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284, 295, 351, 360, 496, 515, 535, 538, 559, 561, 563, 569, 573, 578, 582, 783, 848, 954, 975, 991, 1068, 1080, 1131, 1150, 1180, 1252, 1309, 1350, 1364, 1415, 1487, 1523, 1533, 1560, 1568, 1608, 1619, 1641, 1659, 1662, 1693, 1695, 1697, 1705, 1707, 1711, 1718, 1724, 1965, 1981, 1990, 1999, 2003, 2028, 2035, 2043, 2047, 2083, 2146, 2148, 2188, 2308, 2316, 2333, 2350, 2426, 2434, 2438, 2504, 2553, 2560, 2595, 2619, 2625, 2629, 2665, 2677, 2680, 2700, 2710, 2722, 2724, 2798, 2801, 2815, 2851, 2862, 2867, 2901, 2930, 2937, 3072, 3140, 3281, 3309, 3413, 3417, 3423, 3498, 3570, 3591, 3631, 3670, 3699, 3859, 3891, 3934, 3938, 4045, 4070, 4093, 4131, 4153, 4183, 4193, 4220, 4248, 4252, 4267, 4288, 4309, 4352, 4371, 4384, 4397, 4414, 4451, 4485], 'remodeling': [10, 2610, 2679, 2800], 'sinoatrial': [13, 2104, 2155, 2190, 2597, 2637, 2649, 2803, 3418, 3568, 3867, 4327], 'node': [14, 2105, 2156, 2191, 2598, 2638, 2650, 2804, 3772, 3868, 4110, 4328], 'rather': [15], 'than': [16, 467, 1102, 1221, 1510, 2484], 'high': [17, 203, 207, 244, 489, 961, 1121, 1267, 1650, 2561, 2614, 2725, 2811, 3111], 'vagal': [18, 204, 245, 490, 962, 1122, 1169, 1268, 1651, 1991, 2087, 2518, 2562, 2615, 2726, 2812, 4273], 'tone?Mark': [19], 'R.': [20, 34, 3914, 3931, 3982, 4112, 4164, 4467], 'Boyett,': [21, 3932, 4113, 4165, 4468], 'Alicia': [22, 48, 4125, 4177, 4469], "D'Souza,": [23, 4470], 'Henggui': [24, 62, 4471], 'Zhang,': [25, 4472], 'Gwilym': [26, 76, 3975, 4473], 'M.': [27, 77, 3100, 3930, 3976, 4474], 'Morris,': [28, 3977, 4475], 'Halina': [29, 91, 3978, 4476], 'Dobrzynski,': [30, 3979, 4477], 'and': [31, 105, 160, 260, 278, 291, 302, 369, 380, 452, 477, 548, 781, 846, 905, 919, 1085, 1144, 1250, 1320, 1343, 1420, 1495, 1554, 1674, 1691, 1875, 1916, 1931, 2005, 2031, 2063, 2101, 2244, 2291, 2320, 2361, 2400, 2409, 2578, 2632, 2658, 2662, 2736, 2829, 2838, 2846, 2854, 2860, 2888, 2897, 2964, 3043, 3138, 3168, 3202, 3208, 3245, 3253, 3287, 3532, 3566, 3598, 3770, 3862, 3916, 3927, 3969, 3980, 4009, 4019, 4032, 4063, 4083, 4124, 4176, 4195, 4223, 4276, 4344, 4444, 4465, 4478], 'Oliver': [32, 106, 4122, 4174, 4479], 'MonfrediMark': [33], 'BoyettInstitute': [35], 'Cardiovascular': [37, 51, 65, 80, 94, 109, 3935], 'Sciences,': [38, 52, 66, 81, 95, 110, 3936], 'University': [39, 53, 67, 82, 96, 111], 'Manchester,': [41, 45, 55, 59, 69, 73, 84, 88, 98, 102, 113, 117, 3939, 3946], 'Core': [42, 56, 70, 85, 99, 114, 3940], 'Technology': [43, 57, 71, 86, 100, 115, 3941], 'Facility,': [44, 58, 72, 87, 101, 116, 3942], 'United': [46, 60, 74, 89, 103, 118], 'Kingdom,': [47, 61, 75, 90, 104], "D'SouzaInstitute": [49], 'ZhangInstitute': [63], 'MorrisInstitute': [78], 'DobrzynskiInstitute': [92], 'MonfrediInstitute': [107], 'KingdomPublished': [119], 'Online:01': [120], 'May': [121, 4206, 4402, 4515, 4521], '2013https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01126.2012This': [122], 