Title: Gape morphology of cod<i> Gadus morhua </i>L., haddock<i> Melanogrammus aeglefinus </i>(L.) and whiting<i> Merlangius merlangus </i>(L.) through metamorphosis from larvae to juveniles in the western Irish Sea
Abstract:Variations in standard length ( L S ), gape size ( S G ) and jaw length ( L J ) were studied in larval and juvenile gadoids (cod Gadus morhua , haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus and whiting Merlangius ...Variations in standard length ( L S ), gape size ( S G ) and jaw length ( L J ) were studied in larval and juvenile gadoids (cod Gadus morhua , haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus and whiting Merlangius merlangus ) from 4 to 70 mm. The increase in S G and L J was not linear with respect to L S . The relationship was best described by segmented regression lines in all three species, with an inflection point at c . 10·5 mm. The S G and L J increased more rapidly in relation to larval L S for individuals smaller than this inflection point size. The rates of increase slowed significantly post‐inflection, an effect more noticeable in S G data compared to L J data. In each case, the inflection point fell in the intermediate period of development between the larval and juvenile stages, which could be considered as metamorphosis. Published equations that have been used to predict S G from L J lead to the overestimation of gape. New relationships are presented, which may be used to predict S G from measurements of either L S or upper jaw length in cod, haddock and whiting.Read More
Publication Year: 2006
Publication Date: 2006-10-31
Language: en
Type: article
Indexed In: ['crossref']
Access and Citation
Cited By Count: 17
AI Researcher Chatbot
Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2108597096', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01200.x', 'title': 'Gape morphology of cod<i> Gadus morhua </i>L., haddock<i> Melanogrammus aeglefinus </i>(L.) and whiting<i> Merlangius merlangus </i>(L.) through metamorphosis from larvae to juveniles in the western Irish Sea', 'display_name': 'Gape morphology of cod<i> Gadus morhua </i>L., haddock<i> Melanogrammus aeglefinus </i>(L.) and whiting<i> Merlangius merlangus </i>(L.) through metamorphosis from larvae to juveniles in the western Irish Sea', 'publication_year': 2006, 'publication_date': '2006-10-31', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2108597096', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01200.x', 'mag': '2108597096'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01200.x', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S9351502', 'display_name': 'Journal of Fish Biology', 'issn_l': '0022-1112', 'issn': ['0022-1112', '1095-8649'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_indexed_in_scopus': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5091194757', 'display_name': 'William Ll. Rowlands', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': ['IM', 'NL'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'W. Ll. Rowlands', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['*\n Port Erin Marine Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Port Erin, Isle of Man, IM9 6JA, British Isles and \n\n ‡\n Netherlands Institute of Fisheries Research, P. O. Box 68, 1970 AB IJmuiden, The Netherlands'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': '*\n Port Erin Marine Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Port Erin, Isle of Man, IM9 6JA, British Isles and \n\n ‡\n Netherlands Institute of Fisheries Research, P. O. Box 68, 1970 AB IJmuiden, The Netherlands', 'institution_ids': []}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5011460076', 'display_name': 'Mark Dickey‐Collas', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3154-8039'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': ['IM', 'NL'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'M. Dickey‐Collas', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['*\n Port Erin Marine Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Port Erin, Isle of Man, IM9 6JA, British Isles and \n\n ‡\n Netherlands Institute of Fisheries Research, P. O. Box 68, 1970 AB IJmuiden, The Netherlands'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': '*\n Port Erin Marine Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Port Erin, Isle of Man, IM9 6JA, British Isles and \n\n ‡\n Netherlands Institute of Fisheries Research, P. O. Box 68, 1970 AB IJmuiden, The Netherlands', 'institution_ids': []}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5020300254', 'display_name': 'Audrey J. Geffen', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6946-5282'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4432739', 'display_name': 'University of Bergen', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03zga2b32', 'country_code': 'NO', 'type': 'funder', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4432739']}], 'countries': ['NO'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'A. J. Geffen', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['*\n Port Erin Marine Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Port Erin, Isle of Man, IM9 6JA, British Isles and \n\n ‡\n Netherlands Institute of Fisheries Research, P. O. Box 68, 1970 AB IJmuiden, The Netherlands', 'Present address: Department of Biology, University of Bergen, P. O. Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Present address: Department of Biology, University of Bergen, P. O. Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4432739']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': '*\n Port Erin Marine Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Port Erin, Isle of Man, IM9 6JA, British Isles and \n\n ‡\n Netherlands Institute of Fisheries Research, P. O. Box 68, 1970 AB IJmuiden, The Netherlands', 'institution_ids': []}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5087714138', 'display_name': 'Richard D.M. Nash', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0958-149X'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2802153510', 'display_name': 'Norwegian Institute of Marine Research', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05vg74d16', 'country_code': 'NO', 'type': 'funder', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2802153510', 'https://openalex.org/I4210116418', 'https://openalex.org/I4210149801']}], 'countries': ['NO'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'R. D. M. Nash', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['*\n Port Erin Marine Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Port Erin, Isle of Man, IM9 6JA, British Isles and \n\n ‡\n Netherlands Institute of Fisheries Research, P. O. Box 68, 1970 AB IJmuiden, The Netherlands', 'Present address: Institute of Marine Research, P. O. Box 1870, N-5817 Bergen, Norway.