Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2109144159', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2007.00402.x', 'title': 'Information and Communications Technology as a General-Purpose Technology: Evidence from US Industry Data', 'display_name': 'Information and Communications Technology as a General-Purpose Technology: Evidence from US Industry Data', 'publication_year': 2007, 'publication_date': '2007-05-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2109144159', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2007.00402.x', 'mag': '2109144159'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2007.00402.x', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S13669392', 'display_name': 'German Economic Review', 'issn_l': '1465-6485', 'issn': ['1465-6485', '1468-0475'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'http://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/publications/economic-review/2008/er1-15.pdf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5103818823', 'display_name': 'Susanto Basu', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I103531236', 'display_name': 'Boston College', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02n2fzt79', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I103531236']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I111088046', 'display_name': 'Boston University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05qwgg493', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I111088046']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Susanto Basu', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Boston College and NBER, Boston , United States of America'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Boston College and NBER, Boston , United States of America', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I103531236', 'https://openalex.org/I111088046']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5083232441', 'display_name': 'John G. Fernald', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3291-9324'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I19990318', 'display_name': 'Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05p5xsx92', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'other', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1317239608', 'https://openalex.org/I19990318']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'John Fernald', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, San Francisco , United States of America'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, San Francisco , United States of America', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I19990318']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 3, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 14.536, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 250, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999973, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 98, 'max': 99}, 'biblio': {'volume': '8', 'issue': '2', 'first_page': '146', 'last_page': '173'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10393', 'display_name': 'Economic Growth and Productivity', 'score': 0.9997, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10393', 'display_name': 'Economic Growth and Productivity', 'score': 0.9997, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12851', 'display_name': 'Firm Innovation and Growth', 'score': 0.9925, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11014', 'display_name': 'Regional Economics and Spatial Analysis', 'score': 0.9921, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/investment', 'display_name': 'Investment', 'score': 0.5489831}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/capital', 'display_name': 'Capital (architecture)', 'score': 0.45528424}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C67363961', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5268834', 'display_name': 'Information and Communications Technology', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.8650712}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C120009192', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1936153', 'display_name': 'Total factor productivity', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.8545951}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C204983608', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958', 'display_name': 'Productivity', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6264764}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C27548731', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272', 'display_name': 'Investment (military)', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5489831}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.52823824}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121017731', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11661', 'display_name': 'Information technology', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.46355382}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C83646750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893', 'display_name': 'Capital (architecture)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.45528424}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144133560', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453', 'display_name': 'Business', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.40418977}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C40700', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783', 'display_name': 'Industrial organization', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.40001625}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C50522688', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833', 'display_name': 'Economic growth', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.17565927}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C95457728', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309', 'display_name': 'History', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C166957645', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498', 'display_name': 'Archaeology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C94625758', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163', 'display_name': 'Politics', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 3, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2007.00402.x', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S13669392', 'display_name': 'German Economic Review', 'issn_l': '1465-6485', 'issn': ['1465-6485', '1468-0475'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/publications/economic-review/2008/er1-15.pdf', 'pdf_url': 'http://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/publications/economic-review/2008/er1-15.