Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2099177143', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/31.1.88', 'title': 'Asymmetric funnel plots and publication bias in meta-analyses of diagnostic accuracy', 'display_name': 'Asymmetric funnel plots and publication bias in meta-analyses of diagnostic accuracy', 'publication_year': 2002, 'publication_date': '2002-02-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2099177143', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/31.1.88', 'mag': '2099177143', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11914301'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/31.1.88', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S13389975', 'display_name': 'International Journal of Epidemiology', 'issn_l': '0300-5771', 'issn': ['0300-5771', '1464-3685'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310311648', 'host_organization_name': 'Oxford University Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310311647', 'https://openalex.org/P4310311648'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Oxford', 'Oxford University Press'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5041606201', 'display_name': 'Fujian Song', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4039-1531'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I79619799', 'display_name': 'University of Birmingham', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03angcq70', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I79619799']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Fujian Song', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK. [email protected]'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK. [email protected]', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I79619799']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5088930027', 'display_name': 'Khalid S. Khan', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5084-7312'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Khalid S Khan', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5048469910', 'display_name': 'Jacqueline Dinnes', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1343-7335'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Jacqueline Dinnes', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5085782112', 'display_name': 'Alex J. Sutton', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8934-9940'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Alex J Sutton', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 3135, 'currency': 'GBP', 'value_usd': 3845, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 13.978, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 435, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999485, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '31', 'issue': '1', 'first_page': '88', 'last_page': '95'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10206', 'display_name': 'Meta-analysis and systematic reviews', 'score': 0.9995, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1804', 'display_name': 'Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/18', 'display_name': 'Decision Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10206', 'display_name': 'Meta-analysis and systematic reviews', 'score': 0.9995, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1804', 'display_name': 'Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/18', 'display_name': 'Decision Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13309', 'display_name': 'Reliability and Agreement in Measurement', 'score': 0.9634, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1804', 'display_name': 'Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/18', 'display_name': 'Decision Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11235', 'display_name': 'Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials', 'score': 0.9403, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2613', 'display_name': 'Statistics and Probability'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/26', 'display_name': 'Mathematics'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/funnel-plot', 'display_name': 'Funnel plot', 'score': 0.94445956}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/meta-regression', 'display_name': 'Meta-regression', 'score': 0.6584417}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-plot', 'display_name': 'Forest plot', 'score': 0.5155387}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C82605166', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967190', 'display_name': 'Funnel plot', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.94445956}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780439572', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q919364', 'display_name': 'Publication bias', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.90696394}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C95190672', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382', 'display_name': 'Meta-analysis', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.8393043}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C124936440', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6822263', 'display_name': 'Meta-regression', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.6584417}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C105795698', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483', 'display_name': 'Statistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.5748125}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C38976095', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752641', 'display_name': 'Asymmetry', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5291641}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C194661718', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437217', 'display_name': 'Forest plot', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5155387}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C189708586', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425', 'display_name': 'Systematic review', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.44323537}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C129848803', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360', 'display_name': 'Sample size determination', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.43163285}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.43033507}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C149782125', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039', 'display_name': 'Econometrics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.35719937}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779473830', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899', 'display_name': 'MEDLINE', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.2816209}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.2425867}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C142724271', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208', 'display_name': 'Pathology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.12645635}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C62520636', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944', 'display_name': 'Quantum