Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2102110425', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.627', 'title': 'The performance of crystalline silicon photovoltaic solar modules after 22 years of continuous outdoor exposure', 'display_name': 'The performance of crystalline silicon photovoltaic solar modules after 22 years of continuous outdoor exposure', 'publication_year': 2005, 'publication_date': '2005-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2102110425', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.627', 'mag': '2102110425'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.627', 'pdf_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/pip.627', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S148178125', 'display_name': 'Progress in Photovoltaics Research and Applications', 'issn_l': '1062-7995', 'issn': ['1062-7995', '1099-159X'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'bronze', 'oa_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/pip.627', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5000516916', 'display_name': 'Ewan D. Dunlop', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0216-9603'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210118689', 'display_name': 'Joint Research Centre', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02qezmz13', 'country_code': 'IT', 'type': 'government', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1320481043', 'https://openalex.org/I2800387288', 'https://openalex.org/I4210118689', 'https://openalex.org/I4210161702']}], 'countries': ['IT'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Ewan D. Dunlop', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Renewable Energies Unit, TP 450, via E. Fermi 1, I‐21020 Ispra (VA), Italy'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Renewable Energies Unit, TP 450, via E. Fermi 1, I‐21020 Ispra (VA), Italy', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210118689']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5065355027', 'display_name': 'D. Halton', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210118689', 'display_name': 'Joint Research Centre', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02qezmz13', 'country_code': 'IT', 'type': 'government', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1320481043', 'https://openalex.org/I2800387288', 'https://openalex.org/I4210118689', 'https://openalex.org/I4210161702']}], 'countries': ['IT'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'David Halton', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Renewable Energies Unit, TP 450, via E. Fermi 1, I‐21020 Ispra (VA), Italy'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Renewable Energies Unit, TP 450, via E. Fermi 1, I‐21020 Ispra (VA), Italy', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210118689']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 2.937, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 154, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.91411, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 97, 'max': 98}, 'biblio': {'volume': '14', 'issue': '1', 'first_page': '53', 'last_page': '64'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10468', 'display_name': 'Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques', 'score': 0.9974, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2105', 'display_name': 'Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/21', 'display_name': 'Energy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10468', 'display_name': 'Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques', 'score': 0.9974, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2105', 'display_name': 'Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/21', 'display_name': 'Energy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12838', 'display_name': 'Photovoltaic Systems and Sustainability', 'score': 0.9893, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2305', 'display_name': 'Environmental Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/23', 'display_name': 'Environmental Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10624', 'display_name': 'Silicon and Solar Cell Technologies', 'score': 0.9582, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2208', 'display_name': 'Electrical and Electronic Engineering'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/22', 'display_name': 'Engineering'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41291067', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785', 'display_name': 'Photovoltaic system', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7995802}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779667780', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18206302', 'display_name': 'Crystalline silicon', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.6757282}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C39432304', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847', 'display_name': 'Environmental science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.53703237}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776843527', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1351382', 'display_name': 'Rack', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5251557}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C200601418', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887', 'display_name': 'Reliability engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.45336798}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C171146098', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192', 'display_name': 'Automotive engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.45185697}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C9652623', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109', 