Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age

Name: Work Video:
Duration: 3 min 30 s
Robert J. Lucas; Stuart N. Peirson; David M. Berson; Timothy M. Brown; Howard M. Cooper; Charles A. Czeisler; Mariana G. Figueiro; Paul D. Gamlin; Steven W. Lockley; John O’Hagan; Luke Price; Ignacio Provencio; Debra J. Skene; George C. Brainard
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2127, 3535, 3537, 3561, 3563, 3680, 3682], 'Text': [1408, 1410, 2021, 2023, 2126, 2128, 3536, 3538, 3562, 3564, 3681, 3683], 'PDF': [1411, 2024, 2129, 3539, 3565, 3684], '(459)': [1414], '18Brown': [1417], 'T.M.': [1418, 3937], 'al.Melanopsin': [1420, 1442, 1521, 1751, 2033, 2581, 3129], 'contributions': [1421], 'irradiance': [1423, 2066, 2201, 2837, 3059], 'coding': [1424], 'thalamo-cortical': [1427], 'visual': [1428, 1558, 1998, 2043, 2113, 2305, 3523, 3668], 'system.PLoS': [1429], '8:': [1432, 3955], 'e1000558Crossref': [1433], '(186)': [1436], '19Gooley': [1439], 'J.J.': [1440, 1749, 2189], 'origin': [1446], 'retinohypothalamic': [1449], 'tract.Nat.': [1450], '2001;': [1452, 1901, 1926, 1984, 2310], '4:': [1453, 1985], '1165Crossref': [1454], '(443)': [1457], 'Specific': [1460], 'ablation': [1461, 1545], 'abolishes': [1464], 'responses,': [1466, 3087], 'identifying': [1467], 'class': [1470], 'principal': [1473, 1525], 'conduits': [1474, 1526], 'photic': [1476, 3820], 'input': [1477, 1529, 2964, 2992, 3007], 'systemic': [1482], '[20Goz': [1486], 'D.': [1487], 'al.Targeted': [1489], 'destruction': [1490], 'saporin': [1498], 'conjugate': [1499], 'alters': [1500], 'mouse': [1506, 1624], 'rhythms.PLoS': [1508], 'ONE.': [1509, 1560, 2523, 3953], '2008;': [1510, 1533, 1561, 3834, 3852], '3:': [1511, 1562], 'e3153Crossref': [1512], '(117)': [1515], '21Guler': [1518], 'A.D.': [1519], 'rod-cone': [1528, 1753, 2035], 'vision.Nature.': [1532], '453:': [1534], '102-105Crossref': [1535], '(605)': [1538], '22Hatori': [1541], 'M.': [1542, 2537, 3515, 3546, 3660], 'al.Inducible': [1544], 'melanopsin-expressing': [1547], 'reveals': [1551], 'their': [1552, 2864], 'central': [1553], 'non-image': [1556], 'forming': [1557], 'responses.PLoS': [1559], 'e2451Crossref': [1563], '(212)': [1566], 'Furthermore,': [1569], 'detect': [1572], 'when': [1575], 'isolated': [1576], 'rest': [1579], 'retina,': [1582], 'explaining': [1583], 'why': [1584, 3090], 'photosensitivity': [1586, 1685, 3500], 'survives': [1587], 'loss': [1588], 'functional': [1590], '23Foster': [1615], 'R.G.': [1616], 'al.Circadian': [1618], 'photoreception': [1619, 2762, 3199], 'retinally': [1622, 1687, 1948], 'degenerate': [1623, 1688, 1949], '(rd/rd).J.': [1625], 'Comp.': [1626, 1957], 'Physiol.': [1627, 1715, 1925, 1958], '1991;': [1629, 3425], '169:': [1630], '39-50Crossref': [1631], '(416)': [1634], '24Freedman': [1637], 'M.S.': [1638], 'al.Regulation': [1640, 1661], 'mammalian': [1642, 1664, 2890, 3253, 3698, 3797], 'non-rod,': [1646, 1667, 1919], 'non-cone,': [1647, 1668], 'ocular': [1648, 1669, 1974, 3234], 'photoreceptors.Science.': [1649, 1670], '1999;': [1650, 