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401271', 'display_name': 'RePEc: Research Papers in Economics', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I77793887', 'host_organization_name': 'Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I77793887'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://www.frbsf.org/publications/economics/papers/2006/wp06-29bk.pdf', 'pdf_url': 'http://www.frbsf.org/publications/economics/papers/2006/wp06-29bk.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401271', 'display_name': 'RePEc: Research Papers in Economics', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I77793887', 'host_organization_name': 'Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I77793887'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/publications/economic-review/2008/er1-15.pdf', 'pdf_url': 'http://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/publications/economic-review/2008/er1-15.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401271', 'display_name': 'RePEc: Research Papers in Economics', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I77793887', 'host_organization_name': 'Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I77793887'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.56, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9', 'display_name': 'Industry, innovation and infrastructure'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 72, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1485157637', 'https://openalex.org/W1492832303', 'https://openalex.org/W1519209890', 'https://openalex.org/W1573424986', 'https://openalex.org/W1574419499', 'https://openalex.org/W1575886558', 'https://openalex.org/W1593348544', 'https://openalex.org/W1836463685', 'https://openalex.org/W1976220267', 'https://openalex.org/W1992082737', 'https://openalex.org/W20043427', 'https://openalex.org/W2014818053', 'https://openalex.org/W2030581233', 'https://openalex.org/W2033912020', 'https://openalex.org/W2045472670', 'https://openalex.org/W2048997388', 'https://openalex.org/W2058747356', 'https://openalex.org/W2066983550', 'https://openalex.org/W2072985749', 'https://openalex.org/W2098066763', 'https://openalex.org/W2101697889', 'https://openalex.org/W2110867059', 'https://openalex.org/W2118740044', 'https://openalex.org/W2123406983', 'https://openalex.org/W2138088289', 'https://openalex.org/W2139460953', 'https://openalex.org/W2148786323', 'https://openalex.org/W2148821773', 'https://openalex.org/W2149820083', 'https://openalex.org/W2151169308', 'https://openalex.org/W2151787963', 'https://openalex.org/W2157696338', 'https://openalex.org/W2158397738', 'https://openalex.org/W2161664190', 'https://openalex.org/W2165747922', 'https://openalex.org/W2166881616', 'https://openalex.org/W2243830328', 'https://openalex.org/W2282064322', 'https://openalex.org/W2729387373', 'https://openalex.org/W3121262326', 'https://openalex.org/W3121983458', 'https://openalex.org/W3121990263', 'https://openalex.org/W3122241369', 'https://openalex.org/W3122658216', 'https://openalex.org/W3122671044', 'https://openalex.org/W3122703223', 'https://openalex.org/W3122825306', 'https://openalex.org/W3123031166', 'https://openalex.org/W3123123939', 'https://openalex.org/W3123275472', 'https://openalex.org/W3123653760', 'https://openalex.org/W3123783127', 'https://openalex.org/W3124310943', 'https://openalex.org/W3124871433', 'https://openalex.org/W3124979682', 'https://openalex.org/W3125325451', 'https://openalex.org/W3125713971', 'https://openalex.org/W3125869861', 'https://openalex.org/W3125976029', 'https://openalex.org/W3142547804', 'https://openalex.org/W3142858625', 'https://openalex.org/W4206495155', 'https://openalex.org/W4210510034', 'https://openalex.org/W4214846413', 'https://openalex.org/W4231059206', 'https://openalex.org/W4242556850', 'https://openalex.org/W4252451855', 'https://openalex.org/W4285719527', 'https://openalex.org/W4298863114', 'https://openalex.org/W4300622996', 'https://openalex.org/W54855182', 'https://openalex.org/W82265644'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W3119206349', 'https://openalex.org/W2902807880', 'https://openalex.org/W2567633059', 'https://openalex.org/W2402644303', 'https://openalex.org/W2343685431', 'https://openalex.org/W2298956020', 'https://openalex.org/W2271295282', 'https://openalex.org/W2256449284', 'https://openalex.org/W2159045505', 'https://openalex.org/W2086599643'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Abstract': [0], 'Many': [1], 'people': [2], 'point': [3], 'to': [4, 76], 'information': [5], 'and': [6, 78], 'communications': [7], 'technology': [8, 90], '(ICT)': [9], 'as': [10, 29, 72, 131], 'the': [11, 15, 20, 24, 93, 96, 115, 128, 154], 'key': [12], 'for': [13, 138], 'understanding': [14], 'acceleration': [16, 94], 'in': [17, 19, 42, 64, 103, 114, 127, 150, 153], 'productivity': [18, 38], 'United': [21], 'States': [22], 'since': [23], 'mid-1990s.': [25], 'Stories': [26], 'of': [27, 49], 'ICT': [28, 65, 124, 140, 151], 'a': [30, 58], '‘general-purpose': [31], 'technology’': [32], 'suggest': [33], 'that': [34, 82], 'measured': [35], 'total': [36], 'factor': [37], '(TFP)': [39], 'should': [40], 'rise': [41], 'ICT-using': [43, 104], 'sectors': [44], '(reflecting': [45], 'either': [46], 'unobserved': [47], 'accumulation': [48], 'intangible': [50], 'organizational': [51], 'capital;': [52], 'spillovers;': [53], 'or': [54], 'both),': [55], 'but': [56], 'with': [57, 69, 88, 120, 148], 'long': [59], 'lag.': [60], 'Contemporaneously,': [61], 'however,': [62], 'investments': [63], 'may': [66], 'be': [67], 'associated': [68], 'lower': [70], 'TFP': [71, 112, 143], 'resources': [73], 'are': [74, 86, 117, 145], 'diverted': [75], 'reorganization': [77], 'learning.': [79], 'We': [80], 'find': [81], 'US': [83], 'industry': [84, 111, 123, 142], 'results': [85], 'consistent': [87], 'general-purpose': [89], '(GPT)': [91], 'stories:': [92], 'after': [95, 136], 'mid-1990s': [97], 'was': [98], 'broad-based': [99], '-': [100], 'located': [101], 'primarily': [102], 'industries': [105], 'rather': [106], 'than': [107], 'ICT-producing': [108], 'industries.': [109], 'Furthermore,': [110], 'accelerations': [113, 144], '2000s': [116], 'positively': [118], 'correlated': [119, 147], '(appropriately': [121], 'weighted)': [122], 'capital': [125], 'growth': [126], '1990s.': [129], 'Indeed,': [130], 'GPT': [132], 'stories': [133], 'would': [134], 'suggest,': [135], 'controlling': [137], 'past': [139], 'investment,': [141], 'negatively': [146], 'increases': [149], 'usage': [152], '2000s.': [155]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2109144159', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 15}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 27}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 23}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 13}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 28}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 14}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 34}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 13}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-19T02:27:15.830670', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}