Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2097660706', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-016-0600-5', 'title': 'Immigrant employment and earnings growth in Canada and the USA: evidence from longitudinal data', 'display_name': 'Immigrant employment and earnings growth in Canada and the USA: evidence from longitudinal data', 'publication_year': 2016, 'publication_date': '2016-05-12', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2097660706', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-016-0600-5', 'mag': '2097660706', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28138209', 'pmcid': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5270643'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-016-0600-5', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S18284184', 'display_name': 'Journal of Population Economics', 'issn_l': '0933-1433', 'issn': ['0933-1433', '1432-1475'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319900', 'host_organization_name': 'Springer Science+Business Media', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319965', 'https://openalex.org/P4310319900'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Springer Nature', 'Springer Science+Business Media'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc5270643?pdf=render', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5057174804', 'display_name': 'Neeraj Kaushal', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6466-1367'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I78577930', 'display_name': 'Columbia University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00hj8s172', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I78577930']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Neeraj Kaushal', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Columbia University'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Columbia University', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I78577930']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5033571036', 'display_name': 'Yao Lu', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6715-4640'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I78577930', 'display_name': 'Columbia University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00hj8s172', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I78577930']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Yao Lu', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Columbia University'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Columbia University', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I78577930']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5021799586', 'display_name': 'Nicole Denier', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8905-1899'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I5023651', 'display_name': 'McGill University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01pxwe438', 'country_code': 'CA', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I5023651']}], 'countries': ['CA'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Nicole Denier', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['McGill University'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'McGill University', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I5023651']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5025591798', 'display_name': 'Julia Shu‐Huah Wang', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6128-8242'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I78577930', 'display_name': 'Columbia University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/00hj8s172', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I78577930']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I889458895', 'display_name': 'University of Hong Kong', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/02zhqgq86', 'country_code': 'HK', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I889458895']}], 'countries': ['HK', 'US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Julia Shu-Huah Wang', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Columbia University', 'The University of Hong Kong'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Columbia University', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I78577930']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'The University of Hong Kong', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I889458895']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5040562341', 'display_name': 'Stephen J. Trejo', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2866-5613'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Stephen J. Trejo', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['University of texas'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'University of texas', 'institution_ids': []}]}], 'countries_distinct_count': 3, 'institutions_distinct_count': 3, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 2390, 'currency': 'EUR', 'value_usd': 2990, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 9.326, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 41, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.976624, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 95, 'max': 96}, 'biblio': {'volume': '29', 'issue': '4', 'first_page': '1249', 'last_page': '1277'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10349', 'display_name': 'Migration Networks and Impacts on Labor Market', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10349', 'display_name': 'Migration Networks and Impacts on Labor Market', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12693', 'display_name': 'Immigrant Entrepreneurship in Advanced Economies', 'score': 0.9939, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11959', 'display_name': 'Health Effects of Precarious Employment and Unemployment', 'score': 0.99, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3600', 'display_name': 'General Health Professions'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/36', 'display_name': 'Health Professions'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/wage-growth', 'display_name': 'Wage growth', 'score': 0.75754607}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/earnings-growth', 'display_name': 'Earnings growth', 'score': 0.73715115}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/longitudinal-data', 'display_name': 'Longitudinal data', 'score': 0.66977775}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/longitudinal-study', 'display_name': 'Longitudinal study', 'score': 0.54439455}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-and-migration', 'display_name': 'Gender and Migration', 'score': 0.459713}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C70036468', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131288', 'display_name': 'Immigration', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.85742235}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2781426361', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5326940', 'display_name': 'Earnings', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.76775277}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2993530730', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65042393', 'display_name': 'Wage growth', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.75754607}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778392974', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5326945', 'display_name': 'Earnings growth', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.73715115}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C3020672099', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354', 'display_name': 'Longitudinal data', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.66977775}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C4249254', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431', 'display_name': 'Demographic economics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.6672961}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.58469176}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777388388', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6821213', 'display_name': 