1671], '284:': [1651, 1672], '502-504Crossref': [1652], '(639)': [1655], '25Lucas': [1658], '505-507Crossref': [1673], '(432)': [1676], '26Yoshimura': [1679], 'T.': [1680, 1935], 'al.Differences': [1682], 'between': [1686, 3521, 3666], 'CBA/J': [1689, 1950], 'mice': [1690, 1695, 3890, 3948], '(rd/rd)': [1691, 1951], 'normal': [1693, 1953, 3133], 'CBA/N': [1694, 1954], '(+/+).J.': [1696], '1994;': [1699], '9:': [1700], '51-60Crossref': [1701], '(26)': [1704], '27Keeler': [1707], 'C.E.': [1708], 'Iris': [1709], 'movements': [1710], 'mice.Am.': [1713], '1927;': [1716], '81:': [1717], '107-112Crossref': [1718], '28Czeisler': [1721], 'C.A.': [1722], 'al.Suppression': [1724], 'secretion': [1727, 2928], 'patients': [1731], 'bright': [1735], 'light.N.': [1736], 'Engl.': [1737], 'Med.': [1739, 2209], '1995;': [1740], '332:': [1741], '6-11Crossref': [1742], '(523)': [1745], '29Gooley': [1748], 'play': [1755], 'roles': [1757], 'mediating': [1759, 1942], 'continuous': [1766], 'humans.J.': [1769, 1924], '2012;': [1771, 2524, 2590, 2843, 2895, 3877], '32:': [1772, 2844], '14242-14253Crossref': [1773], '(144)': [1776], 'This': [1779, 2371, 2980, 3073], 'discovery': [1780], 'raises': [1785], 'possibility': [1787], 'fairly': [1797, 2318], 'rod-': [1802, 3043], 'cone-based': [1804], 'Second,': [1806], 'observations': [1808], 'indeed': [1820], 'very': [1822, 2228, 3167], 'sensitivity.': [1825], 'Ten': [1826], 'analytic': [1827], 'action': [1828, 1910, 2011], 'spectra': [1829], 'investigations': [1832], 'selected': [1835], 'comparisons': [1837], 'such': [1839, 2347, 2565], 'humans,': [1842, 3434], 'non-human': [1843], 'primates,': [1844, 3286], 'rodents': [1846, 3419], 'revealed': [1847], 'peak': [1848, 3244, 3316, 3328, 3438], 'short-wavelength': [1852], 'portion': [1853], 'visible': [1856, 3382], 'spectrum': [1857, 1888, 1911], '(from': [1858], '447': [1859], '484': [1861], 'nm)': [1862, 3587], '30Brainard': [1884], 'G.': [1885, 2961], 'al.Action': [1887], 'regulation': [1891, 2296], 'humans:': [1893], 'photoreceptor.J.': [1899], '21:': [1902], '6405-6412PubMed': [1903], '31Thapan': [1906], 'K.': [1907, 3813], 'al.An': [1909], 'suppression:': [1914], 'non-cone': [1920], 'system': [1922, 2197, 2277], '535:': [1927], '261-267Crossref': [1928], '(993)': [1931], '32Yoshimura': [1934], 'Ebihara': [1936], 'Spectral': [1938, 3336], 'phase-shifts': [1943], 'rhythms': [1946], '(+/+)': [1955], 'mice.J.': [1956], '1996;': [1960], '178:': [1961], '797-802Crossref': [1962], '(118)': [1965], '33Lucas': [1968], 'R.': [1969, 2501], 'al.Characterization': [1971], 'capable': [1976], 'driving': [1978, 3171], 'constriction': [1980], 'mice.Nat.': [1982], '621-626Crossref': [1986], '(495)': [1989], '34Hankins': [1992], 'M.W.': [1993], 'Lucas': [1994, 3573], 'primary': [1997], 'humans': [2001, 2116, 2921, 2959], 'regulated': [2003], 'long-term': [2006], 'nonclassical': [2014], 'photopigment.Curr.': [2015], '12:': [2018], '191-198Abstract': [2019], '(166)': [2027], '35Hattar': [2030], 'systems': [2037], 'accessory': [2042], 'functions': [2044], 