Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2100966384', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.46.5467', 'title': 'On background-independent open-string field theory', 'display_name': 'On background-independent open-string field theory', 'publication_year': 1992, 'publication_date': '1992-12-15', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2100966384', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.46.5467', 'mag': '2100966384', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10014938'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.46.5467', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4210190737', 'display_name': 'Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields', 'issn_l': '0556-2821', 'issn': ['0556-2821', '1089-4918', '1538-4500'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320261', 'host_organization_name': 'American Physical Society', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320261'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Physical Society'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['arxiv', 'crossref', 'datacite', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'http://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/9208027', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5032512426', 'display_name': 'Edward Witten', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7752-6073'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I40036882', 'display_name': 'Institute for Advanced Study', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00f809463', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I40036882']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Edward Witten', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['School of Natural Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Olden Lane, Princeton, New Jersey 08540'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'School of Natural Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Olden Lane, Princeton, New Jersey 08540', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I40036882']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5032512426'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I40036882'], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 4.544, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 344, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.980334, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 98, 'max': 99}, 'biblio': {'volume': '46', 'issue': '12', 'first_page': '5467', 'last_page': '5473'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10025', 'display_name': 'Black Holes and Theoretical Physics', 'score': 0.9993, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3106', 'display_name': 'Nuclear and High Energy Physics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/31', 'display_name': 'Physics and Astronomy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10025', 'display_name': 'Black Holes and Theoretical Physics', 'score': 0.9993, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3106', 'display_name': 'Nuclear and High Energy Physics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/31', 'display_name': 'Physics and Astronomy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11415', 'display_name': 'Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories', 'score': 0.9898, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3109', 'display_name': 'Statistical and Nonlinear Physics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/31', 'display_name': 'Physics and Astronomy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11416', 'display_name': 'Numerical methods for differential equations', 'score': 0.9878, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2612', 'display_name': 'Numerical Analysis'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/26', 'display_name': 'Mathematics'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/brst-quantization', 'display_name': 'BRST quantization', 'score': 0.72297955}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/string-phenomenology', 'display_name': 'String phenomenology', 'score': 0.61869514}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/string-cosmology', 'display_name': 'String cosmology', 'score': 0.5707045}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/open-string', 'display_name': 'Open string', 'score': 0.5439818}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/formalism', 'display_name': 'Formalism (music)', 'score': 0.53875405}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15760308', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1051921', 'display_name': 'String field theory', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.88775504}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C39366733', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2752849', 'display_name': 'BRST quantization', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.72297955}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C156341967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7048887', 'display_name': 'Non-critical string theory', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.71864665}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C23409769', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310750', 'display_name': 'Relationship between string theory and quantum field theory', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.620585}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C42845850', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15427360', 'display_name': 'String phenomenology', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.61869514}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C91229774', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193885', 'display_name': 'Infinitesimal', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.591199}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C191837563', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q279029', 'display_name': 'String cosmology', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.5707045}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2993921832', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17129831', 'display_name': 'Open string', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.5439818}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C73301696', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5469984', 'display_name': 'Formalism (music)', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.53875405}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33332235', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362', 'display_name': 'Theoretical physics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.49851203}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.48342192}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C49987212', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33198', 'display_name': 'String theory', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.439593}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C53469067', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505735', 