Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2102675572', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-13-0124.1', 'title': 'Backscatter Differential Phase—Estimation and Variability', 'display_name': 'Backscatter Differential Phase—Estimation and Variability', 'publication_year': 2013, 'publication_date': '2013-07-25', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2102675572', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-13-0124.1', 'mag': '2102675572'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-13-0124.1', 'pdf_url': 'https://journals.ametsoc.org/downloadpdf/journals/apme/52/11/jamc-d-13-0124.1.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S89108927', 'display_name': 'Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology', 'issn_l': '1558-8424', 'issn': ['1558-8424', '1558-8432'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320260', 'host_organization_name': 'American Meteorological Society', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320260'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Meteorological Society'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'bronze', 'oa_url': 'https://journals.ametsoc.org/downloadpdf/journals/apme/52/11/jamc-d-13-0124.1.pdf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5003966600', 'display_name': 'Silke Trömel', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0137-7573'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I135140700', 'display_name': 'University of Bonn', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/041nas322', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I135140700']}], 'countries': ['DE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Silke Trömel', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Atmospheric Dynamics and Predictability Branch, Hans Ertel Centre for Weather Research, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Atmospheric Dynamics and Predictability Branch, Hans Ertel Centre for Weather Research, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I135140700']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5043685312', 'display_name': 'Matthew R. Kumjian', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1131-5609'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I107766831', 'display_name': 'NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05cvfcr44', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I107766831', 'https://openalex.org/I2799356940']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Matthew R. Kumjian', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Advanced Study Program, National Center for Atmospheric Research,* Boulder, Colorado'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Advanced Study Program, National Center for Atmospheric Research,* Boulder, Colorado', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I107766831']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5110073047', 'display_name': 'Alexander V. Ryzhkov', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I194601409', 'display_name': 'Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04j91ny53', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I194601409']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I8692664', 'display_name': 'University of Oklahoma', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02aqsxs83', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I8692664']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210092927', 'display_name': 'NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00gd1f947', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'government', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1308126019', 'https://openalex.org/I1343035065', 'https://openalex.org/I2802992173', 'https://openalex.org/I4210092927']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Alexander V. Ryzhkov', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, University of Oklahoma, and NOAA/OAR/ National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, Oklahoma'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, University of Oklahoma, and NOAA/OAR/ National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, Oklahoma', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I194601409', 'https://openalex.org/I8692664', 'https://openalex.org/I4210092927']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5050804797', 'display_name': 'Clemens Simmer', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3001-8642'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I135140700', 'display_name': 'University of Bonn', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/041nas322', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I135140700']}], 'countries': ['DE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Clemens Simmer', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Meteorological Institute of the University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Meteorological Institute of the University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I135140700']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5025341178', 'display_name': 'Malte Diederich', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8523-7784'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I135140700', 'display_name': 'University of Bonn', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/041nas322', 'country_code': 'DE', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I135140700']}], 'countries': ['DE'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Malte Diederich', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Atmospheric Dynamics and Predictability Branch, Hans Ertel Centre for Weather Research, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Atmospheric Dynamics and Predictability Branch, Hans Ertel Centre for Weather Research, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I135140700']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 2, 'institutions_distinct_count': 5, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 4.78, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 98, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999931, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 97, 'max': 98}, 'biblio': {'volume': '52', 'issue': '11', 'first_page': '2529', 'last_page': '2548'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11234', 