'is': [123, 145, 198, 492, 988, 1128, 1147, 1261, 1275, 1402, 1443, 1451, 1455, 1483, 1549, 1645, 1962, 1973, 2217, 2221, 2246, 2264, 2312, 2322, 2369, 2466, 2482, 2510, 2572, 2622, 2641, 2674, 2703, 2719, 2750, 3108, 4103, 4258, 4366], 'final': [125, 1048, 2849], 'version': [126, 2850], '-': [127], 'click': [128], 'for': [129, 326, 424, 446, 480, 688, 769, 803, 960, 1015, 1041, 1247, 1271, 1344, 1449, 1458, 1649, 1699, 1743, 1767, 1788, 1812, 1835, 1859, 1882, 1909, 1942, 1979, 2053, 2542, 2741, 2757, 3924, 4143, 4319], 'previous': [130], 'versionMoreSectionsSupplemental': [131], 'MaterialPDF': [132], '(56': [133], 'KB)Download': [134], 'PDF': [135, 3956], 'ToolsExport': [136], 'citationAdd': [137], 'to': [138, 202, 241, 329, 347, 399, 1297, 1377, 1426, 1630, 2022, 2136, 2227, 2251, 2254, 2382, 2455, 2468, 2478, 2486, 2498, 2513, 2613, 2697, 2786, 2962, 3170, 3350, 3921, 3959, 4368, 4458], 'favoritesGet': [139], 'permissionsTrack': [140], 'citations': [141], 'ShareShare': [142], 'onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat': [143], 'it': [144, 510, 1146, 1260, 1355, 1454, 2321, 2379, 2749, 2806], 'well': [146], 'known': [147, 665], 'that': [148, 174, 293, 331, 343, 488, 1119, 1162, 1266, 1411, 1543, 2176, 2235, 2367, 2522, 2570, 2671, 2717, 2752], 'have': [150, 166, 2602], 'a': [151, 157, 183, 231, 341, 410, 517, 523, 989, 1002, 1066, 1151, 1166, 1276, 1409, 1456, 1561, 1631, 1646, 1963, 1988, 1996, 2025, 2032, 2167, 2170, 2189, 2194, 2208, 2222, 2255, 2303, 2421, 2447, 2645, 2678, 2698, 2773, 2782, 2799, 3895, 4249, 4369, 4372, 4432], 'low': [152], 'heart': [154, 161, 185, 256, 265, 274, 317, 366, 401, 420, 432, 460, 473, 528, 901, 912, 935, 947, 982, 994, 1008, 1031, 1058, 1074, 1094, 1108, 1156, 1194, 1213, 1227, 1244, 1258, 1282, 1286, 1312, 1327, 1380, 1396, 1437, 1473, 1502, 1516, 1535, 1566, 1572, 1588, 1604, 1636, 1681, 1968, 1984, 2010, 2026, 2044, 2058, 2073, 2092, 2228, 2317, 2342, 2439, 2451, 2471, 2492, 2526, 2548, 2554, 2579, 2621, 2656, 2778, 2935, 2959, 3112, 3143, 3246, 3424, 3502, 3595, 3811, 3892, 4264, 4281, 4393, 4415], 'rate,': [155, 1283, 1969], 'i.e.,': [156, 206, 1284, 1423, 2214, 2372, 2387, 2474], 'rates': [162], 'below': [163, 1444], '30': [164], 'beats/min': [165, 189, 1299, 1367, 2030, 2062, 2096, 2346], 'been': [167, 223, 374], 'reported': [168, 1379, 1472, 2531, 2545, 2772], '(7).': [169], 'For': [170, 2687], 'example,': [171, 2688], 'Wikipedia': [172], 'states': [173], 'Tour': [176], 'de': [177], 'France': [178], 'cyclist,': [179], 'Miguel': [180], 'Indurain,': [181], 'had': [182, 2024], 'rate': [186, 257, 266, 275, 318, 367, 421, 433, 461, 474, 529, 902, 913, 936, 948, 983, 1009, 1032, 1059, 1075, 1095, 1109, 1195, 1214, 1228, 1245, 1287, 1313, 1328, 1381, 1397, 1438, 1474, 1503, 1517, 1536, 1573, 1589, 1985, 2011, 2027, 2045, 2059, 2074, 2093, 2145, 2229, 2318, 2343, 2440, 