'mice.Nature.': [2046], '424:': [2048], '75-81Crossref': [2049], '(929)': [2051], '36Dacey': [2054], 'primate': [2061, 3054], 'signal': [2063, 2836, 3032, 3056, 3170], 'colour': [2064, 3057], 'LGN.Nature.': [2071, 3064], '433:': [2073, 3066, 3507, 3702], '749-754Crossref': [2074, 3067], '(981)': [2077, 3070], '37Gamlin': [2080], 'P.D.': [2081], 'al.Human': [2083, 2294, 3863], 'macaque': [2085], 'pupil': [2086], 'driven': [2088], 'cells.Vision': [2093], 'Res.': [2094, 2589, 2894, 3353], '2007;': [2095, 2122, 3558, 3723], '47:': [2096], '946-954Crossref': [2097], '(439)': [2100], '38Zaidi': [2103], 'F.H.': [2104], 'al.Short-wavelength': [2106, 2138, 2271], 'pupillary,': [2111], 'awareness': [2114], 'lacking': [2117], 'outer': [2119, 2677, 2995], 'retina.Curr.': [2120], '17:': [2123], '2122-2128Abstract': [2124], '(252)': [2132], '39Lockley': [2135], 'S.W.': [2136, 2241], 'direct': [2142], 'alertness,': [2147, 2168], 'vigilance,': [2148], 'waking': [2151], 'electroencephalogram': [2152], 'humans.Sleep.': [2154], '2006;': [2155, 2232], '29:': [2156], '161-168PubMed': [2157], '40Cajochen': [2160], 'C.': [2161, 3861], 'al.High': [2163, 2243], 'melatonin,': [2167], 'thermoregulation,': [2169], 'short': [2174, 2229, 2254], 'light.J.': [2176, 2256, 2280, 3874], 'Clin.': [2177, 2257, 2307], 'Endocrinol.': [2178, 2258, 2308, 2973], 'Metab.': [2179, 2259, 2309], '90:': [2181], '1311-1316Crossref': [2182], '(632)': [2185], '41Gooley': [2188], 'al.Spectral': [2191], 'depend': [2198], 'duration': [2203], 'light.Sci.': [2207], 'Transl.': [2208], '31ra33Crossref': [2212], '(283)': [2215], '42Revell': [2218], 'V.L.': [2219, 2269], 'al.Alerting': [2221], 'wavelengths.Neurosci.': [2230], 'Lett.': [2231, 2974, 3557], '399:': [2233], '96-100Crossref': [2234], '(130)': [2237], '43Lockley': [2240], '88:': [2261], '4502-4505Crossref': [2262], '(588)': [2265], '44Revell': [2268], 'phase-advancing': [2279], '270-272Crossref': [2285], '(85)': [2288], '45Brainard': [2291], 'G.C.': [2292], 'mediated': [2299], 'cone': [2303, 2498, 2646, 3279, 3298, 3313, 3325, 3372], 'system.J.': [2306], '86:': [2311], '433-436Crossref': [2312], '(94)': [2315], 'Scholar],': [2317, 2760, 2815, 2938], 'divergent': [2319], 'predicted': [2322], 'Vλ': [2324, 2343], '(peak': [2325], '555': [2328], 'nm).': [2329], 'Taken': [2330], 'together,': [2331], 'data': [2333, 3455], 'demonstrate': [2334], 'established': [2336, 2369], 'photometric': [2337], 'function,': [2346], 'lux,': [2350], 'inadequate': [2352], 'intended': [2356], 'Unfortunately,': [2363], 'date': [2365], 'there': [2366], 'no': [2368], 'replacement.': [2370], 'omission': [2372], 'practical': [2375, 3906], 'consequences.': [2376], 'For': [2377, 2903, 3398], 'absence': [2380], 'suitable': [2383, 2456], 'agreed': [2385], 'makes': [2390, 2414], 'difficult': [2392, 2416], 'compare': [2394], 'findings': [2395, 2409], 'replicate': [2397], 'experimental': [2398], 'conditions.': [2399], 'represents': [2402], 'significant': [2404], 'barrier': [2405], 'relating': [2407, 3610], 'laboratory': [2408], 'applications,': [2412], 