Publication Information

{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2105830389', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.19.2.97.20706', 'title': 'Implicit Attitudes and Racism: Effects of Word Familiarity and Frequency on the Implicit Association Test', 'display_name': 'Implicit Attitudes and Racism: Effects of Word Familiarity and Frequency on the Implicit Association Test', 'publication_year': 2001, 'publication_date': '2001-04-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2105830389', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.19.2.97.20706', 'mag': '2105830389'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.19.2.97.20706', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S177779441', 'display_name': 'Social Cognition', 'issn_l': '0278-016X', 'issn': ['0278-016X', '1943-2798'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315796', 'host_organization_name': 'Guilford Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315796'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Guilford Press'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5061104838', 'display_name': 'Scott A. Ottaway', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I52669646', 'display_name': 'Western Washington University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05wn7r715', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I52669646']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Scott A. Ottaway', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['1. Western Washington University'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': '1. Western Washington University', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I52669646']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5058954304', 'display_name': 'Davis C. Hayden', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I52669646', 'display_name': 'Western Washington University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05wn7r715', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I52669646']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Davis C. Hayden', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['2. Western Washington University'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': '2. Western Washington University', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I52669646']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5043183476', 'display_name': 'Mark A. Oakes', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2560-3222'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I52669646', 'display_name': 'Western Washington University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05wn7r715', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I52669646']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Mark A. Oakes', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['3. Western Washington University'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': '3. Western Washington University', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I52669646']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 31.577, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 175, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999977, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 97, 'max': 98}, 'biblio': {'volume': '19', 'issue': '2', 'first_page': '97', 'last_page': '144'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10314', 'display_name': 'Social and Intergroup Psychology', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10314', 'display_name': 'Social and Intergroup Psychology', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11454', 'display_name': 'Cultural Differences and Values', 'score': 0.9957, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3207', 'display_name': 'Social Psychology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/32', 'display_name': 'Psychology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12520', 'display_name': 'Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment', 'score': 0.9915, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2805', 'display_name': 'Cognitive Neuroscience'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/28', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/implicit-association-test', 'display_name': 'Implicit-association test', 'score': 0.9577704}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/implicit-attitude', 'display_name': 'Implicit attitude', 'score': 0.8016124}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-bias', 'display_name': 'Racial Bias', 'score': 0.5539839}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/word-association', 'display_name': 'Word Association', 'score': 0.5349869}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/stimulus', 'display_name': 'Stimulus (psychology)', 'score': 0.46825773}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/association', 'display_name': 'Association (psychology)', 'score': 0.46196052}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779778163', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q774081', 'display_name': 'Implicit-association test', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.9577704}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.8583287}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C204421591', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6007271', 'display_name': 'Implicit attitude', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.8016124}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C139838865', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8461', 'display_name': 'Racism', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.67920697}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C77805123', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272', 'display_name': 'Social psychology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.5696796}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2992700788', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8461', 'display_name': 'Racial bias', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5539839}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777974174', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744875', 'display_name': 'Word Association', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5349869}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779918689', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842', 'display_name': 'Stimulus (psychology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.46825773}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C169900460', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417', 'display_name': 'Cognition', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.46603057}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C142853389', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778', 'display_name': 