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': '*\n Port Erin Marine Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Port Erin, Isle of Man, IM9 6JA, British Isles and \n\n ‡\n Netherlands Institute of Fisheries Research, P. O. Box 68, 1970 AB IJmuiden, The Netherlands', 'institution_ids': []}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Present address: Institute of Marine Research, P. O. Box 1870, N-5817 Bergen, Norway.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I2802153510']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 3, 'institutions_distinct_count': 2, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5091194757'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 4070, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 4070, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 1.624, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 17, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.680952, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 85, 'max': 86}, 'biblio': {'volume': '69', 'issue': '5', 'first_page': '1379', 'last_page': '1395'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10230', 'display_name': 'Marine and fisheries research', 'score': 0.9994, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2306', 'display_name': 'Global and Planetary Change'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/23', 'display_name': 'Environmental Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10230', 'display_name': 'Marine and fisheries research', 'score': 0.9994, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2306', 'display_name': 'Global and Planetary Change'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/23', 'display_name': 'Environmental Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12319', 'display_name': 'Fish Biology and Ecology Studies', 'score': 0.998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1104', 'display_name': 'Aquatic Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/11', 'display_name': 'Agricultural and Biological Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10450', 'display_name': 'Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth', 'score': 0.9978, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1104', 'display_name': 'Aquatic Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/11', 'display_name': 'Agricultural and Biological Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/haddock', 'display_name': 'Haddock', 'score': 0.9759823}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/whiting', 'display_name': 'Whiting', 'score': 0.96876776}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/gadidae', 'display_name': 'Gadidae', 'score': 0.7373752}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/inflection-point', 'display_name': 'Inflection point', 'score': 0.4758401}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777080836', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202406', 'display_name': 'Haddock', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.9759823}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2781291695', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17067271', 'display_name': 'Whiting', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.96876776}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777883778', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q248924', 'display_name': 'Gadus', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.9123585}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.8293717}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778510112', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208028', 'display_name': 'Gadidae', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.7373752}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C505870484', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180538', 'display_name': 'Fishery', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.6408058}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C115961737', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1516282', 'display_name': 'Juvenile', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.60322785}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C136397037', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33753', 'display_name': 'Metamorphosis', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.54711956}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C74545648', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212794', 'display_name': 'Inflection point', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4758401}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C173758957', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129270', 'display_name': 'Larva', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44899836}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C140793950', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091', 'display_name': 'Animal science', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.34819978}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C90856448', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431', 'display_name': 'Zoology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.33446038}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779428213', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199788', 'display_name': 'Atlantic cod', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.2921356}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C18903297', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150', 'display_name': 'Ecology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.1867167}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2909208804', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127282', 'display_name': 'Fish <Actinopterygii>', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.092511326}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2524010', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087', 