'display_name': 'Precipitation Measurement and Analysis', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1902', 'display_name': 'Atmospheric Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/19', 'display_name': 'Earth and Planetary Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11234', 'display_name': 'Precipitation Measurement and Analysis', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1902', 'display_name': 'Atmospheric Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/19', 'display_name': 'Earth and Planetary Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11312', 'display_name': 'Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing', 'score': 0.9993, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2305', 'display_name': 'Environmental Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/23', 'display_name': 'Environmental Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10466', 'display_name': 'Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations', 'score': 0.9992, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1902', 'display_name': 'Atmospheric Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/19', 'display_name': 'Earth and Planetary Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-phase', 'display_name': 'Differential phase', 'score': 0.81830287}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/disdrometer', 'display_name': 'Disdrometer', 'score': 0.75764084}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/backscatter', 'display_name': 'Backscatter (email)', 'score': 0.60128033}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/snowflake', 'display_name': 'Snowflake', 'score': 0.59169257}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778465081', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275356', 'display_name': 'Differential phase', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.81830287}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C116810829', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230193', 'display_name': 'Disdrometer', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.75764084}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C107054158', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257', 'display_name': 'Precipitation', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6848161}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C30354325', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204667', 'display_name': 'Backscatter (email)', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.60128033}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54059038', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550147', 'display_name': 'Snowflake', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.59169257}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C28493345', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899381', 'display_name': 'Polarimetry', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.58768845}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C554190296', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528', 'display_name': 'Radar', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.56578803}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C184652730', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357982', 'display_name': 'Attenuation', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5432043}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C44280652', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837', 'display_name': 'Phase (matter)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4452014}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C30475298', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554', 'display_name': 'Computational physics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.44289672}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C39432304', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847', 'display_name': 'Environmental science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.42800483}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C62649853', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687', 'display_name': 'Remote sensing', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3748962}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C191486275', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028', 'display_name': 'Scattering', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.3615162}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.3219784}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C120665830', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620', 'display_name': 'Optics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.25883082}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C153294291', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261', 'display_name': 'Meteorology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.2401608}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127313418', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069', 'display_name': 'Geology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.22000712}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.12985185}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C197046000', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7561', 'display_name': 'Snow', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.09714076}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C76155785', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418', 'display_name': 'Telecommunications', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C62520636', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944', 'display_name': 'Quantum mechanics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C120961793', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190052', 'display_name': 'Rain gauge', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C555944384', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249', 'display_name': 'Wireless', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-13-0124.1', 'pdf_url': 'https://journals.ametsoc.org/downloadpdf/journals/apme/52/11/jamc-d-13-0124.1.