2452, 2472, 2493, 2527, 2555, 2779, 2936, 2960, 3113, 3144, 3247, 3425, 3503, 3596, 3893, 4394, 4416], '28': [188], 'when': [190, 2339], 'race': [191], 'fit.': [192], 'The': [193, 430, 981, 1047, 1306, 1447, 2070, 2375, 2713, 3135, 4067, 4286, 4382], 'most': [199], 'often': [200], 'attributed': [201, 1629, 2696], 'tone,': [205], 'parasympathetic': [208, 397, 435, 463, 3203, 4145, 4278, 4321], 'nerve': [209, 2174], 'activity': [210, 398, 2618, 4198], '(e.g.,': [211, 225], 'Ref.': [212, 226], '1).': [213, 485, 1046, 1116], 'However,': [214, 1177, 1429, 1638], 'over': [215], 'years': [217, 1349], 'doubt': [218], 'about': [219], 'this': [220, 1445, 1450, 2245, 2604, 2793, 3922, 4494], 'explanation': [221], 'has': [222, 373], 'expressed': [224], '26).': [227], 'Here': [228], 'we': [229, 2601], 'take': [230], 'critical': [232], 'look': [233], 'at': [234, 507, 1142, 1264, 1552, 1616, 3210, 3285], 'two': [236], 'lines': [237], 'evidence': [239, 2082, 2559, 2669, 2721, 4318], 'said': [240], 'favor': [242], 'tone': [246, 491, 521, 1123, 1127, 1170, 1269, 1652, 2088, 2563, 2727], 'hypothesis:': [247], '1)': [248, 1186], 'little': [249, 2720], 'or': [250, 522, 565, 692, 1599, 1703, 1716, 1722, 1728, 1731, 2162, 2270, 2818], 'no': [251, 958, 1189, 2459, 2511, 2558], 'change': [252, 2147, 2171, 2200, 2211, 2258, 2304, 2376, 2422, 2460, 2516], 'intrinsic': [255, 273, 527, 993, 1155, 1243, 1281, 1311, 1326, 1565, 1571, 1587, 1635, 1967, 3142, 3172, 3567, 4108, 4263, 4326], '2)': [261], 'an': [262, 1172, 1601, 1679, 2018, 2084, 2179, 2573], 'increase': [263, 1173, 2071, 2085, 2469, 2490], 'variability': [267, 1986, 2075, 2494, 2528, 2556, 2886, 3597, 4417], 'athletes.Effect': [269], 'training': [271, 362, 540, 1011, 1569, 1664, 2023, 2051, 2530, 2891, 2931, 3007, 3244, 3355, 3500, 3593, 3695, 4256, 4271, 4390], 'on': [272, 314, 363, 541, 1570, 1665, 2587, 2932, 3501, 3594, 3888, 4203], 'humans.Jose': [277], 'Taylor': [279, 3162], '(9)': [280], 'investigated': [281, 376], 'effect': [283, 359, 537, 974, 1661, 2900, 3669], 'autonomic': [285, 312, 371, 915, 977, 986, 1036, 1062, 1098, 1198, 1217, 1290, 1331, 1384, 1400, 1441, 1477, 1506, 1540, 1597, 1971, 2173, 3009, 3467, 3535, 3667, 3700, 4204], 'blockade': [286, 335, 372, 436, 464, 916, 978, 987, 1037, 1063, 1099, 1199, 1218, 1385, 1401, 1442, 1478, 1507, 1541, 1598, 1972, 3165, 3734], 'conscious': [288], 'human': [289, 379, 552, 1337], 'subjects': [290, 553, 1347], 'concluded': [292], 'injection': [294, 782, 847], '0.2': [296, 2242, 2373], 'mg/kg': [297, 304], 'propranolol': [298, 3167], '(β-adrenergic': [299], 'receptor': [300, 308], 'blocker)': [301, 309], '0.04': [303, 662, 719, 747, 774, 810, 839, 870], 'atropine': [305, 3169], '(M2': [306], 'muscarinic': [307], 'effectively': [310], 'blocks': [311], 'influence': [313], 'human.': [321], 'They': [322], 'obtained': [323], 'dose-response': [324, 622, 724], 'curves': [325], 