'display_name': 'Lagrangian', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4303117}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C181830111', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214850', 'display_name': 'Gauge theory', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.39093444}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C37914503', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495', 'display_name': 'Mathematical physics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.38703153}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.3636288}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C62520636', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944', 'display_name': 'Quantum mechanics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.20247674}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C134306372', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754', 'display_name': 'Mathematical analysis', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.13081}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C108568745', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234181', 'display_name': 'Quantum gravity', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.10470134}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C558565934', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2743', 'display_name': 'Musical', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C153349607', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649', 'display_name': 'Visual arts', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C142362112', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735', 'display_name': 'Art', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C84114770', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344', 'display_name': 'Quantum', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 5, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.46.5467', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4210190737', 'display_name': 'Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields', 'issn_l': '0556-2821', 'issn': ['0556-2821', '1089-4918', '1538-4500'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320261', 'host_organization_name': 'American Physical Society', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320261'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Physical Society'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9208027', 'pdf_url': 'http://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/9208027', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400194', 'display_name': 'arXiv (Cornell University)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I205783295', 'host_organization_name': 'Cornell University', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I205783295'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Cornell University'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9208027', 'pdf_url': 'https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/9208027', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400194', 'display_name': 'arXiv (Cornell University)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I205783295', 'host_organization_name': 'Cornell University', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I205783295'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Cornell University'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10014938', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://api.datacite.org/dois/10.48550/arxiv.hep-th/9208027', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4393179698', 'display_name': 'DataCite API', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I4210145204', 'host_organization_name': 'DataCite', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210145204'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['DataCite'], 'type': 'metadata'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9208027', 'pdf_url': 'http://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/9208027', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400194', 'display_name': 'arXiv (Cornell University)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I205783295', 'host_organization_name': 'Cornell University', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I205783295'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Cornell University'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': ['https://openalex.org/W2100966384'], 'referenced_works_count': 22, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1967782793', 'https://openalex.org/W1972017791', 'https://openalex.org/W1974864523', 'https://openalex.org/W1981293365', 'https://openalex.org/W1983672239', 'https://openalex.org/W1987023900', 'https://openalex.org/W1989678875', 'https://openalex.org/W2011102506', 'https://openalex.org/W2031057482', 'https://openalex.org/W2053898342', 'https://openalex.org/W2054507912', 'https://openalex.org/W2058695304', 'https://openalex.org/W2068342329', 'https://openalex.org/W2082832144', 'https://openalex.org/W2087717736', 'https://openalex.org/W2101701029', 'https://openalex.org/W2144591557', 'https://openalex.org/W2156682843', 'https://openalex.org/W2949463227', 'https://openalex.org/W4248338003', 'https://openalex.org/W4250688870', 'https://openalex.org/W4298222025'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W560475734', 'https://openalex.org/W432858872', 'https://openalex.org/W4298860258', 'https://openalex.org/W321642293', 'https://openalex.org/W3099052792', 'https://openalex.org/W3098351220', 'https://openalex.org/W2977828334', 'https://openalex.org/W2771961363', 'https://openalex.org/W2100966384', 'https://openalex.org/W1750461621'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'A': [0], 'framework': [1], 'for': [2], 'background': [3], 'independent': [4], 'open-string': [5, 43, 63], 'field': [6, 27, 58], 'theory': [7, 28, 59], 'is': [8, 47], 'proposed.': [9], 'The': [10], 'approach': [11], 'involves': [12], 'using': [13], 'the': [14, 50, 56, 74, 81], 'BV': [15], 'formalism': [16, 51], '--': [17, 29], 'in': [18, 25, 37], 'a': [19, 33, 38, 71], 'way': [20], 'suggested': [21], 'by': [22, 80], 'recent': [23], 'developments': [24], 'closed-string': [26], 'to': [30], 'implicitly': [31], 'define': [32], 'gauge': [34, 76], 'invariant': [35, 62], 'Lagrangian': [36], 'hypothetical': [39], '``space': [40], 'of': [41, 55], 'all': [42], 'world-sheet': [44, 64, 82], "theories.''": [45], 'It': [46], 'built': [48], 'into': [49], 'that': [52], 'classical': [53, 72], 'solutions': [54], 'string': [57], 'are': [60, 78], 'BRST': [61, 83], 'theories': [65], 'and': [66], 'that,': [67], 'when': [68], 'expanding': [69], 'around': [70], 'solution,': [73], 'infinitesimal': [75], 'transformations': [77], 'generated': [79], 'operator.': [84]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2100966384', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 13}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 7}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-11T16:01:13.712909', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}