, 1820], 'Still,': [145], 'Edwards': [147, 151], 'Smith,': [149], '2010;': [150, 466], '2010),': [154, 1300], 'efforts': [156], 'introduce': [158], 'pathway': [161, 325, 654, 761, 879, 884, 1089, 1411, 1526, 1560, 1675, 1828], 'rice': [163], '(Hibberd': [164], 'von': [168], 'Caemmerer': [169], '2012).': [172, 1147], 'an': [176, 273, 615, 632, 1107, 1604, 1809, 1862], 'excellent': [177], 'model': [178, 231], 'investigating': [180], 'complex': [181, 1852], 'evolution,': [183], 'because': [184, 694, 1301], 'broad': [187, 1660], 'knowledge': [188], 'base': [189], 'describing': [190], 'biochemical': [192], 'basis,': [193], 'evolutionary': [194, 385, 1132, 1241, 1789, 1885], 'history,': [195], 'interactions': [198], '(Christin': [199], '2010).': [202, 496], 'Investigations': [203], 'significance': [209, 1847], 'are': [213, 225, 236, 251, 309, 390, 431, 711, 722, 853, 914, 933, 936, 1006, 1012, 1052, 1065, 1317, 1369, 1562, 1613, 1891, 2148], 'increasingly': [214, 396], 'turning': [215], 'large-scale': [217, 1665, 1761, 1873], 'comparisons': [218, 235], 'C3': [220, 522, 610, 634, 674, 883, 902, 1103, 1170, 1193], 'species.': [223, 232, 518, 867], 'These': [224, 1005, 1426], 'straightforward': [226, 1336], 'well-characterized': [228], 'common': [229], 'However,': [233, 441, 562, 1095, 1243], 'when': [234, 286, 305, 1067], 'extended': [237], 'include': [239], 'numbers': [241, 516], 'nonmodel': [243], 'species,': [244], 'two': [245], 'important': [246, 1066, 1841], 'challenges': [247, 377], 'arise.': [248], 'First,': [249, 1406], 'there': [250, 316, 430, 1051], '>': [252], '62': [253, 825], '000': [254, 264], 'published': [255, 302, 533, 827, 1541], 'scientific': [256, 427, 828, 1414], 'names': [257, 292, 428, 766, 790, 829, 831, 1313, 1438, 1543], 'grasses': [259, 528, 794, 835, 1734, 1818], 'corresponding': [260, 2210], 'over': [262, 1281, 1792], '11': [263, 864, 1054], 'accepted': [265, 280, 764, 789, 821, 1312, 1413, 1436], '(Clayton': [267, 836, 1273, 1288, 1681], '2002b': [270, 839, 1276], 'onwards),': [271, 781, 1027], 'making': [272], 'average': [274], 'five': [276], 'synonyms': [277, 308, 1484], 'each': [279, 550, 1083], 'name.': [281], 'This': [282, 740, 1701, 1906], 'leads': [283], 'problems': [285], 'linking': [287], 'data': [288, 303, 389, 446, 646, 762, 1341, 1530, 1561, 1575, 1593, 1647, 1667, 1680, 1710, 1775, 1802, 1829, 1868, 1961], 'based': [289, 530, 1595], 'alternative': [291], 'same': [295, 554, 1087, 1355], 'concept,': [297], 'redundancy': [300], 'surveys,': [304], 'values': [306], 'presented': [310], 'as': [311, 1101, 1402, 1747], 'independent': [312], 'data.': [313, 364, 1378, 1638], 'Second,': [314, 1454], 'although': [315], 'have': [317, 842, 987, 1137, 1262, 1915], 'been': [318, 449, 574, 756, 988], 'extensive': [319], 'previous': [320, 542, 605, 648, 1709, 1912], 'surveys': [321], 'spanning': [326], 'diversity': [328], '(Hattersley': [332], 'Watson,': [334, 1937], '1992;': [335], 'Sage': [336], '1999a),': [339, 622], 'rarity': [341], 'means': [345, 741, 1209], 'that': [346, 546, 570, 651, 659, 742, 870, 1079, 1184, 1210, 1788, 1910], 'this': [347, 442, 805, 848, 978, 1075, 1155, 1185, 1550, 1610, 1795, 1851, 1975], 'work': [348, 973, 1181, 1246, 1907], 'incomplete,': [350], 'synonymy': [353, 367, 792, 806], 'problem': [354], 'makes': [355], 'it': [356, 1334, 1859], 'difficult': [357], 'identify': [359], 'gaps': [361], 'Accounting': [365], 'spelling': [369, 1486, 1489], 'variants/mistakes': [370], 'become': [372], 'one': [373, 408, 1016], 'central': [376], 'emerging': [380], 'fields': [381], 'informatics,': [386], 'synthesized': [391], 