'regulators': [2422], 'predict': [2424], 'impact': [2426, 3898], 'regimes': [2430, 3908], 'fundamental': [2437, 2602], 'problem': [2438], 'addressing': [2440], 'need': [2442], 'difficulty': [2446], 'determining': [2448], '(equivalent': [2453], 'Vλ)': [2455], 'responses.': [2459], 'To': [2460], 'understand': [2461], 'challenge': [2463], 'necessary': [2467], 'review': [2469], 'ipRGCs.': [2474], 'Melanopsin,': [2475], 'ipRGCs,': [2479, 2668, 3466], 'structurally': [2481], 'phylogenetically': [2483], 'closely': [2485], 'opsins': [2489, 2499, 2647, 3635], 'invertebrate': [2491, 2566, 3522, 3667, 3760], 'rhabdomeric': [2492, 3634, 3733], 'than': [2494, 2700, 2767], 'rod': [2496, 2644, 3241], '[46Borges': [2500], 'gene': [2506, 2515], 'duplication': [2507], 'unconstrained': [2509], 'selective': [2510], 'pressures': [2511], 'melanopsin': [2514, 2573, 2638, 2656, 2719, 2749, 2761, 2777, 2852, 2883, 3097, 3151, 3484, 3576, 3618, 3638, 3648, 3696, 3845, 3904, 3921], 'family': [2516], 'evolution': [2517], 'vertebrate': [2519, 3526, 3671], 'regulation.PLoS': [2522], '7:': [2525], 'e52413Crossref': [2526], '(20)': [2529], '47Nasi': [2532], 'E.': [2533], 'del': [2534], 'Pilar': [2535], 'Gomez': [2536], 'Melanopsin-mediated': [2538], 'light-sensing': [2539], 'amphioxus:': [2541], 'glimpse': [2543], 'microvillar': [2546], 'lineage': [2548], 'within': [2549, 3193], 'deuterostomia.Commun.': [2551], 'Integr.': [2552], '2009;': [2554, 2660, 2723, 2753], '441-443Crossref': [2556], '(13)': [2559], 'common': [2563], 'rhodopsins,': [2567], 'phototransduction': [2569, 2736, 2853, 3191], 'cascade': [2570, 2737], 'engaged': [2571, 2856], 'results': [2574], 'depolarization': [2577], '[48Hughes': [2578], 'phototransduction:': [2582], 'slowly': [2583], 'emerging': [2584], 'dark.Prog.': [2587], 'Brain': [2588, 2893], '199:': [2591, 2896], '19-40Crossref': [2592], '(67)': [2595], 'As': [2598, 2686, 3021], 'result,': [2600, 2688, 3023], 'irradiance-dependent': [2609], 'increase': [2610], 'firing': [2612, 3026, 3829, 3963], 'quantum': [2635], 'comparable': [2640], '[49Do': [2648, 2711, 2741], 'M.T.': [2649, 2712, 2742], 'al.Photon': [2651, 2714, 2744], 'capture': [2652, 2715, 2745], 'signalling': [2654, 2717, 2747, 3594], 'cells.Nature.': [2659, 2722, 2752], '457:': [2661, 2724, 2754], '281-287Crossref': [2662, 2725, 2755], '(214)': [2665, 2728, 2758], 'lack': [2670, 3364], 'photopigment-concentrating': [2672], 'organelles': [2673], '(such': [2674], 'segments)': [2678], 'maximize': [2680], 'probability': [2682, 2690], 'photon': [2684, 2694, 3754], 'capture.': [2685], 'absorbing': [2692], '>1': [2696], 'million': [2697], 'times': [2698], 'lower': [2699, 2872], 'area': [2708], 'photostimulation': [2710], 'though': [2733], 'ipRGC': [2735, 3001, 3025, 3195], 'amplification': [2740], 'much': [2764, 2871], 'less': [2765, 2954], 'Once': [2773], 'threshold': [2775], 'activation': [2778, 3589], 'reached,': [2781], 'scales': [2787], 'several': [2792, 3274], 'decimal': [2793], 'orders': [2794], 'remarkably': [2818], 'persistent,': [2819], 'being': [2820, 3016], 