'display_name': 'Field (mathematics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.42265427}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C119599485', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035', 'display_name': 'Electrical engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3699633}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C170154142', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737', 'display_name': 'Architectural engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.36365506}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.33529645}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127413603', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023', 'display_name': 'Engineering', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.29143423}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780824857', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58803', 'display_name': 'Solar cell', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.26474077}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C78519656', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333', 'display_name': 'Mechanical engineering', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.22240958}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.14983094}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C202444582', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863', 'display_name': 'Pure mathematics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.627', 'pdf_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/pip.627', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S148178125', 'display_name': 'Progress in Photovoltaics Research and Applications', 'issn_l': '1062-7995', 'issn': ['1062-7995', '1099-159X'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.627', 'pdf_url': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/pip.627', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S148178125', 'display_name': 'Progress in Photovoltaics Research and Applications', 'issn_l': '1062-7995', 'issn': ['1062-7995', '1099-159X'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 4, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1631641601', 'https://openalex.org/W2144618684', 'https://openalex.org/W2150099345', 'https://openalex.org/W2150249995'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4391263626', 'https://openalex.org/W3149027463', 'https://openalex.org/W2958580061', 'https://openalex.org/W2591958208', 'https://openalex.org/W2377223570', 'https://openalex.org/W2360126784', 'https://openalex.org/W2358514374', 'https://openalex.org/W2357743194', 'https://openalex.org/W2354821064', 'https://openalex.org/W2033820166'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'This': [0, 153], 'paper': [1, 135], 'presents': [2], 'the': [3, 23, 30, 56, 80, 87, 103, 114, 128, 138, 142, 158, 165, 175, 180, 189], 'results': [4, 81, 131], 'of': [5, 44, 55, 64, 67, 177, 182, 184, 192], '40': [6], 'silicon-based': [7], 'photovoltaic': [8], 'solar': [9], 'modules': [10, 35, 49, 112, 178], 'originating': [11], 'from': [12, 83], 'six': [13], 'different': [14], 'manufactures': [15], 'which': [16, 90], 'were': [17], 'tested': [18], 'and': [19, 96, 160], 'characterised': [20], 'originally': [21], 'at': [22], 'European': [24], 'Solar': [25], 'Test': [26], 'Installation,': [27], '(ESTI),': [28], 'in': [29, 39, 101, 127, 133, 141, 149, 164], 'period': [31], '1982–1984.': [32], 'These': [33, 48], 'same': [34], 'have': [36, 70, 78], 'been': [37, 71], 're-measured': [38], '2004': [40], 'after': [41, 124, 186], '20–22': [42], 'years': [43, 121, 126], 'continuous': [45], 'outdoor': [46, 59], 'weathering.': [47], 'are': [50, 91, 105], 'a': [51], 'subset': [52], "'Rack": [53], "C'": [54], 'JRC': [57], 'Ispra': [58], 'test': [60], 'field': [61, 143], 'where': [62], 'examples': [63], 'diverse': [65], 'generations': [66], 'PV': [68], 'technologies': [69], 'subjected': [72], 'to': [73, 146], 'long-term': [74], 'climatic': [75], 'exposure.': [76], 'We': [77], 'compared': [79], 'obtained': [82], 'these': [84, 193], 'samples': [85], 'with': [86, 107], 'typical': [88], 'guarantees': [89], 'given': [92, 118], 'by': [93], 'module': [94], 'manufacturers': [95, 104], 'we': [97], 'can': [98], 'see': [99], 'that': [100, 137, 147, 173], 'general': [102], 'conservative': [106], 'their': [108], 'power': [109, 116], 'guarantees.': [110], 'Most': [111], 'exceed': [113], 'minimum': [115], 'levels': [117, 162], 'for': [119], '10': [120], 'exposure,': [122], 'even': [123], '22': [125], 'field.': [129], 'The': [130], 'presented': [132], 'this': [134], 'indicate': [136, 172], 'degradation': [139], 'observed': [140, 148], 'is': [144, 195], 'comparable': [145], 'Type': [150, 166], 'Approval': [151, 167], 'Testing.': [152], 'result': [154], 'not': [155], 'only': [156], 'validates': [157], 'testing': [159], 'stress': [161], 'applied': [163], 'Tests,': [168], 'but': [169], 'also': [170], 'would': [171], '(with': [174], 'majority': [176], 'exceeding': [179], 'level': [181], '92%': [183], 'Pmax': [185], '20': [187, 199], 'years)': [188], 'actual': [190], 'lifetime': [191], 'products': [194], 'significantly': [196], 'more': [197], 'than': [198], 'years.': [200], 'Copyright': [201], '©': [202], '2005': [203], 'John': [204], 'Wiley': [205], '&': [206], 'Sons,': [207], 'Ltd.': [208]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2102110425', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 12}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 14}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 13}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-09T04:23:57.611668', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}