'across': [392], 'different': [393], 'sources': [394], 'larger': [397], '(Jones': [399], '2006;': [402], 'Sidlauskas': [403], '2009).': [406], 'In': [407, 642, 1049], 'infamous': [409], 'example,': [410, 1670, 1765], '22.5': [412], 'million': [413], 'record': [414], 'database': [415, 520, 744, 859, 1380, 1401, 1527], 'plant': [417, 435, 2106], 'occurrences': [419], 'traits': [421, 513], 'Americas': [424], 'contained': [425], 'more': [426, 1014], 'than': [429, 1015, 2167, 2202], 'thought': [432], 'be': [434, 504, 965, 1002, 1168, 1217, 1382, 1418, 1461, 1546, 1693, 1870, 2171, 2206], 'Earth': [438], '(Whitfield,': [439], '2011).': [440, 1203], 'taxonomic': [443], 'impediment': [444], 'synthesis': [447, 1874], 'progressively': [450], 'broken': [451], 'down': [452], 'combination': [455], 'new': [457, 954, 1324, 1351, 1656, 1757, 1782], 'methodological': [458], 'developments': [459], 'name': [461], 'matching': [462], '(Patterson': [463], 'Boyle': [467], '2013;': [470, 474, 1044, 1471], 'Chamberlain': [471], 'Szocs,': [473], 'Kluyver': [475], 'Osborne,': [477, 1470], '2013),': [478], 'compilation': [481], 'nomenclatural': [483], 'databases': [484, 510, 1073, 1918], 'botanic': [486], 'gardens': [487], 'natural': [489], 'history': [490], 'museums': [491], 'The': [493, 677, 858, 961, 1077, 1148, 1204, 1294, 1354, 1387, 1756, 1823, 2021, 2181], 'Plant': [494, 1295, 1298], 'List,': [495, 1299], 'Here,': [497], 'we': [498, 563, 695, 1403], 'showcase': [499], 'how': [500, 1865], 'such': [501, 1100], 'resources': [502, 1304], 'may': [503, 964, 1381, 1417, 1460, 1544, 1869], 'used': [505, 1263, 1773, 1800, 1871], 'assemble': [507, 1590, 1616], 'index': [509], 'discrete': [512], 'Our': [519, 753, 1379], 'types': [526], 'principally': [531], 'anatomical': [534, 994, 1855], 'stable': [536], 'carbon': [537], 'isotope': [538, 2110], 'evidence.': [539], 'We': [540, 593, 841, 1261, 1890, 1949, 2046, 2093], 'followed': [541], 'authors': [543, 1913], 'assuming': [545], 'within': [549, 1082, 1172, 1198, 1463, 1576], 'genus': [551, 618, 928, 1084, 1110, 1176, 1259, 1352], 'shared': [552], 'pathway,': [556, 1632], 'unless': [557], 'evidence': [559], 'suggested': [560], 'otherwise.': [561], 'also': [564, 594, 999, 1759, 2094], 'measured': [565, 601], 'δ13C': [566, 602, 955], '99': [568], 'had': [571], 'not': [572, 1235, 2149, 2184], 'previously': [573, 967, 1165], 'surveyed,': [575], 'including': [576, 1926], '96': [577], 'Panicum': [580, 690, 895, 929, 947, 1268, 1344], 's.l.,': [581, 896, 930], 'Acostia': [582], 'gracilis,': [583], 'Lophopogon': [584], 'tridentatus': [585], 'Thedachloa': [587], 'annua': [588], '(Supporting': [589], 'Information': [590, 1423], 'Table': [591, 1347], 'S1).': [592, 888, 960], 'obtained': [595, 1532], 'information': [596, 1238, 1368, 1831, 2056, 2159, 2194], 'leaf': [598, 1921, 2059], 'anatomy': [599, 1922, 2060], 'check': [604], 'unverified': [606], 'reports': [607], '(Stipagrostis': [612], 'paradisea)': [613], 'otherwise': [616, 633, 1108], 'subspecies': [626], '(Chaetobromus': [627], 'dregeanus': [628, 670, 2074], 'ssp.': [629, 671], 'involucratus)': [630], 'subfamily': [635], '(Danthonioideae;': [636], 'Watson': [637, 1023, 1952], 'Dallwitz,': [639, 1025], '1992': [640, 1026], 'onwards).': [641, 840], 'both': [643, 901, 1483], 'cases,': [644], 'our': [645, 802, 1774, 1801, 1826, 1879], 'contradicted': [647], 'reports,': [649], 'taxa': [657, 1451], 'matches': [658], 'their': [661, 1900, 2100], 'close': [662], 'relatives;': [663], 'S.': [664], 'paradisea': [665], 'C.': [669, 1927], 'involucratus': [672], '(Table': [675, 738, 885, 912, 