'sustained': [2821], 'long': [2823], 'durations': [2824], 'constant': [2826], '[50Wong': [2828], 'K.Y.': [2829], 'continuously': [2838], '10': [2840], 'hours.J.': [2841], '11478-11485Crossref': [2845], '(108)': [2848], 'Although': [2851], 'moderate': [2858], 'irradiance,': [2861], 'downstream': [2865], 'responsive': [2869], 'levels': [2873], '[51Lucas': [2876], 'al.How': [2879], 'rod,': [2880], 'cone,': [2881], 'enlighten': [2888], 'clock.Prog.': [2892], '1-18Crossref': [2897], '(126)': [2900], 'originally': [2907], 'thought': [2908], '2500': [2912], 'required': [2915], 'suppress': [2917, 2956], 'nocturnal': [2918], '[52Lewy': [2922], 'A.J.': [2923], 'humans.Science.': [2930], '1980;': [2931], '210:': [2932], '1267-1269Crossref': [2933], '(1454)': [2936], 'later': [2940], 'conditions,': [2947], 'little': [2949], '1': [2951], '[53Glickman': [2960], 'al.Ocular': [2963], 'regulation:': [2968], 'relevance': [2969], 'breast': [2971], 'cancer.Neuro': [2972], '23:': [2976, 3835, 3853], '17-22PubMed': [2977], 'highlights': [2982], 'system:': [2989], 'receive': [2991], '(Figure': [2997, 3204, 3983], '1A)': [2998], '.': [2999], 'dendrites': [3002], 'targets': [3004], 'synaptic': [3006], 'bipolar': [3009], 'amacrine': [3011], 'cells,': [3012], 'well': [3014], 'sites': [3017], 'melanopsin-driven': [3019, 3190, 3945], 'phototransduction.': [3020], 'composite,': [3030], 'integrated': [3031], 'consisting': [3033], '(melanopsin': [3039], 'photoreception)': [3040], 'incoming': [3042], 'cone-driven': [3045], 'signals': [3046], '[36Dacey': [3047], 'arrangement': [3074], 'greatly': [3075], 'extends': [3076], 'range': [3078], 'elicit': [3083], 'explains': [3089], 'animals': [3091], 'genetically': [3094], 'null': [3095], 'continue': [3098], 'exhibit': [3100], '[16Lucas': [3105], '54Panda': [3126], '(Opn4)': [3130], 'requirement': [3131], 'shifting.Science.': [3137], '298:': [3139, 3158], '2213-2216Crossref': [3140], '(672)': [3143], '55Ruby': [3146], 'N.F.': [3147], 'al.Role': [3149], 'light.Science.': [3156], '2211-2213Crossref': [3159], '(528)': [3162], 'At': [3165], 'origin,': [3168], '(ipRGC': [3177], 'firing)': [3178], 'combined': [3183], 'influence': [3184, 3788], 'multiple': [3186], 'processes:': [3188], 'mechanism': [3192], 'itself,': [3196], 'remote': [3198], '1B).': [3205, 3984], 'Each': [3206], 'mechanisms': [3209], 'detection': [3212], 'sensitivity,': [3217], 'expressed': [3226], 'transmission': [3230], 'media.(i)Rods.': [3235], 'Rod': [3236], 'opsin,': [3237], 'photoreceptors,': [3242], 'shows': [3243], '(λmax)': [3246], 'approximately': [3248, 3475], '500': [3249], 'nm': [3250, 3331, 3477], 'species.': [3254], 'Pre-receptoral': [3255], 'filtering': [3256, 3436], 'shifts': [3257, 3437], 'towards': [3259], 'somewhat': [3260], 'longer': [3261, 3446], 'standard': [3265], 'observer': [3267], '(507': [3268], 'nm).