mechanics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D015201', 'descriptor_name': 'Meta-Analysis as Topic', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D017594', 'descriptor_name': 'Publication Bias', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D019937', 'descriptor_name': 'Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011237', 'descriptor_name': 'Predictive Value of Tests', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/31.1.88', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S13389975', 'display_name': 'International Journal of Epidemiology', 'issn_l': '0300-5771', 'issn': ['0300-5771', '1464-3685'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310311648', 'host_organization_name': 'Oxford University Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310311647', 'https://openalex.org/P4310311648'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Oxford', 'Oxford University Press'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11914301', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Quality education', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4', 'score': 0.58}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 50, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1309109', 'https://openalex.org/W1526504767', 'https://openalex.org/W1606586277', 'https://openalex.org/W172116437', 'https://openalex.org/W1771512100', 'https://openalex.org/W1906037527', 'https://openalex.org/W1953850870', 'https://openalex.org/W1964435302', 'https://openalex.org/W1965777790', 'https://openalex.org/W1967959895', 'https://openalex.org/W1971348077', 'https://openalex.org/W1979423827', 'https://openalex.org/W1981978720', 'https://openalex.org/W1982317699', 'https://openalex.org/W1984115673', 'https://openalex.org/W1991668508', 'https://openalex.org/W2007584994', 'https://openalex.org/W2019941545', 'https://openalex.org/W2023578862', 'https://openalex.org/W2024550172', 'https://openalex.org/W2028299022', 'https://openalex.org/W2029401685', 'https://openalex.org/W2031923021', 'https://openalex.org/W2033585778', 'https://openalex.org/W2038886783', 'https://openalex.org/W204046373', 'https://openalex.org/W2065379041', 'https://openalex.org/W2075079553', 'https://openalex.org/W2078035232', 'https://openalex.org/W2079858359', 'https://openalex.org/W2081040380', 'https://openalex.org/W2088783942', 'https://openalex.org/W2101299963', 'https://openalex.org/W2114415093', 'https://openalex.org/W2116417368', 'https://openalex.org/W2119757584', 'https://openalex.org/W2121606613', 'https://openalex.org/W2144302969', 'https://openalex.org/W2153897278', 'https://openalex.org/W2154611399', 'https://openalex.org/W2157823046', 'https://openalex.org/W2172270045', 'https://openalex.org/W2470285890', 'https://openalex.org/W2582931416', 'https://openalex.org/W4213456951', 'https://openalex.org/W4239405706', 'https://openalex.org/W4247566115', 'https://openalex.org/W4248486334', 'https://openalex.org/W56033953', 'https://openalex.org/W78649709'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4389912466', 'https://openalex.org/W4312141323', 'https://openalex.org/W3013952115', 'https://openalex.org/W2982383209', 'https://openalex.org/W2163845393', 'https://openalex.org/W2157823046', 'https://openalex.org/W2099177143', 'https://openalex.org/W2011992630', 'https://openalex.org/W2011770339', 'https://openalex.org/W1970128129'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Background': [0], 'Despite': [1], 'the': [2, 39, 114, 128, 141, 145, 159, 161, 165, 167], 'great': [3], 'possibility': [4], 'of': [5, 10, 24, 30, 33, 41, 43, 45, 63, 66, 95, 103, 105, 116, 127, 140, 186, 224, 226, 232, 244], 'publication': [6, 17, 53, 111, 118, 245], 'bias': [7, 18, 119, 246], 'in': [8, 57, 136, 171, 180, 202, 220], 'studies': [9, 15, 23, 147, 213], 'diagnostic': [11, 34, 96, 153, 227, 233], 'test': [12, 68, 218], 'research,': [13], 'empirical': [14], 'about': [16], 'have': [19], 'mainly': [20], 'focused': [21], 'on': [22], 'treatment': [25], 'effect.': [26], 'Methods': [27, 48], 'A': [28], 'sample': [29], '28': [31, 142], 'meta-analyses': [32, 59, 143, 181, 225], 'accuracy': [35, 69, 219], 'was': [36, 76, 99], 'selected': [37], 'from': [38], 'Database': [40], 'Abstracts': [42], 'Reviews': [44], 'Effectiveness': [46], '(DARE).': [47], 'used': [49], 'to': [50, 109, 177, 209, 215], 'deal': [51], 'with': [52, 150], 'and': [54, 87, 89, 113, 199, 241], 'related': [55], 'biases': [56], 'these': [58], 'were': [60, 148], 'examined.': [61], 'Asymmetry': [62], 'funnel': [64, 168, 196], 'plot': [65, 169, 174, 197], 'estimated': [67], 'against': [70], 'corresponding': [71], 'precision': [72], 'for': [73], 'each': [74], 'meta-analysis': [75], 'assessed': [77], 'by': [78], 'three': [79, 129], 'statistical': [80, 131], 'methods:': [81], 'rank': [82], 'correlation': [83], 'method,': [84], 'regression': [85], 'analysis,': [86], 'Trim': [88], 'Fill': [90], 'method.': [91], 'Results': [92], 'In': [93, 229], 'reviews': [94, 231], 'accuracy,': [97], 'there': [98], 'a': [100, 137, 151, 221], 'general': [101], 'lack': [102], 'consideration': [104], 'appropriate': [106], 'literature': [107, 162, 235], 'searching': [108], 'minimize': [110], 'bias,': [112], 'impact': [115, 243], 'possible': [117, 242], 'has': [120], 'not': [121], 'been': [122], 'systematically': [123], 'assessed.': [124, 249], 'The': [125], 'results': [126], 'different': [130], 'methods': [132], 'consistently': [133], 'showed': [134], 'that': [135, 158, 182], 'large': [138, 222], 'proportion': [139, 223], 'evaluated,': [144], 'smaller': [146, 184, 212], 'associated': [149], 'greater': [152, 166, 179, 217], 'accuracy.': [154], 'Exploratory': [155], 'analyses': [156], 'found': [157], 'fewer': [160], 'databases': [163], 'searched,': [164], 'asymmetry': [170, 175, 198], 'meta-analyses.': [172], 'Funnel': [173], 'tended': [176, 214], 'be': [178, 238, 248], 'included': [183], 'number': [185], 'primary': [187], 'studies.': [188], 'Our': [189], 'data': [190], 'revealed': [191], 'no': [192], 'consistent': [193], 'relationship': [194], 'between': [195], 'language': [200], 'restriction': [201], 'reviews.': [203], 'Conclusions': [204], 'Further': [205], 'research': [206], 'is': [207], 'required': [208], 'explain': [210], 'why': [211], 'report': [216], 'tests.': [228], 'systematic': [230], 'studies,': [234], 'search': [236], 'should': [237, 247], 'sufficiently': [239], 'comprehensive': [240]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2099177143', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 17}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 13}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 30}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 28}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 24}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 22}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 16}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 18}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 32}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 28}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 36}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 28}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 21}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-09T19:27:06.311566', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}