Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2100874076', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.114.163147', 'title': 'Fitness Is Strongly Influenced by Rare Mutations of Large Effect in a Microbial Mutation Accumulation Experiment', 'display_name': 'Fitness Is Strongly Influenced by Rare Mutations of Large Effect in a Microbial Mutation Accumulation Experiment', 'publication_year': 2014, 'publication_date': '2014-07-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2100874076', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.114.163147', 'mag': '2100874076', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24814466', 'pmcid': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4096375'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.114.163147', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.genetics.org/content/genetics/197/3/981.full.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S65932378', 'display_name': 'Genetics', 'issn_l': '0016-6731', 'issn': ['0016-6731', '1943-2631'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310311648', 'host_organization_name': 'Oxford University Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310311647', 'https://openalex.org/P4310311648'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Oxford', 'Oxford University Press'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'bronze', 'oa_url': 'https://www.genetics.org/content/genetics/197/3/981.full.pdf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5061729724', 'display_name': 'Karl Heilbron', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4776-1723'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I40120149', 'display_name': 'University of Oxford', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/052gg0110', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I40120149']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Karl Heilbron', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Zoology, Tinbergen Bldg., South Parks Rd., Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom.', 'Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Zoology, Tinbergen Bldg., South Parks Rd., Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom.', 'institution_ids': []}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I40120149']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5066149620', 'display_name': 'Macarena Toll‐Riera', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0978-3139'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I40120149', 'display_name': 'University of Oxford', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/052gg0110', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I40120149']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Macarena Toll-Riera', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Zoology, Tinbergen Bldg., South Parks Rd., Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom.', 'Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Zoology, Tinbergen Bldg., South Parks Rd., Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom.', 'institution_ids': []}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I40120149']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5089423978', 'display_name': 'Mila Kojadinovic', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I40120149', 'display_name': 'University of Oxford', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/052gg0110', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I40120149']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Mila Kojadinovic', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Zoology, Tinbergen Bldg., South Parks Rd., Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom.', 'Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Zoology, Tinbergen Bldg., South Parks Rd., Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom.', 'institution_ids': []}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I40120149']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5085336116', 'display_name': 'R. Craig MacLean', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7941-813X'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I40120149', 'display_name': 'University of Oxford', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/052gg0110', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I40120149']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'R Craig MacLean', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Zoology, Tinbergen Bldg., South Parks Rd., Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom.', 'Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I40120149']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Zoology, Tinbergen Bldg., South Parks Rd., Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom.', 'institution_ids': []}]}], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5061729724'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I40120149'], 'apc_list': {'value': 4264, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 4264, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 4.984, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 66, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999955, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 97, 'max': 98}, 'biblio': {'volume': '197', 'issue': '3', 'first_page': '981', 'last_page': '990'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11764', 'display_name': 'Evolutionary Dynamics of Genetic Adaptation and Mutation', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1311', 'display_name': 'Genetics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11764', 'display_name': 'Evolutionary Dynamics of Genetic Adaptation and Mutation', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1311', 'display_name': 'Genetics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10012', 'display_name': 'Population Genetic Structure and Dynamics', 'score': 0.981, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1311', 'display_name': 'Genetics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/13', 'display_name': 'Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11252', 'display_name': 'Evolution of Cooperation and Altruism in Social Systems', 'score': 0.9675, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/nonsynonymous-substitution', 'display_name': 'Nonsynonymous substitution', 'score': 0.84460264}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/indel', 'display_name': 'Indel', 'score': 0.75738734}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/mutation-accumulation', 'display_name': 'Mutation Accumulation', 'score': 0.75304425}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/neutral-mutation', 'display_name': 'Neutral mutation', 'score': 0.5711944}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-evolution', 'display_name': 'Adaptive Evolution', 'score': 0.516321}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/synonymous-substitution', 'display_name': 'Synonymous substitution', 'score': 0.51583}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/indel-mutation', 'display_name': 'INDEL Mutation', 'score': 0.41822788}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-load', 'display_name': 'Genetic load', 'score': 0.4175187}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C149904235', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7049620', 