(ii)Cones.': [3269], 'Mammalian': [3270], 'genomes': [3271], 'typically': [3272], 'contain': [3273, 3310, 3322], 'genes': [3275], 'encoding': [3276], 'spectrally': [3277, 3980], 'opsins.': [3280], 'Humans,': [3281], 'old': [3284], 'world': [3285], 'S': [3293], 'express': [3295], 'short-wavelength-sensitive': [3297], '(cyanolabe),': [3300], 'maximally': [3301, 3374, 3408, 3420, 3580], '∼420': [3306], 'nm;': [3307], 'M': [3308], '(chlorolabe;': [3315], '∼535': [3318], 'nm);': [3319], 'L': [3320], 'red-shifted': [3324], '(erythrolabe;': [3327], '∼565': [3330], '[56Stockman': [3332], 'Sharpe': [3334], 'L.T.': [3335], 'sensitivities': [3337], 'middle-': [3340], 'long-wavelength': [3342, 3819], 'derived': [3345], 'measurements': [3347], 'observers': [3349], 'known': [3351], 'genotype.Vision': [3352], '40:': [3355], '1711-1737Crossref': [3356], '(561)': [3359], 'Scholar]).': [3361], 'Other': [3362], 'mammals': [3363], 'chlorolabe/erythrolabe': [3366], 'distinction,': [3367], 'single': [3371], 'middle': [3378], 'spectrum.': [3383], 'differences': [3389], 'cyanolabe': [3396], 'pigments.': [3397], 'rodent': [3401], 'retinas': [3402], 'near-ultraviolet': [3411], 'radiation': [3412], '[57Jacobs': [3413], 'G.H.': [3414], 'al.Retinal': [3416], 'receptors': [3417], 'ultraviolet': [3423], 'light.Nature.': [3424], '353:': [3426], '655-657Crossref': [3427], '(338)': [3430], 'pre-receptoral': [3435], 'short-': [3441], 'medium-wavelength': [3443], '(∼440': [3448], '545': [3450], 'nm,': [3451], 'respectively).(iii)Melanopsin.': [3452], 'indicate': [3456, 3891], 'similarly': [3468], 'invariant': [3469], 'across': [3470], 'species,': [3471], 'λmax': [3473], '480': [3476], '[58Panda': [3478, 3642], 'al.Illumination': [3481, 3645], 'signaling': [3485, 3649], 'pathway.Science.': [3486, 3650], '307:': [3488, 3652], '600-604Crossref': [3489, 3653], '(394)': [3492, 3656], '59Qiu': [3495], 'X.': [3496], 'al.Induction': [3498], 'heterologous': [3502], 'melanopsin.Nature.': [3505], '745-749Crossref': [3508], '(344)': [3511], '60Koyanagi': [3514, 3659], 'al.Cephalochordate': [3517, 3662], 'melanopsin:': [3518, 3663], 'evolutionary': [3519, 3664], 'linkage': [3520, 3665], 'cells.Curr.': [3530, 3675], '15:': [3533, 3678], '1065-1069Abstract': [3534, 3679], '(187)': [3542, 3687], '61Torii': [3545], 'al.Two': [3548], 'isoforms': [3549], 'chicken': [3551], 'melanopsins': [3552, 3798], 'show': [3553], 'blue': [3554, 3583, 3870], 'sensitivity.FEBS': [3556], '581:': [3559], '5327-5331Abstract': [3560], '(65)': [3568], '62Bailes': [3571], 'H.J.': [3572], 'forms': [3577], 'pigment': [3579, 3765], '(λmax': [3585], '∼479': [3586], 'supporting': [3588], 'Gq/11': [3591], 'Gi/o': [3593], 'cascades.Proc.': [3595], '2013;': [3598, 3954], '280:': [3599], '20122987Crossref': [3600], '(199)': [3603], 'potential': [3607], 'complication': [3608], 'estimate': [3612], 'property': [3623], 'vivo': [3627], 'suggestion': [3630], 'like': [3632], 'invertebrates,': [3637], 'may': [3639, 3967], 'bistable': [3641, 3800], '63Melyan': [3690], 'Z.': [3691], 'al.Addition': [3693], 'renders': [3697], 'photoresponsive.Nature.': [3700], '741-745Crossref': [3703], '(335)': [3706], '64Mure': [3709], 'L.S.': [3710], 'al.Melanopsin-dependent': 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