Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2101746535', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4573(02)00021-3', 'title': 'An information-theoretic perspective of tf–idf measures', 'display_name': 'An information-theoretic perspective of tf–idf measures', 'publication_year': 2002, 'publication_date': '2002-12-10', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2101746535', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4573(02)00021-3', 'mag': '2101746535'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4573(02)00021-3', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S174847851', 'display_name': 'Information Processing & Management', 'issn_l': '0306-4573', 'issn': ['0306-4573', '1873-5371'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5041062417', 'display_name': 'Akiko Aizawa', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6544-5076'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I184597095', 'display_name': 'National Institute of Informatics', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04ksd4g47', 'country_code': 'JP', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1319490839', 'https://openalex.org/I184597095', 'https://openalex.org/I4210158934']}], 'countries': ['JP'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Akiko Aizawa', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF INFORMATICS; 2-1-2 HITOTSUBASHI CHIYODA-KU TOKYO 101-8430 JAPAN'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF INFORMATICS; 2-1-2 HITOTSUBASHI CHIYODA-KU TOKYO 101-8430 JAPAN', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I184597095']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5041062417'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I184597095'], 'apc_list': {'value': 3220, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 3220, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 8.516, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 1177, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.995484, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '39', 'issue': '1', 'first_page': '45', 'last_page': '65'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10286', 'display_name': 'Information Retrieval and Search Behavior', 'score': 0.9998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1710', 'display_name': 'Information Systems'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10286', 'display_name': 'Information Retrieval and Search Behavior', 'score': 0.9998, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1710', 'display_name': 'Information Systems'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10028', 'display_name': 'Topic Modeling', 'score': 0.9986, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1702', 'display_name': 'Artificial Intelligence'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13083', 'display_name': 'Advanced Text Analysis Techniques', 'score': 0.9967, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1702', 'display_name': 'Artificial Intelligence'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/tf–idf', 'display_name': 'tf–idf', 'score': 0.7911569}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C81758059', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q796584', 'display_name': 'tf–idf', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.7911569}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.71995234}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C61797465', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986', 'display_name': 'Term (time)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6085207}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C207467116', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4385666', 'display_name': 'Inverse', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5666945}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C23123220', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826', 'display_name': 'Information retrieval', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.5588048}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C12713177', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281', 'display_name': 'Perspective (graphical)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5556406}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780009758', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172', 'display_name': 'Measure (data warehouse)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.53259367}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C90673727', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718', 'display_name': 'Product (mathematics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4588526}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C124101348', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491', 'display_name': 'Data mining', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.36838996}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154945302', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660', 'display_name': 'Artificial intelligence', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.27669227}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.20819795}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C62520636', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944', 'display_name': 'Quantum mechanics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2524010', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087', 'display_name': 'Geometry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4573(02)00021-3', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S174847851', 'display_name': 'Information Processing & Management', 'issn_l': '0306-4573', 'issn': ['0306-4573', '1873-5371'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 46, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W116908793', 'https://openalex.org/W1538254750', 'https://openalex.org/W1574901103', 'https://openalex.org/W1576928919', 'https://openalex.org/W1592212241', 'https://openalex.org/W1593045043', 'https://openalex.org/W1620204465', 'https://openalex.org/W1660390307', 'https://openalex.org/W1770838219', 'https://openalex.org/W1849729440', 'https://openalex.org/W1940278502', 'https://openalex.org/W1956559956', 'https://openalex.org/W1971666241', 'https://openalex.org/W1978394996', 'https://openalex.org/W1985697096', 'https://openalex.org/W1998391779', 'https://openalex.org/W2001009', 'https://openalex.org/W2001929984', 'https://openalex.org/W2005422315', 'https://openalex.org/W2037745957', 'https://openalex.org/W2043909051', 'https://openalex.org/W2060314721', 'https://openalex.org/W2065096648', 'https://openalex.org/W2067970404', 'https://openalex.org/W2091101376', 'https://openalex.org/W2096152098', 'https://openalex.org/W2096468639', 'https://openalex.org/W2099111195', 'https://openalex.org/W2101409285', 'https://openalex.org/W2102046030', 'https://openalex.org/W2107434887', 'https://openalex.org/W2115054880', 'https://openalex.org/W2116178853', 'https://openalex.org/W2116780029', 'https://openalex.org/W2144211451', 'https://openalex.org/W2163051611', 'https://openalex.org/W2163953154', 'https://openalex.org/W2270423142', 'https://openalex.org/W2325227998', 'https://openalex.org/W2435251607', 'https://openalex.org/W2485586944', 'https://openalex.org/W2560674852', 'https://openalex.org/W285471286', 'https://openalex.org/W2911640577', 'https://openalex.org/W2986345682', 'https://openalex.org/W613616595'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4296339319', 'https://openalex.org/W2971320423', 'https://openalex.org/W2389748081', 'https://openalex.org/W2383777945', 'https://openalex.org/W2382433580', 'https://openalex.org/W2381981226', 'https://openalex.org/W2369751049', 'https://openalex.org/W2198237484', 'https://openalex.org/W2100326285', 'https://openalex.org/W1998998501'], 'abstract_inverted_index': None, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2101746535', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 130}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 173}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 154}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 142}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 95}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 88}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 62}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 44}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 47}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 46}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 35}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 25}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 22}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-26T00:56:02.106001', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}