'display_name': 'Nonsynonymous substitution', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.84460264}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.8134364}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54355233', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162', 'display_name': 'Genetics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.7676262}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C119054055', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576681', 'display_name': 'Indel', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.75738734}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2910240311', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5418641', 'display_name': 'Mutation Accumulation', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.75304425}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C29906990', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1440688', 'display_name': 'Frameshift mutation', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.6701379}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C501734568', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42918', 'display_name': 'Mutation', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.6055116}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C98638677', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2067051', 'display_name': 'Mutation rate', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5991739}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C149129301', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3883802', 'display_name': 'Neutral mutation', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5711944}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C146249460', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914991', 'display_name': 'Fixation (population genetics)', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.55657893}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138025448', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662597', 'display_name': 'Synonymous substitution', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.51583}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2910714999', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576681', 'display_name': 'INDEL Mutation', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.41822788}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C24218269', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1047416', 'display_name': 'Genetic load', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.4175187}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C81917197', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760', 'display_name': 'Selection (genetic algorithm)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.41087863}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C104317684', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187', 'display_name': 'Gene', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.37515438}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C141231307', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7020', 'display_name': 'Genome', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.27965134}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C135763542', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106016', 'display_name': 'Genotype', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.15421236}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2908647359', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603', 'display_name': 'Population', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.14303166}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777782036', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38978', 'display_name': 'Inbreeding', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.06506175}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C87253356', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1106472', 'display_name': 'Codon usage bias', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154945302', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660', 'display_name': 'Artificial intelligence', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C153209595', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q501128', 'display_name': 'Single-nucleotide polymorphism', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C149923435', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732', 'display_name': 'Demography', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144024400', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201', 'display_name': 'Sociology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D056084', 'descriptor_name': 'Genetic Fitness', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016296', 'descriptor_name': 'Mutagenesis', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000235', 'qualifier_name': 'genetics', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009154', 'descriptor_name': 'Mutation', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000235', 'qualifier_name': 'genetics', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011550', 'descriptor_name': 'Pseudomonas aeruginosa', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000235', 'qualifier_name': 'genetics', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001426', 'descriptor_name': 'Bacterial Proteins', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001426', 'descriptor_name': 'Bacterial Proteins', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000235', 'qualifier_name': 'genetics', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D021901', 'descriptor_name': 'DNA, Intergenic', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D021901', 'descriptor_name': 'DNA, Intergenic', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000235', 'qualifier_name': 'genetics', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005798', 'descriptor_name': 'Genes, Bacterial', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D054643', 'descriptor_name': 'INDEL Mutation', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D054643', 'descriptor_name': 'INDEL Mutation', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000235', 'qualifier_name': 'genetics', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016296', 'descriptor_name': 'Mutagenesis', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D009154', 'descriptor_name': 'Mutation', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016366', 'descriptor_name': 'Open Reading Frames', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016366', 'descriptor_name': 'Open Reading Frames', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000235', 'qualifier_name': 'genetics', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011550', 'descriptor_name': 'Pseudomonas aeruginosa', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012641', 'descriptor_name': 'Selection, Genetic', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 4, 'locations': [{'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.114.163147', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.genetics.org/content/genetics/197/3/981.full.