'both': [327], 'drugs': [328], 'ensure': [330], 'there': [332, 408, 1000, 1163, 1187, 1274, 1644, 2300, 2418, 2571, 2718], 'was': [333, 402, 409, 437, 465, 979, 1001, 1100, 1188, 1219, 1316, 1340, 1356, 1508, 2060, 2066, 2079, 2094, 2109, 2118, 2159, 2344, 2358, 2363], 'complete': [334, 976, 985, 1035, 1061, 1097, 1197, 1216, 1289, 1330, 1383, 1399, 1440, 1476, 1505], '(9).': [336], 'This': [337, 486, 1117, 2198, 2311, 2429, 2481], 'pioneering': [338], 'study': [339, 348, 1308, 1354, 2332, 2349, 2503, 3171], 'established': [340], 'technique': [342], 'can': [344, 1590, 1627, 2538, 2643, 2694], 'be': [345, 512, 1165, 1591, 1628, 2233, 2288, 2296, 2302, 2384, 2406, 2414, 2420, 2431, 2540, 2695, 2795, 2808, 4431], 'used': [346], 'nature': [350], 'athletes.': [356, 3777], 'Since': [357], 'athletic': [361, 539, 1663, 2730, 2762, 3499], 'before': [368, 2887], 'after': [370, 434, 462, 549, 914, 984, 1034, 1060, 1096, 1196, 1215, 1288, 1382, 1398, 1439, 1475, 1504, 1539, 2442, 2889, 3387], 'extensively': [375], 'these': [381, 504, 1139, 1159, 1233, 2666], 'studies': [382, 390, 425, 447, 455, 481, 506, 968, 1016, 1042, 1083, 1141, 1182, 1204, 1234, 1301, 1390, 1431, 1462, 1526, 1611, 1643, 2534, 2552], 'are': [383, 883, 964, 1374, 1467, 1957, 1995, 2585, 2739, 2754, 2820], 'summarized': [384, 1612], 'Table': [386, 393, 428, 450, 484, 971, 1019, 1045, 1051, 1088, 1115, 1185, 1207, 1237, 1304, 1372, 1393, 1434, 1465, 1529, 1614, 1976], '1.': [387, 533, 1305], 'In': [388, 404, 996, 1077, 1232, 1389, 1583, 1606, 2444, 2550, 2764], 'three': [389, 406, 505, 1202, 1522, 1640], '(1–3': [391], '1),': [394, 451, 972, 1020, 1089, 1208, 1238], 'only': [395, 1461], 'blocked.': [403], 'all': [405, 454, 997, 1023], 'studies,': [407, 999, 1585], 'significant': [411, 1003, 1028, 1190], 'as': [414, 1065, 1987, 2081, 2207, 2325, 2611], 'expected': [415], '[see': [419], '(HR)': [422], 'data': [423, 445, 479, 1014, 1040, 1160, 1579], '1–3': [426, 448, 482], '1].': [429], 'also': [438, 2755], 'lower': [439], '(see': [443, 1012, 1038], 'HRab': [444, 550, 1039, 1961], 'difference': [457, 469, 897, 909], 'greater': [466, 1101, 1509], 'normal': [472, 546, 899, 1007, 1073, 1107, 1226, 1257, 1515, 1670, 2037, 3136], '(compare': [475], 'ΔHR': [476], 'ΔHRab': [478], 'suggests': [487, 1118, 2670, 2716], 'not': [493, 599, 644, 664, 698, 750, 873, 930, 2607], 'cause': [495, 1130, 1457], 'least.': [508], 'Instead': [509], 'could': [511, 2794], 'either': [516, 1593], 'decrease': [518, 524, 1004, 1029, 1055, 1070, 1091, 1104, 1152, 1167, 1191, 1210, 1223, 1240, 1254, 1499, 1512, 1562, 1632, 2448, 2774], 'sympathetic': [520, 1126, 1175, 1655], 'athletes.Table': [532], 'Summary': [534, 1658], 'HR': [544, 1013, 1668, 3560], 'under': [545, 1669], 'conditions': [547, 2667, 2746], 'different': [555, 932, 944, 1687, 3995, 4221], 'studiesStudyAuthorsSex,': [556], 'Age,': [557], 'Number': [558, 1692], 'SubjectsType': [560], 