1177, 1360], '1).': [676, 1178, 1361, 1700], 'Taeniorhachis': [681], 'repens,': [682], 'Veldkampia': [683], 'sagaingensis': [684], '39': [686], 'rare': [687], 's.l.': [691, 1269, 1345, 1359], 'remain': [692, 940], 'unclassified,': [693], 'were': [696], 'unable': [697], 'take': [699], 'samples': [700], 'type': [702, 813, 945], 'specimens': [703], 'herbarium': [705], 'collections.': [706], 'Most': [707], 'endemics': [712, 723], 'Madagascar': [714], '(26': [715], 'species),': [716], 'remaining': [719], '13': [720], 'small': [726], 'number': [727, 981, 1062, 1990], 'countries': [729, 749], 'Africa': [731], 'Southeast': [733, 1718], 'Asia,': [734], 'oceanic': [736], 'islands': [737], 'S2).': [739], 'complete': [746], 'world.': [752], 'approach': [754], 'map': [758, 1702], 'onto': [763], 'taxonomy': [770, 1442, 1523], 'Clayton': [772, 777, 1444], 'Renvoize': [774], '(1986)': [775], 'al.': [779, 1446], '(2002b': [780], 'comprehensive': [786, 1917], 'treatment': [787], '(see': [795, 1346], 'Methods': [796], 'S1': [797], 'full': [799], 'methodology).': [800], 'Coupling': [801], 'dataset': [803, 1676, 1758], 'allows': [807, 1685], 'users': [808, 1365, 1587, 1612], 'return': [810], 'except': [816], '46': [817], '(corresponding': [818], '41': [820, 939], 'species)': [822, 921], '678': [826], '(accepted': [830], 'synonyms)': [833], 'developed': [843], 'software': [844, 1328, 1465], 'tools': [845, 1329], 'facilitate': [847], 'task': [849], 'users,': [851], 'detailed': [854, 1330], 'following.': [857], 'covers': [860], '99.6%': [861], '087': [865], 'grass': [866, 1152, 1207, 1542, 1621, 1690, 1751, 1920], 'It': [868, 1491, 1724], 'shows': [869], '42%': [871], 'use': [875, 1960], '57%': [881], 'S3;': [886], 'Notes': [887, 959], 'Six': [889], 'genera': [890, 918, 1153, 1208], '(Alloteropsis,': [891], 'Aristida,': [892], 'Eragrostis,': [893], 'Neurachne,': [894], 'Streptostachys': [898, 1031, 1358], 's.l.)': [899], 'contain': [900], '(Tables': [906, 957, 996, 1424], '1,S4).': [907], 'Seven': [908], 'C3–C4': [909, 969, 985, 1056], 'intermediate': [910], '1)': [913], 'distributed': [915], 'between': [916, 1134, 1811], 'Neurachne': [919], '(one': [920], 'Steinchisma': [923], '(six': [924], 'species).': [925], 'Within': [926], '169': [931], 'C4,': [934], '250': [935], 'unknown,': [941], 'ruspolii': [948], 'ambiguous': [949], 'basis': [952, 992], 'measurements': [956], 'S1,S2,S4;': [958], 'latter': [962], 'unrecognized': [968], 'intermediate,': [970], 'but': [971, 1391], 'further': [972, 983], 'required': [975], 'test': [977], 'hypothesis.': [979], 'A': [980, 1061, 1517], 'potential': [984], 'intermediates': [986, 1057], 'identified': [989], 'observations': [995], '1,S3),': [997], 'need': [1000], 'investigated': [1003], 'physiologically.': [1004], 'Dregeochloa': [1007], 'calviniensis': [1008], '(most': [1009], 'mesophyll': [1010], 'cells': [1011], 'no': [1013], 'cell': [1017], 'distant': [1018], 'bundle': [1020, 1038], 'sheath': [1021, 1039], 'cells;': [1022, 1040], 'Homolepis': [1028], 'aturensis': [1029], 'asperifolia': [1032], '(concentration': [1033], 'chloroplasts': [1035], 'P-A.': [1045], 'Christin,': [1046], 'pers.': [1047], 'comm.).': [1048], 'total': [1050], 'therefore': [1053], 'putative': [1055], 'grasses.': [1060], 'caveats': [1064], 'collating': [1068], 'using': [1070, 1479], 'kind.': [1076], 'assumption': [1078], 'share': [1085], 'reasonable': [1091], 'cases.': [1094], 'significant': [1096], 'interesting': [1098], 'exceptions,': [1099], 'Aristida': [1104], '(Cerros-Tlatilpa': [1111], 'Columbus,': [1113], '2009),': [1114], 'raise': [1115], 'possibility': [1117], 