Publication Information

{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2100880655', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.54.6233', 'title': 'Does back reaction enforce the averaged null energy condition in semiclassical gravity?', 'display_name': 'Does back reaction enforce the averaged null energy condition in semiclassical gravity?', 'publication_year': 1996, 'publication_date': '1996-11-15', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2100880655', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.54.6233', 'mag': '2100880655', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10020629'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.54.6233', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4210190737', 'display_name': 'Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields', 'issn_l': '0556-2821', 'issn': ['0556-2821', '1089-4918', '1538-4500'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320261', 'host_organization_name': 'American Physical Society', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320261'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Physical Society'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'datacite', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'http://arxiv.org/pdf/gr-qc/9602052', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5053611889', 'display_name': 'Éanna É. Flanagan', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6818-3550'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1314696892', 'display_name': 'Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/020hgte69', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1314696892', 'https://openalex.org/I1330989302', 'https://openalex.org/I39565521', 'https://openalex.org/I4210114836']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I40347166', 'display_name': 'University of Chicago', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/024mw5h28', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I40347166']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Eanna E. Flanagan', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Enrico Fermi Institute, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637-1433'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Enrico Fermi Institute, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637-1433', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1314696892', 'https://openalex.org/I40347166']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5053873303', 'display_name': 'Robert M. Wald', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7410-0619'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1314696892', 'display_name': 'Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/020hgte69', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1314696892', 'https://openalex.org/I1330989302', 'https://openalex.org/I39565521', 'https://openalex.org/I4210114836']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I40347166', 'display_name': 'University of Chicago', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/024mw5h28', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I40347166']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Robert M. Wald', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Enrico Fermi Institute, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637-1433'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Enrico Fermi Institute, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637-1433', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1314696892', 'https://openalex.org/I40347166']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 2, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 12.856, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 327, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999904, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 98, 'max': 99}, 'biblio': {'volume': '54', 'issue': '10', 'first_page': '6233', 'last_page': '6283'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10095', 'display_name': 'Cosmology and Gravitation Theories', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3103', 'display_name': 'Astronomy and Astrophysics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/31', 'display_name': 'Physics and Astronomy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10095', 'display_name': 'Cosmology and Gravitation Theories', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3103', 'display_name': 'Astronomy and Astrophysics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/31', 'display_name': 'Physics and Astronomy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10025', 'display_name': 'Black Holes and Theoretical Physics', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3106', 'display_name': 'Nuclear and High Energy Physics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/31', 'display_name': 'Physics and Astronomy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11415', 'display_name': 'Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories', 'score': 0.9994, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3109', 'display_name': 'Statistical and Nonlinear Physics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/31', 'display_name': 'Physics and Astronomy'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/wormhole', 'display_name': 'Wormhole', 'score': 0.5907492}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/semiclassical-physics', 'display_name': 'Semiclassical physics', 'score': 0.54274875}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-condition', 'display_name': 'Energy condition', 'score': 0.47870636}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.7842989}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C37914503', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495', 'display_name': 'Mathematical physics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.6690376}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C29013271', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544', 'display_name': 'Wormhole', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5907492}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C79464548', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464794', 'display_name': 'Minkowski space', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5847409}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C165818556', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213488', 'display_name': 'Geodesic', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5555106}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C535169671', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17080006', 'display_name': 'Semiclassical physics', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.54274875}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C110521144', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193460', 'display_name': 'Scalar field', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5265927}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C130187892', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133327', 'display_name': 'Spacetime', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4887483}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C149643647', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q986455', 'display_name': 'Energy condition', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.47870636}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C147452769', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11452', 'display_name': 'General relativity', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44436508}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C62520636', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944', 'display_name': 'Quantum mechanics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3775512}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C84114770', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344', 'display_name': 'Quantum', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.22338003}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C134306372', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754', 'display_name': 'Mathematical analysis', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0957275}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 4, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.54.6233', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4210190737', 'display_name': 'Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields', 'issn_l': '0556-2821', 'issn': ['0556-2821', '1089-4918', '1538-4500'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320261', 'host_organization_name': 'American Physical Society', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320261'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['American Physical Society'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9602052', 'pdf_url': 'http://arxiv.org/pdf/gr-qc/9602052', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400194', 'display_name': 'arXiv (Cornell University)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I205783295', 'host_organization_name': 'Cornell University', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I205783295'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Cornell University'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10020629', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://api.datacite.org/dois/10.48550/arxiv.gr-qc/9602052', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4393179698', 'display_name': 'DataCite API', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I4210145204', 'host_organization_name': 'DataCite', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I4210145204'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['DataCite'], 'type': 'metadata'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9602052', 'pdf_url': 'http://arxiv.org/pdf/gr-qc/9602052', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400194', 'display_name': 'arXiv (Cornell University)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I205783295', 'host_organization_name': 'Cornell University', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I205783295'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Cornell University'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.87, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7', 'display_name': 'Affordable and clean energy'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': ['https://openalex.org/W2100880655'], 'referenced_works_count': 62, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W148518135', 'https://openalex.org/W1501586179', 'https://openalex.org/W1584557904', 'https://openalex.org/W1662022794', 'https://openalex.org/W1673947534', 'https://openalex.org/W1963761677', 'https://openalex.org/W1970384681', 'https://openalex.org/W1972235360', 'https://openalex.org/W1978411982', 'https://openalex.org/W1984383823', 'https://openalex.org/W1985274869', 'https://openalex.org/W1990678913', 'https://openalex.org/W1992204683', 'https://openalex.org/W1993993424', 'https://openalex.org/W1994672275', 'https://openalex.org/W1996972936', 'https://openalex.org/W2000092317', 'https://openalex.org/W2002277460', 'https://openalex.org/W2004477750', 'https://openalex.org/W2009719330', 'https://openalex.org/W2012682755', 'https://openalex.org/W2012903368', 'https://openalex.org/W2014146538', 'https://openalex.org/W2015397846', 'https://openalex.org/W2023781804', 'https://openalex.org/W2024227009', 'https://openalex.org/W2027432739', 'https://openalex.org/W2029403139', 'https://openalex.org/W2029807129', 'https://openalex.org/W2032573087', 'https://openalex.org/W2033631766', 'https://openalex.org/W2038962717', 'https://openalex.org/W2044518991', 'https://openalex.org/W2048992482', 'https://openalex.org/W2050421431', 'https://openalex.org/W2054144999', 'https://openalex.org/W2054262179', 'https://openalex.org/W2059937017', 'https://openalex.org/W2064191127', 'https://openalex.org/W2066523355', 'https://openalex.org/W2072038051', 'https://openalex.org/W2073489576', 'https://openalex.org/W2076345154', 'https://openalex.org/W2084409952', 'https://openalex.org/W2105973581', 'https://openalex.org/W2112677333', 'https://openalex.org/W2113006325', 'https://openalex.org/W2117128933', 'https://openalex.org/W2122103432', 'https://openalex.org/W2132087551', 'https://openalex.org/W2136777151', 'https://openalex.org/W2142260450', 'https://openalex.org/W2150514333', 'https://openalex.org/W2156017642', 'https://openalex.org/W2160677099', 'https://openalex.org/W2170609994', 'https://openalex.org/W3004193622', 'https://openalex.org/W4206575370', 