'Association (psychology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.46196052}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C180747234', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373', 'display_name': 'Cognitive psychology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.45092508}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C169760540', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C11171543', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630', 'display_name': 'Psychoanalysis', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C542102704', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257', 'display_name': 'Psychotherapist', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.19.2.97.20706', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S177779441', 'display_name': 'Social Cognition', 'issn_l': '0278-016X', 'issn': ['0278-016X', '1943-2798'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315796', 'host_organization_name': 'Guilford Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315796'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Guilford Press'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10', 'display_name': 'Reduced inequalities', 'score': 0.65}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 65, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W127618749', 'https://openalex.org/W1526049240', 'https://openalex.org/W1545926861', 'https://openalex.org/W1596357498', 'https://openalex.org/W1671358144', 'https://openalex.org/W1738233868', 'https://openalex.org/W1882635769', 'https://openalex.org/W1965514675', 'https://openalex.org/W1966178283', 'https://openalex.org/W1967658564', 'https://openalex.org/W1978374884', 'https://openalex.org/W1992170248', 'https://openalex.org/W1992962543', 'https://openalex.org/W1993721703', 'https://openalex.org/W1997729557', 'https://openalex.org/W2002598257', 'https://openalex.org/W2007780422', 'https://openalex.org/W2018124860', 'https://openalex.org/W2024168339', 'https://openalex.org/W2027194556', 'https://openalex.org/W2027380211', 'https://openalex.org/W2028848630', 'https://openalex.org/W2043246786', 'https://openalex.org/W2045830397', 'https://openalex.org/W2064332540', 'https://openalex.org/W2072800449', 'https://openalex.org/W2075709964', 'https://openalex.org/W2077482755', 'https://openalex.org/W2083197454', 'https://openalex.org/W2084954869', 'https://openalex.org/W2085472073', 'https://openalex.org/W2096648510', 'https://openalex.org/W2100864706', 'https://openalex.org/W2105535487', 'https://openalex.org/W2106421465', 'https://openalex.org/W2111813201', 'https://openalex.org/W2119266780', 'https://openalex.org/W2119750321', 'https://openalex.org/W2121001250', 'https://openalex.org/W2127629438', 'https://openalex.org/W2130386000', 'https://openalex.org/W2131517457', 'https://openalex.org/W2140534852', 'https://openalex.org/W2147816918', 'https://openalex.org/W2150290844', 'https://openalex.org/W2158205929', 'https://openalex.org/W2158588746', 'https://openalex.org/W2162173963', 'https://openalex.org/W2163036640', 'https://openalex.org/W2166869510', 'https://openalex.org/W2168435677', 'https://openalex.org/W2325447595', 'https://openalex.org/W2760846578', 'https://openalex.org/W2795698464', 'https://openalex.org/W3013415797', 'https://openalex.org/W3208493815', 'https://openalex.org/W4231165370', 'https://openalex.org/W4231553177', 'https://openalex.org/W4232079462', 'https://openalex.org/W4233684954', 'https://openalex.org/W4240262739', 'https://openalex.org/W4242938883', 'https://openalex.org/W4285719527', 'https://openalex.org/W4290377501', 'https://openalex.org/W642940454'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W3211200400', 'https://openalex.org/W3202793921', 'https://openalex.org/W3111143911', 'https://openalex.org/W2984948089', 'https://openalex.org/W2981612797', 'https://openalex.org/W2395855071', 'https://openalex.org/W2105830389', 'https://openalex.org/W2085644480', 'https://openalex.org/W2011289823', 'https://openalex.org/W1588014147'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Greenwald,': [0], 'McGhee': [1], 'and': [2, 44, 63, 72, 74, 103, 111, 123, 177, 187, 219], 'Schwartz': [3], '(1998)': [4], 'described': [5, 127], 'a': [6], 'new': [7], 'method-the': [8], 'Implicit': [9, 216], 'Association': [10, 217], 'Test': [11, 218], '(IAT)-for': [12], 'unobtrusively': [13], 'measuring': [14], 'racial': [15, 105, 119, 135], 'attitudes.': [16], 'This': [17], 'article': [18], 'assesses': [19], 'the': [20, 23, 47, 77, 87, 109, 114, 118, 142, 158, 160, 169, 172, 183, 199, 207, 212, 215], 'validity': [21, 213], 'of': [22, 46, 113, 134, 162, 171, 201, 214, 221], 'IAT': [24, 58, 78, 143], 'by': [25], 'investigating': [26], 'whether': [27], 'Greenwald': [28], 'et': [29], "al.'s": [30], 'implicit': [31, 96, 184, 202, 222], 'racism': [32, 97, 185], 'findings': [33], 'resulted': [34], 'from': [35], 'two': [36], 'confounds': [37], 'present': [38], 'in': [39, 209], 'their': [40, 51], 'studies:': [41], 'differential': [42], 'familiarity': [43, 65, 84, 110, 151, 164, 176, 190], 'frequency': [45, 112, 178], 'words': [48, 66], 'that': [49, 76, 116, 148, 196], 'comprised': [50, 67, 117], 'target': [52, 69, 88], 'concepts.': [53, 89], 'Experiment': [54, 91], '1': [55], 'produced': [56], 'large': [57, 95], 'effects': [59, 98], 'when': [60, 82, 108], 'both': [61, 100], 'low': [62, 163], 'high': [64, 83], 'nonsocial': [68], 'categories': [70, 120], '(insects': [71], 'flowers)': [73], 'demonstrated': [75], 'is': [79, 191], 'more': [80], 'sensitive': [81], 'exemplars': [85], 'form': [86], 'In': [90], '2,': [92], 'we': [93], 'obtained': [94], 'for': [99, 182], 'African': [101], 'American': [102], 'Hispanic': [104], 'groups': [106], 'even': [107, 124], 'names': [115], 'were': [121, 137], 'controlled': [122], 'though': [125], 'participants': [126], 'themselves': [128], 'as': [129], 'unprejudiced.': [130], 'Additionally,': [131], 'explicit': [132], 'self-reports': [133], 'attitudes': [136], 'only': [138], 'weakly': [139], 'related': [140], 'to': [141, 211], 'measures.': [144, 204], 'These': [145], 'experiments': [146], 'indicate': [147], '(a)': [149], 'although': [150], 'clearly': [152], 'exerts': [153], 'an': [154, 192], 'important': [155, 193], 'influence': [156, 198], 'on': [157], 'IAT,': [159, 173], 'use': [161], 'stimuli': [165], 'does': [166], 'not': [167, 180], 'eliminate': [168], 'sensitivity': [170, 200], '(b)': [174], 'stimulus': [175, 189], 'can': [179, 197], 'account': [181], 'effect': [186], '(c)': [188], 'moderating': [194], 'variable': [195], 'attitude': [203], 'We': [205], 'discuss': [206], 'results': [208], 'relation': [210], 'theories': [220], 'social': [223], 'cognition.': [224]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2105830389', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 7}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-13T19:09:30.817038', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}