'errors': [1119], 'level.': [1123], 'Misclassification': [1124], 'likely': [1127], 'lineages': [1129], 'where': [1130], 'transitions': [1133], 'occurred,': [1138], 'especially': [1139, 1712], 'Paniceae': [1141], 'Paspaleae': [1143], '(Morrone': [1144], 'polyphyly': [1149, 1205, 1251], 'many': [1151], 'accentuates': [1154], 'problem,': [1156], 'acutely': [1158], 'illustrated': [1159], 'Eragrostis': [1161, 1199], 'walteri,': [1162], 'was': [1164, 1978, 2025], 'considered': [1166], 'wholly': [1174], 'Recent': [1179], 'demonstrated': [1183], 'actually': [1188], 'member': [1190], 'Arundinoideae': [1194], 'lineage': [1195], 'misplaced': [1197], '(Ingram': [1200], 'Tables': [1211], '1,': [1212], 'S3': [1213], 'S4': [1215], 'should': [1216, 2170, 2205], 'interpreted': [1218], 'caution.': [1220], 'While': [1221], 'they': [1222, 1233], 'do': [1223, 1234], 'catalogue': [1224], 'known': [1226], 'taxa,': [1232], 'necessarily': [1236], 'provide': [1237, 1305], 'history.': [1242], 'ongoing': [1244], 'steadily': [1248], 'resolving': [1249], 'issue,': [1252], 'acute': [1256], 'Panicum.': [1260], 'conservative': [1265], 'circumscription': [1266], 'adopted': [1270], 'GrassBase': [1272], 'onwards)': [1277, 1292, 1448], 'recently': [1279], 'carried': [1280], 'World': [1284, 1967], 'Checklist': [1285], '2012': [1291], 'List': [1296], '(The': [1297], 'online': [1303], 'comprehensive,': [1308], 'list': [1310, 1409, 1434, 1618], 'synonyms,': [1315], 'regularly': [1318], 'updated': [1319], 'light': [1322], 'publications.': [1325], 'Using': [1326, 1609], 'following,': [1333], 'link': [1338], 'C3/C4': [1340], 'listed': [1342], 'S4)': [1348], 'circumscriptions.': [1353], 'applies': [1356], 'Easy': [1362], 'routes': [1363], 'access': [1367], 'determinants': [1371], 'usefulness': [1374], 'usage': [1376], 'accessed': [1383, 1419, 1602], 'via': [1384, 1500, 1528, 1603], 'three': [1385], 'routes.': [1386], 'static,': [1390], 'second': [1393], 'third': [1395], 'will': [1396], 'report': [1397], 'updates': [1398], 'make': [1404], 'them.': [1405, 1948], 'simple': [1407, 1503, 1607], 'tables': [1408], 'name,': [1415], 'Supporting': [1422], 'S3,S4).': [1425], 'require': [1427], 'user': [1429, 1518], 'prepare': [1432], 'according': [1439], '(2012': [1447], 'interest.': [1453], 'name-matching': [1456], 'data-linkage': [1458], 'steps': [1459, 1645], 'combined': [1462], 'package': [1466], 'Taxonome': [1467, 1476, 1535], '(Kluyver': [1468], 'http://taxonome.bitbucket.org;': [1472], 'persistent': [1473], 'URL': [1474], 'http://purl.org/NET/taxonome).': [1475], 'links': [1477], 'datasets': [1478], 'names,': [1481, 1497], 'handling': [1482], 'variants': [1487], '(including': [1488], 'mistakes).': [1490], 'deals': [1492], 'rapidly': [1493, 1547], 'millions': [1495], 'runs': [1499], 'either': [1501], 'Graphical': [1504], 'User': [1505], 'Interface': [1506], '(GUI)': [1507], 'basic': [1509], 'functionality': [1510, 2155, 2190], 'python': [1512], 'scripts': [1513], 'advanced': [1515], 'users.': [1516], 'loads': [1520], 'Kew': [1522, 1566], 'file': [1531], 'website.': [1536], 'Custom': [1537], 'lists': [1538], 'comprising': [1539], 'any': [1540, 2157, 2192], 'then': [1545], 'matched': [1548], 'database,': [1551], 'outputted': [1553], 'CSV': [1555], 'format.': [1556], 'Third,': [1557], 'linked': [1563, 1629], 'taxonomy,': [1567], 'together': [1568], 'morphological,': [1570], 'phylogenetic,': [1571], 'biogeographic': [1572], 'environmental': [1574, 1636, 1835], 'GrassPortal': [1578, 1585, 1653, 2011, 2024], 'system': [1579], '(Osborne': [1580], 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