'https://openalex.org/W4230487960', 'https://openalex.org/W4234933822', 'https://openalex.org/W4312562922', 'https://openalex.org/W4386445991'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4392488577', 'https://openalex.org/W4285667186', 'https://openalex.org/W4224493713', 'https://openalex.org/W3104583724', 'https://openalex.org/W3103499843', 'https://openalex.org/W3099602591', 'https://openalex.org/W2222046874', 'https://openalex.org/W2082911982', 'https://openalex.org/W2053393150', 'https://openalex.org/W2002922638'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'The': [0], 'expectation': [1], 'value': [2], '$〈{T}_{\\mathrm{ab}}〉$': [3, 28], 'of': [4, 9, 20, 112, 130, 150, 168, 213, 333, 349, 356, 365, 370, 376, 379, 385, 395, 403], 'the': [5, 14, 44, 62, 70, 80, 90, 104, 113, 124, 131, 148, 154, 161, 166, 180, 184, 189, 197, 204, 214, 220, 236, 249, 254, 274, 296, 306, 334, 347, 366, 377, 380, 401], 'renormalized': [6], 'stress-energy': [7], 'tensor': [8], 'quantum': [10, 107], 'fields': [11], 'generically': [12], 'violates': [13], 'classical,': [15], 'local': [16], 'positive': [17, 34, 265], 'energy': [18, 35, 47], 'conditions': [19, 42], 'general': [21, 358, 406], 'relativity.': [22], 'Nevertheless,': [23], 'it': [24, 86, 225], 'is': [25, 43, 87, 100, 267, 398], 'possible': [26], 'that': [27, 52, 89, 219, 245], 'may': [29], 'still': [30], 'satisfy': [31], 'some': [32], 'nonlocal': [33, 41], 'conditions.': [36], 'Most': [37], 'prominent': [38], 'among': [39], 'these': [40, 404], 'averaged': [45], 'null': [46, 57], 'condition': [48], '(ANEC),': [49], 'which': [50, 183], 'states': [51, 212, 284], '$\\ensuremath{\\int}〈{T}_{\\mathrm{ab}}〉{k}^{a}{k}^{b}d\\ensuremath{\\lambda}>~0$': [53], 'along': [54], 'any': [55, 228], 'complete': [56], 'geodesic,': [58, 255], 'where': [59, 298], '${k}^{a}$': [60], 'denotes': [61], 'geodesic': [63], 'tangent,': [64], 'with': [65, 143, 314], 'affine': [66], 'parameter': [67], '$\\ensuremath{\\lambda}$.': [68], 'If': [69], 'ANEC': [71, 81, 91, 125, 221, 237, 250], 'holds,': [72], 'then': [73], 'traversable': [74, 326], 'wormholes': [75, 327], 'cannot': [76, 338], 'occur.': [77], 'However,': [78, 242], 'although': [79], 'holds': [82, 126], 'in': [83, 95, 147, 182, 203, 269, 288], 'Minkowski': [84], 'spacetime,': [85, 372], 'known': [88], 'can': [92, 239], 'be': [93, 240, 339, 343], 'violated': [94], 'curved': [96], 'spacetimes': [97], 'if': [98, 246, 325], 'one': [99], 'allowed': [101], 'to': [102, 171, 179, 231, 253, 295, 361, 400], 'choose': [103], 'spacetime': [105], 'and': [106, 158, 191, 206, 209, 319, 384], 'state': [108, 190, 207], 'arbitrarily,': [109], 'without': [110], 'imposition': [111], 'semiclassical': [114, 132, 163, 335, 367, 381], 'Einstein': [115, 133, 382], 'equation,': [116], '${G}_{\\mathrm{ab}}=8\\ensuremath{\\pi}〈{T}_{\\mathrm{ab}}〉$.': [117], 'In': [118, 346], 'this': [119], 'paper,': [120], 'we': [121, 159, 217, 243, 247, 292, 352], 'investigate': [122, 353], 'whether': [123], 'for': [127, 210, 227, 273, 282, 387], 'self-consistent': [128, 331], 'solutions': [129, 332], 'equation.': [134], 'We': [135, 175], 'study': [136], 'a': [137, 257, 263, 354], 'free,': [138], 'linear,': [139], 'massless': [140], 'scalar': [141, 215], 'field': [142], 'arbitrary': [144], 'curvature': [145], 'coupling': [146], 'context': [149], 'perturbation': [151, 289], 'theory': [152], 'about': [153], 'flat': [155, 276, 371], 'spacetime/vacuum': [156, 277], 'solution,': [157], 'modify': [160], 'perturbed': [162], 'equations': [164, 368], 'by': [165, 188, 317], '"reduction': [167], 'order"': [169], 'procedure': [170], 'eliminate': [172], 'spurious': [173], 'solutions.': [174, 391], 'also': [176], 'restrict': [177], 'attention': [178], 'limit': [181], 'length': [185], 'scales': [186], 'determined': [187], 'metric': [192, 205, 308], 'are': [193], 'much': [194], 'larger': [195], 'than': [196], 'Planck': [198, 259], 'length.': [199], 'At': [200], 'first': [201], 'order': [202, 287], 'perturbations,': [208], 'pure': [211, 283], 'field,': [216], 'find': [218], 'integral': [222, 238, 251], 'vanishes,': [223], 'as': [224, 330], 'must': [226, 342], 'positivity': [229], 'result': [230, 266], 'hold.': [232], 'For': [233], 'mixed': [234], 'states,': [235], 'negative.': [241], 'prove': [244], 'average': [248], 'transverse': [252], 'using': [256], 'suitable': [258], 'scale': [260], 'smearing': [261], 'function,': [262], 'strictly': [264], 'obtained': [268], 'all': [270], 'cases': [271], 'except': [272], 'trivial': [275], 'solution.': [278], 'Similar': [279], 'results': [280, 311], 'hold': [281], 'at': [285], 'second': [286], 'theory,': [290], 'when': [291], 'additionally': [293], 'specialize': [294], 'situation': [297], 'incoming': [299], 'classical': [300], 'gravitational': [301], 'radiation': [302], 'does': [303], 'not': [304], 'dominate': [305], 'first-order': [307], 'perturbation.': [309], 'These': [310], 'suggest---in': [312], 'agreement': [313], 'conclusions': [315], 'drawn': [316], 'Ford': [318], 'Roman': [320], 'from': [321], 'entirely': [322], 'independent': [323], 'arguments---that': [324], 'do': [328], 'exist': [329], 'equations,': [336], 'they': [337], 'macroscopic': [340], 'but': [341], '"Planck': [344], 'scale."': [345], 'course': [348], 'our': [350, 396], 'analysis,': [351], 'number': [355], 'more': [357, 405], 'issues': [359], 'relevant': [360, 390], 'doing': [362], 'perturbative': [363], 'expansions': [364], 'off': [369], 'including': [373], 'an': [374], 'analysis': [375], 'nature': [378], 'equation': [383], 'prescriptions': [386], 'extracting': [388], 'physically': [389], 'A': [392], 'large': [393], 'portion': [394], 'paper': [397], 'devoted': [399], 'treatment': [402], 'issues.': [407]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2100880655', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 21}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 12}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 15}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 15}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 34}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 13}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 15}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 13}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 6}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-09T12:11:03.314883', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}