'StudyType': [562, 1696], 'Athlete': [564], 'TrainingAutonomic': [566], 'Blockade,': [567], 'mg/kgHR': [568], 'Untrained': [570, 579, 1708, 1719], 'Subjects,': [571, 575, 580, 584], 'beats/minHR': [572, 1710], 'Trained': [574, 583, 1712, 1725], 'beats/minΔHR,': [576, 1714], 'beats/minHRab': [577, 581, 1715, 1721], 'beats/minΔHRab,': [585], 'beats/minΔHRab/ΔHR,': [586], '%1Maciel': [587], 'et': [588, 609, 632, 654, 677, 708, 734, 760, 793, 826, 858, 1735, 1759, 1783, 1804, 1828, 1851, 1898, 2014, 2335, 2352, 2506, 2769, 4162], 'al.': [589, 610, 633, 655, 678, 709, 735, 761, 794, 827, 859, 1736, 1760, 1784, 1805, 1829, 1852, 1899, 2015, 2336, 2353, 2507, 2770], '(14)Male;': [590], '24–34;': [591], 'n': [592, 614, 637, 682, 713, 739, 764, 798, 831, 863, 1739, 1763, 1808, 1832, 1855, 1879, 1902, 1935], '=': [593, 615, 638, 683, 714, 740, 765, 799, 832, 864, 1740, 1764, 1809, 1833, 1856, 1880, 1903, 1936, 2241, 2277, 2280, 2393, 2397], '7I/E10': [594], 'wk': [595, 742], 'cycling0.04': [596], 'atr;': [597, 618, 642, 663, 696, 720, 748, 775, 811, 840, 871], 'block': [598, 619, 643, 667, 697, 721, 749, 776, 812, 841, 872], 'confirmed69.0': [600], '±': [601, 603, 605, 607, 624, 626, 628, 630, 646, 648, 650, 652, 669, 671, 673, 675, 700, 702, 704, 706, 726, 728, 730, 732, 752, 754, 756, 758, 785, 787, 789, 791, 818, 820, 822, 824, 850, 852, 854, 856, 875, 877, 879, 881, 885, 1358, 1361, 1406, 1490, 1751, 1753, 1755, 1757, 1775, 1777, 1779, 1781, 1796, 1798, 1800, 1802, 1820, 1822, 1824, 1826, 1843, 1845, 1847, 1849, 1867, 1869, 1871, 1873, 1890, 1892, 1894, 1896, 1923, 1925, 1927, 1929, 1949, 1951, 1953, 1955, 1959], '1.958.0': [602], '1.7*11.0121.0': [604], '4.6105.0': [606], '4.6*16.01452Katona': [608], '(10)Male;': [611, 710], 'approximately': [612, 635, 680, 711, 737, 796, 829, 861], '21–22;': [613, 712], '9/8C/ENational/international': [616], 'rowers0.04': [617], 'confirmed': [620, 722, 777, 813, 842, 2603], 'by': [621, 723, 778, 814, 843, 1318, 2543, 2789, 2810, 2822, 2893, 2898, 3166, 3250, 3353, 3470, 4022, 4105, 4261], 'curve63.2': [623, 725], '2.153.6': [625, 727], '1.4*9.6117.1': [627], '3.993.9': [629], '2.6*23.22423Stein': [631], '(26)Male;': [634, 860], '28–29;': [636, 862], '6/groupC/ERunners': [639, 865], '(≥50': [640, 866], 'km/week)0.04': [641], 'confirmed65.7': [645, 874], '5.958.3': [647, 876], '5.7*7.591.9': [649], '5.781.4': [651], '6.0*10.51404Dickhuth': [653], '(5)Not': [656], 'specifiedC/not': [657], 'specifiedNot': [658], 'specified0.2': [659], 'pro': [660, 691, 717, 745, 868, 1748, 1772, 1793, 1817, 1840, 1864, 1887, 1919], '+': [661, 718, 746, 773, 809, 838, 869], 'whether': [666], 'confirmed67.1': [668], '10.253.0': [670], '8.8*14.1108.0': [672], '7.185.2': [674], '12.8*22.81625Lewis': [676], '(12)Male;': [679], '21–26;': [681], '8/groupC/EElite': [684], 'cyclists': [685], '(450–700': [686], 'km/week': [687], '5–11': [689], 'yr)0.25': [690], '0.5': [693], 