'Wage', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5761708}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777895361', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758614', 'display_name': 'Longitudinal study', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.54439455}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C19159745', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828395', 'display_name': 'Social policy', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.50648534}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C145236788', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161', 'display_name': 'Labour economics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.36339074}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C149923435', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732', 'display_name': 'Demography', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3199795}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C205649164', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071', 'display_name': 'Geography', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.24735942}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144024400', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201', 'display_name': 'Sociology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.15898684}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.10051665}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C34447519', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522', 'display_name': 'Market economy', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121955636', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214', 'display_name': 'Accounting', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C166957645', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498', 'display_name': 'Archaeology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C142724271', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208', 'display_name': 'Pathology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 4, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-016-0600-5', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S18284184', 'display_name': 'Journal of Population Economics', 'issn_l': '0933-1433', 'issn': ['0933-1433', '1432-1475'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319900', 'host_organization_name': 'Springer Science+Business Media', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319965', 'https://openalex.org/P4310319900'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Springer Nature', 'Springer Science+Business Media'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc5270643', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc5270643?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'acceptedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5270643', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764455111', 'display_name': 'PubMed Central', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'acceptedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28138209', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc5270643', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc5270643?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'acceptedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': False}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.68, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8', 'display_name': 'Decent work and economic growth'}], 'grants': [{'funder': 'https://openalex.org/F4320306076', 'funder_display_name': 'National Science Foundation', 'award_id': 'SES 1226546'}, {'funder': 'https://openalex.org/F4320306201', 'funder_display_name': 'Russell Sage Foundation', 'award_id': None}, {'funder': 'https://openalex.org/F4320313151', 'funder_display_name': 'Columbia Population Research Center', 'award_id': None}], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 59, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1480440215', 'https://openalex.org/W1503347400', 'https://openalex.org/W1528864841', 'https://openalex.org/W1528970831', 'https://openalex.org/W1530346585', 'https://openalex.org/W1541639990', 'https://openalex.org/W1543986146', 'https://openalex.org/W1563031240', 'https://openalex.org/W1588879585', 'https://openalex.org/W1604213495', 'https://openalex.org/W1826861285', 'https://openalex.org/W1898560325', 'https://openalex.org/W1902473974', 'https://openalex.org/W1964966882', 'https://openalex.org/W1970753403', 'https://openalex.org/W1977632226', 'https://openalex.org/W1988563098', 'https://openalex.org/W1991113213', 'https://openalex.org/W1992512771', 'https://openalex.org/W1999371581', 'https://openalex.org/W2004447924', 'https://openalex.org/W2016316585', 'https://openalex.org/W2022932203', 'https://openalex.org/W2041181582', 'https://openalex.org/W2041925460', 'https://openalex.org/W2054285747', 'https://openalex.org/W2060122153', 'https://openalex.org/W2064848674', 'https://openalex.org/W2080600575', 'https://openalex.org/W2095784248', 'https://openalex.org/W2109355456', 'https://openalex.org/W2118254697', 'https://openalex.org/W2125019157', 'https://openalex.org/W2128002147', 'https://openalex.org/W2139369827', 'https://openalex.org/W2145925436', 'https://openalex.org/W2148672735', 'https://openalex.org/W2163079552', 'https://openalex.org/W2163614706', 'https://openalex.org/W2167935461', 'https://openalex.org/W2169218686', 'https://openalex.org/W2214249560', 'https://openalex.org/W2304363722', 'https://openalex.org/W2485724140', 'https://openalex.org/W2527684389', 'https://openalex.org/W2587505703', 'https://openalex.org/W2588741667', 'https://openalex.org/W3021265045', 'https://openalex.org/W3121376785', 'https://openalex.org/W3121742762', 'https://openalex.org/W3121767376', 'https://openalex.org/W3122074599', 'https://openalex.org/W3123118907', 'https://openalex.org/W3125324013', 'https://openalex.org/W3125651372', 'https://openalex.org/W4233685873', 'https://openalex.org/W4251379548', 'https://openalex.org/W4253595713', 'https://openalex.org/W4285719527'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4241864416', 'https://openalex.org/W3122974305', 'https://openalex.org/W3122948869', 'https://openalex.org/W3041509590', 'https://openalex.org/W2902397990', 'https://openalex.org/W2160448378', 'https://openalex.org/W2111142662', 'https://openalex.org/W2097660706', 'https://openalex.org/W2035435174', 'https://openalex.org/W1545570060'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'We': [0, 105], 'study': [1], 'the': [2, 17, 58, 61, 100, 115], 'short-term': [3], 'trajectories': [4, 111], 'of': [5, 12, 82, 92, 120], 'employment,': [6], 'hours': [7], 'worked,': [8], 'and': [9, 16, 97, 109, 112], 'real': [10], 'wages': [11, 98], 'immigrants': [13], 'in': [14, 37, 45, 53, 57, 68, 95, 99, 103], 'Canada': [15, 38], 'USA': [18, 101], 'using': [19], 'nationally': [20], 'representative': [21], 'longitudinal': [22, 108], 'datasets': [23], 'covering': [24], '1996–2008.': [25], 'Models': [26], 'with': [27], 'person': [28], 'fixed': [29], 'effects': [30], 'show': [31], 'that,': [32], 'on': [33, 60, 80], 'average,': [34], 'immigrant': [35, 84], 'men': [36, 51, 56], 'do': [39], 'not': [40], 'experience': [41, 64, 87], 'any': [42], 'relative': [43, 72, 93], 'growth': [44, 67, 94, 119], 'these': [46], 'three': [47, 70], 'outcomes': [48], 'compared': [49], 'to': [50, 73], 'born': [52], 'Canada.': [54, 104], 'Immigrant': [55], 'USA,': [59], 'other': [62], 'hand,': [63], 'positive': [65], 'annual': [66], 'all': [69], 'domains': [71], 'US-born': [74], 'men.': [75], 'This': [76], 'difference': [77], 'is': [78], 'largely': [79], 'account': [81], 'low-educated': [83], 'men,': [85], 'who': [86], 'faster': [88], 'or': [89], 'longer': [90], 'periods': [91], 'employment': [96], 'than': [102], 'further': [106], 'compare': [107], 'cross-sectional': [110], 'find': [113], 'that': [114], 'latter': [116], 'over-estimate': [117], 'wage': [118], 'earlier': [121], 'arrivals,': [122], 'presumably': [123], 'reflecting': [124], 'selective': [125], 'return': [126], 'migration.': [127]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2097660706', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 2}], 'updated_date': '2024-08-31T22:40:57.719848', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}