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S65932378', 'display_name': 'Genetics', 'issn_l': '0016-6731', 'issn': ['0016-6731', '1943-2631'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310311648', 'host_organization_name': 'Oxford University Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310311647', 'https://openalex.org/P4310311648'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Oxford', 'Oxford University Press'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4096375', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4096375?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'other-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4096375', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764455111', 'display_name': 'PubMed Central', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24814466', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.114.163147', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.genetics.org/content/genetics/197/3/981.full.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S65932378', 'display_name': 'Genetics', 'issn_l': '0016-6731', 'issn': ['0016-6731', '1943-2631'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310311648', 'host_organization_name': 'Oxford University Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310311647', 'https://openalex.org/P4310311648'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Oxford', 'Oxford University Press'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 67, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1855857669', 'https://openalex.org/W1903205966', 'https://openalex.org/W1965561195', 'https://openalex.org/W1968075680', 'https://openalex.org/W1968458420', 'https://openalex.org/W1977852064', 'https://openalex.org/W1985211888', 'https://openalex.org/W1996423252', 'https://openalex.org/W2002356431', 'https://openalex.org/W2005869314', 'https://openalex.org/W2012464010', 'https://openalex.org/W2012766690', 'https://openalex.org/W2017266538', 'https://openalex.org/W2019385975', 'https://openalex.org/W2022023591', 'https://openalex.org/W2022518804', 'https://openalex.org/W2023379882', 'https://openalex.org/W2024024857', 'https://openalex.org/W2025648894', 'https://openalex.org/W2026554116', 'https://openalex.org/W2026597085', 'https://openalex.org/W2031581341', 'https://openalex.org/W2035226835', 'https://openalex.org/W2035761714', 'https://openalex.org/W2055595349', 'https://openalex.org/W2057880697', 'https://openalex.org/W2058047903', 'https://openalex.org/W2062210712', 'https://openalex.org/W2065817684', 'https://openalex.org/W2074989255', 'https://openalex.org/W2091860339', 'https://openalex.org/W2096160674', 'https://openalex.org/W2098639339', 'https://openalex.org/W2103441770', 'https://openalex.org/W2106578986', 'https://openalex.org/W2108234281', 'https://openalex.org/W2110065044', 'https://openalex.org/W2113940149', 'https://openalex.org/W2115583744', 'https://openalex.org/W2119404698', 'https://openalex.org/W2121743948', 'https://openalex.org/W2122529267', 'https://openalex.org/W2128023973', 'https://openalex.org/W2129652422', 'https://openalex.org/W2132160384', 'https://openalex.org/W2133790733', 'https://openalex.org/W2135108461', 'https://openalex.org/W2141012198', 'https://openalex.org/W2142808815', 'https://openalex.org/W2144685962', 'https://openalex.org/W2145406188', 'https://openalex.org/W2149177128', 'https://openalex.org/W2149992227', 'https://openalex.org/W2154397429', 'https://openalex.org/W2159577277', 'https://openalex.org/W2161819299', 'https://openalex.org/W2163255170', 'https://openalex.org/W2164086560', 'https://openalex.org/W2168133698', 'https://openalex.org/W2170382524', 'https://openalex.org/W2196727867', 'https://openalex.org/W2226008396', 'https://openalex.org/W2582743722', 'https://openalex.org/W4229668875', 'https://openalex.org/W4238186686', 'https://openalex.org/W4239648059', 'https://openalex.org/W4295837538'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W3167015799', 'https://openalex.org/W2964301449', 'https://openalex.org/W2887016476', 'https://openalex.org/W2595075053', 'https://openalex.org/W2128099419', 'https://openalex.org/W2106901051', 'https://openalex.org/W2078910555', 'https://openalex.org/W2038478919', 'https://openalex.org/W2007379207', 'https://openalex.org/W1964464000'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Our': [0], 'understanding': [1], 'of': [2, 6, 12, 18, 37, 51, 54, 62, 70, 79, 97, 100, 111, 123, 131, 141, 154, 169, 184, 195, 214, 234], 'the': [3, 13, 52, 63, 98, 112, 121, 185, 212], 'evolutionary': [4], 'consequences': [5], 'mutation': [7, 23, 71], 'relies': [8], 'heavily': [9], 'on': [10, 171], 'estimates': [11], 'rate': [14], 'and': [15, 82, 145, 162, 222], 'fitness': [16, 87, 101, 116, 227], 'effect': [17, 53], 'spontaneous': [19, 55], 'mutations': [20, 56, 127, 142, 155, 186, 203, 233], 'generated': [21], 'by': [22, 231], 'accumulation': [24], '(MA)': [25], 'experiments.': [26], 'We': [27], 'performed': [28], 'a': [29, 48, 58, 108, 180], 'classic': [30], 'MA': [31, 38, 73, 220], 'experiment': [32], 'in': [33, 57, 103, 115, 204, 218, 226], 'which': [34], 'frequent': [35], 'sampling': [36], 'lines': [39, 74, 90, 105], 'was': [40, 118], 'combined': [41], 'with': [42], 'whole': [43], 'genome': [44], 'resequencing': [45], 'to': [46, 120, 149, 165, 210], 'develop': [47], 'high-resolution': [49], 'picture': [50], 'hypermutator': [59], '(ΔmutS)': [60], 'strain': [61], 'bacterium': [64], 'Pseudomonas': [65], 'aeruginosa.': [66], 'After': [67], '∼644': [68], 'generations': [69], 'accumulation,': [72], 'had': [75], 'accumulated': [76], 'an': [77], 'average': [78, 86], '118': [80], 'mutations,': [81], 'we': [83, 135, 163, 192], 'found': [84, 136, 193], 'that': [85, 107, 137, 156, 187, 200, 224], 'across': [88], 'all': [89], 'decayed': [91], 'linearly': [92], 'over': [93], 'time.': [94], 'Detailed': [95], 'analyses': [96], 'dynamics': [99], 'change': [102], 'individual': [104], 'revealed': [106], 'large': [109, 235], 'fraction': [110, 183], 'total': [113], 'decay': [114], '(42.3%)': [117], 'attributable': [119], 'fixation': [122], 'rare,': [124], 'highly': [125], 'deleterious': [126], '(comprising': [128], 'only': [129], '0.5%': [130], 'fixed': [132, 147, 157, 189], 'mutations).': [133], 'Furthermore,': [134], 'at': [138], 'least': [139], '0.64%': [140], 'were': [143, 159, 188], 'beneficial': [144], 'probably': [146], 'due': [148], 'positive': [150], 'selection.': [151], 'The': [152], 'majority': [153], '(82.4%)': [158], 'base': [160], 'substitutions': [161], 'failed': [164], 'find': [166], 'any': [167], 'signatures': [168], 'selection': [170, 197, 216], 'nonsynonymous': [172], 'or': [173], 'intergenic': [174], 'mutations.': [175], 'Short': [176], 'indels': [177, 199], 'made': [178], 'up': [179], 'much': [181], 'smaller': [182], '(17.4%),': [190], 'but': [191], 'evidence': [194], 'strong': [196], 'against': [198], 'caused': [201], 'frameshift': [202], 'coding': [205], 'regions.': [206], 'These': [207], 'results': [208], 'help': [209], 'quantify': [211], 'amount': [213], 'natural': [215], 'present': [217], 'microbial': [219], 'experiments': [221], 'demonstrate': [223], 'changes': [225], 'are': [228], 'strongly': [229], 'influenced': [230], 'rare': [232], 'effect.': [236]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2100874076', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 5}], 'updated_date': '2024-08-13T16:48:32.169454', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}