'display_name': 'Geometry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.049499005}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.044644237}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01200.x', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S9351502', 'display_name': 'Journal of Fish Biology', 'issn_l': '0022-1112', 'issn': ['0022-1112', '1095-8649'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_indexed_in_scopus': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14', 'score': 0.9, 'display_name': 'Life below water'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 45, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W102497392', 'https://openalex.org/W144932837', 'https://openalex.org/W1567850317', 'https://openalex.org/W1963951869', 'https://openalex.org/W1970530728', 'https://openalex.org/W1974192028', 'https://openalex.org/W1976695679', 'https://openalex.org/W1980953748', 'https://openalex.org/W1984484348', 'https://openalex.org/W1994259913', 'https://openalex.org/W1995138534', 'https://openalex.org/W1997298124', 'https://openalex.org/W1999354427', 'https://openalex.org/W2015823673', 'https://openalex.org/W2022730497', 'https://openalex.org/W2025510710', 'https://openalex.org/W2035954318', 'https://openalex.org/W2050263909', 'https://openalex.org/W2064685326', 'https://openalex.org/W2066998315', 'https://openalex.org/W2068334084', 'https://openalex.org/W2075824126', 'https://openalex.org/W2077528286', 'https://openalex.org/W2077700381', 'https://openalex.org/W2085421511', 'https://openalex.org/W2086072012', 'https://openalex.org/W2120489409', 'https://openalex.org/W2129290471', 'https://openalex.org/W2131696394', 'https://openalex.org/W2133235566', 'https://openalex.org/W2140112913', 'https://openalex.org/W2140294119', 'https://openalex.org/W2148846256', 'https://openalex.org/W2166383900', 'https://openalex.org/W2166689539', 'https://openalex.org/W2170981638', 'https://openalex.org/W2288784252', 'https://openalex.org/W2303259793', 'https://openalex.org/W2331952232', 'https://openalex.org/W2463496421', 'https://openalex.org/W2946866639', 'https://openalex.org/W306079030', 'https://openalex.org/W4238008893', 'https://openalex.org/W4255655161', 'https://openalex.org/W4285719527'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W2977503160', 'https://openalex.org/W2962014436', 'https://openalex.org/W2130493267', 'https://openalex.org/W2113005666', 'https://openalex.org/W2093058926', 'https://openalex.org/W2068001304', 'https://openalex.org/W2051104739', 'https://openalex.org/W2007203965', 'https://openalex.org/W1999875891', 'https://openalex.org/W1991768126'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Variations': [0], 'in': [1, 23, 47, 71, 93, 118, 134, 193], 'standard': [2], 'length': [3, 16, 192], '(': [4, 10, 17], 'L': [5, 18, 51, 59, 88, 97, 124, 163, 187], 'S': [6, 11, 48, 60, 85, 98, 119, 160, 181, 188], '),': [7], 'gape': [8], 'size': [9], 'G': [12, 49, 86, 120, 161, 182], ')': [13, 20, 39], 'and': [14, 25, 35, 50, 87, 143, 196], 'jaw': [15, 191], 'J': [19, 52, 89, 125, 164], 'were': [21], 'studied': [22], 'larval': [24, 96, 142], 'juvenile': [26, 144], 'gadoids': [27], '(cod': [28], 'Gadus': [29], 'morhua': [30], ',': [31], 'haddock': [32, 195], 'Melanogrammus': [33], 'aeglefinus': [34], 'whiting': [36], 'Merlangius': [37], 'merlangus': [38], 'from': [40, 162, 183], '4': [41], 'to': [42, 58, 95, 123, 158, 166, 179], '70': [43], 'mm.': [44, 83], 'The': [45, 62, 84, 107], 'increase': [46, 110], 'was': [53, 64], 'not': [54], 'linear': [55], 'with': [56, 75], 'respect': [57], '.': [61, 81], 'relationship': [63], 'best': [65], 'described': [66], 'by': [67], 'segmented': [68], 'regression': [69], 'lines': [70], 'all': [72], 'three': [73], 'species,': [74], 'an': [76, 114], 'inflection': [77, 104, 131], 'point': [78, 105, 132], 'at': [79], 'c': [80], '10·5': [82], 'increased': [90], 'more': [91, 116], 'rapidly': [92], 'relation': [94], 'for': [99], 'individuals': [100], 'smaller': [101], 'than': [102], 'this': [103], 'size.': [106], 'rates': [108], 'of': [109, 138, 169, 185], 'slowed': [111], 'significantly': [112], 'post‐inflection,': [113], 'effect': [115], 'noticeable': [117], 'data': [121], 'compared': [122], 'data.': [126], 'In': [127], 'each': [128], 'case,': [129], 'the': [130, 135, 141, 167], 'fell': [133], 'intermediate': [136], 'period': [137], 'development': [139], 'between': [140], 'stages,': [145], 'which': [146, 175], 'could': [147], 'be': [148, 177], 'considered': [149], 'as': [150], 'metamorphosis.': [151], 'Published': [152], 'equations': [153], 'that': [154], 'have': [155], 'been': [156], 'used': [157, 178], 'predict': [159, 180], 'lead': [165], 'overestimation': [168], 'gape.': [170], 'New': [171], 'relationships': [172], 'are': [173], 'presented,': [174], 'may': [176], 'measurements': [184], 'either': [186], 'or': [189], 'upper': [190], 'cod,': [194], 'whiting.': [197]}, 'abstract_inverted_index_v3': None, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2108597096', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-24T15:03:14.234279', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}
Title: $Gape morphology of cod<i> Gadus morhua </i>L., haddock<i> Melanogrammus aeglefinus </i>(L.) and whiting<i> Merlangius merlangus </i>(L.) through metamorphosis from larvae to juveniles in the western Irish Sea
Abstract: Variations in standard length ( L S ), gape size ( S G ) and jaw length ( L J ) were studied in larval and juvenile gadoids (cod Gadus morhua , haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus and whiting Merlangius merlangus ) from 4 to 70 mm. The increase in S G and L J was not linear with respect to L S . The relationship was best described by segmented regression lines in all three species, with an inflection point at c . 10·5 mm. The S G and L J increased more rapidly in relation to larval L S for individuals smaller than this inflection point size. The rates of increase slowed significantly post‐inflection, an effect more noticeable in S G data compared to L J data. In each case, the inflection point fell in the intermediate period of development between the larval and juvenile stages, which could be considered as metamorphosis. Published equations that have been used to predict S G from L J lead to the overestimation of gape. New relationships are presented, which may be used to predict S G from measurements of either L S or upper jaw length in cod, haddock and whiting.