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S89108927', 'display_name': 'Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology', 'issn_l': '1558-8424', 'issn': ['1558-8424', '1558-8432'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320260', 'host_organization_name': 'American Meteorological Society', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320260'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Meteorological Society'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-13-0124.1', 'pdf_url': 'https://journals.ametsoc.org/downloadpdf/journals/apme/52/11/jamc-d-13-0124.1.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S89108927', 'display_name': 'Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology', 'issn_l': '1558-8424', 'issn': ['1558-8424', '1558-8432'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320260', 'host_organization_name': 'American Meteorological Society', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320260'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Meteorological Society'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 37, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1552193315', 'https://openalex.org/W1577900252', 'https://openalex.org/W1651352627', 'https://openalex.org/W1970895795', 'https://openalex.org/W1993617157', 'https://openalex.org/W1995669325', 'https://openalex.org/W2012806807', 'https://openalex.org/W2013783646', 'https://openalex.org/W2020307155', 'https://openalex.org/W2025881907', 'https://openalex.org/W2029785710', 'https://openalex.org/W2037408461', 'https://openalex.org/W2040801070', 'https://openalex.org/W2049785448', 'https://openalex.org/W2057978013', 'https://openalex.org/W2064414791', 'https://openalex.org/W2083558845', 'https://openalex.org/W2089195393', 'https://openalex.org/W2106292919', 'https://openalex.org/W2107418484', 'https://openalex.org/W2113573460', 'https://openalex.org/W2115792892', 'https://openalex.org/W2119610585', 'https://openalex.org/W2120730821', 'https://openalex.org/W2123777046', 'https://openalex.org/W2151210446', 'https://openalex.org/W2156040521', 'https://openalex.org/W2158097441', 'https://openalex.org/W2161663834', 'https://openalex.org/W2162129865', 'https://openalex.org/W2171057446', 'https://openalex.org/W2172813732', 'https://openalex.org/W2173374798', 'https://openalex.org/W2175316204', 'https://openalex.org/W2175869565', 'https://openalex.org/W2175874676', 'https://openalex.org/W2177109858'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W3125773692', 'https://openalex.org/W3022520062', 'https://openalex.org/W2516906037', 'https://openalex.org/W2465971800', 'https://openalex.org/W2126705532', 'https://openalex.org/W2113439544', 'https://openalex.org/W2098963690', 'https://openalex.org/W2010246636', 'https://openalex.org/W1964134519', 'https://openalex.org/W1937397570'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Abstract': [0], 'On': [1], 'the': [2, 19, 65, 74, 86, 105, 125, 152, 212, 235, 251, 268], 'basis': [3], 'of': [4, 68, 104, 113, 159, 168, 171, 221, 253, 267], 'simulations': [5], 'and': [6, 16, 70, 84, 108, 115, 164, 186, 194, 209, 218, 228, 240], 'observations': [7], 'made': [8], 'with': [9, 179], 'polarimetric': [10, 34], 'radars': [11], 'operating': [12], 'at': [13, 55, 174], 'X,': [14], 'C,': [15], 'S': [17], 'bands,': [18], 'backscatter': [20], 'differential': [21, 49, 128, 195], 'phase': [22, 50, 129], 'δ': [23, 27, 60, 81, 95, 114, 150, 160, 193, 201, 219, 227, 254], 'has': [24, 28], 'been': [25, 29], 'explored;': [26], 'identified': [30], 'as': [31, 135, 258], 'an': [32, 259], 'important': [33, 62, 260], 'variable': [35], 'that': [36, 44], 'should': [37], 'not': [38], 'be': [39, 256], 'ignored': [40], 'in': [41, 73, 82, 85, 96, 118, 122, 151, 156, 161, 184], 'precipitation': [42, 163, 225], 'estimations': [43], 'are': [45, 89, 231], 'based': [46, 99], 'on': [47, 100], 'specific': [48], 'K': [51, 116], 'DP': [52, 117, 131, 173], ',': [53], 'especially': [54], 'shorter': [56], 'radar': [57, 210], 'wavelengths.': [58], 'Moreover,': [59], 'bears': [61], 'information': [63], 'about': [64], 'dominant': [66], 'size': [67, 237], 'raindrops': [69], 'wet': [71], 'snowflakes': [72], 'melting': [75, 87, 153, 269], 'layer.': [76, 270], 'New': [77], 'methods': [78], 'for': [79, 93, 148, 223, 246, 263], 'estimating': [80, 94, 149], 'rain': [83, 97, 120], 'layer': [88, 154], 'suggested.': [90], 'The': [91, 146], 'method': [92, 147], 'is': [98, 202, 220], 'a': [101, 189], 'modified': [102], 'version': [103], '“ZPHI”': [106], 'algorithm': [107], 'provides': [109], 'reasonably': [110], 'robust': [111], 'estimates': [112, 158], 'pure': [119], 'except': [121], 'regions': [123], 'where': [124], 'total': [126], 'measured': [127], 'Φ': [130, 172], 'behaves': [132], 'erratically,': [133], 'such': [134], 'areas': [136], 'affected': [137, 233], 'by': [138, 234], 'nonuniform': [139], 'beam': [140, 207], 'filling': [141], 'or': [142], 'low': [143], 'signal-to-noise': [144], 'ratio.': [145], 'results': [155], 'reliable': [157], 'stratiform': [162], 'requires': [165], 'azimuthal': [166], 'averaging': [167], 'radial': [169], 'profiles': [170], 'high': [175], 'antenna': [176], 'elevations.': [177], 'Comparisons': [178], 'large': [180], 'disdrometer': [181], 'datasets': [182], 'collected': [183], 'Oklahoma': [185], 'Germany': [187], 'confirm': [188], 'strong': [190, 213], 'interdependence': [191], 'between': [192, 215], 'reflectivity': [196], 'Z': [197, 216, 229], 'DR': [198, 217, 230], '.': [199], 'Because': [200], 'immune': [203], 'to': [204], 'attenuation,': [205], 'partial': [206], 'blockage,': [208], 'miscalibration,': [211], 'correlation': [214], 'interest': [222], 'quantitative': [224], 'estimation:': [226], 'differently': [232], 'particle': [236], 'distribution': [238], '(PSD)': [239], 'thus': [241], 'may': [242], 'complement': [243], 'each': [244], 'other': [245], 'PSD': [247], 'moment': [248], 'estimation.': [249], 'Furthermore,': [250], 'magnitude': [252], 'can': [255], 'utilized': [257], 'calibration': [261], 'parameter': [262], 'improving': [264], 'microphysical': [265], 'models': [266]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2102675572', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 14}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 20}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 3}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-26T19:18:09.806233', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}