'met': [694, 772, 808, 837], '+0.04': [695], 'confirmed70.0': [699], '7.353.0': [701], '7.5*17.0103.0': [703], '6.984.6': [705], '7.5*18.41086Katona': [707], '9/8C/ENational/inter-national': [715], 'rowers0.2': [716], '1.4*9.699.8': [729], '3.379.8': [731], '2.3*202087Lewis': [733], '(11)Male;': [736], '22;': [738], '5I/R11': [741], 'leg': [743], 'training0.2': [744, 836], 'confirmed58.3': [751], '9.152.1': [753], '8.6*6.293.0': [755], '9.089.3': [757], '8.7NS3.7608Smith': [759], '(23)Male;': [762], '20–31;': [763], '10/groupC/EEndurance': [766], 'exercise': [767, 2963, 3388, 3463, 3635, 4216], 'trained': [768, 904, 918, 1625, 2968, 3283, 3740, 4243, 4364], '>2': [770], 'yr0.2': [771], 'Valsalva': [779, 815, 844], 'manoeuvre': [780, 816, 845], 'isoproterenol70.0': [784], '4.054.0': [786], '2.0*16.087.0': [788], '2.080.0': [790], '3.0*7.0449Smith': [792], '(24)Male;': [795], '25;': [797], '10/groupC/ERunners': [800], '(running': [801], 'competitively': [802], 'several': [804], 'years;': [805], '>50': [806], 'miles/week)0.2': [807], 'only70.2': [817], '3.154.7': [819], '3.0*15.586.6': [821], '2.579.5': [823], '2.8*7.14610Shi': [825], '(22)Male;': [828], '28;': [830], '8I/E8': [833], 'mo': [834], 'walk/jog': [835], 'isoproterenol66.0': [849], '4.057.0': [851], '4.0*9.085.0': [853], '3.084.0': [855], '3.01.01111Stein': [857], 'km/week)0.2': [867], '5.7*7.583.1': [878], '4.772.2': [880], '5.7*10.9145Values': [882], 'means': [884, 1958], 'SE.': [886, 1960], 'atr,': [887], 'Atropine;': [888], 'C,': [889], 'case': [890, 4142], 'control': [891, 3205, 3248, 3308, 3536, 3630], 'study;': [892, 924], 'E,': [893], 'endurance': [894, 2890, 3282, 3354, 3634, 3776, 4244], 'trained;': [895], 'ΔHR,': [896], 'between': [903, 917, 1248, 2576], 'untrained': [906, 920, 939, 951, 1293, 1387, 1481, 2099, 2328], 'subjects;': [907, 921, 940], 'ΔHRab,': [908], 'I,': [922], 'interventional': [923], 'iso,': [925], 'isoprenaline;': [926], 'met,': [927], 'metoprolol;': [928], 'NS,': [929], 'significantly': [931], 'from': [933, 945, 1295, 1418, 1424, 1493, 1580, 2128, 2453, 2476, 2496, 3897, 4160, 4493], 'same': [934, 946, 2324], 'measured': [937, 949, 1324, 1592, 1677, 2892], 'R,': [941], 'resistance': [942], 'trained;*significantly': [943], 'subjects.': [952, 1338], 'Values': [953], 'ΔHRab/ΔHR': [955], '>100%': [956], '(indicating': [957], 'role': [959, 1648, 3698], 'tone)': [963], 'bold.In': [966], 'eight': [967, 998, 1082], '(4–11': [969], 'studied.': [980], 'measure': [990, 1964, 1989, 2042], 'rate.': [995, 1637, 2549, 2580, 3812], 'with': [1010, 1983, 2193, 2458, 2529, 2659, 2692, 2761, 3110, 4048], '4–11': [1017, 1043, 1302, 1370], 'and,': [1021, 1200], 'but': [1024, 1453], 'one': [1025, 1179, 2237], 'study,': [1026], 'persisted': [1033], 'column': [1049], '1': [1052, 1373, 1466, 1747, 1977, 2256, 4514, 4520], 'shows': [1053, 1542, 2521], '(ΔHRab)': [1064], 'percentage': [1067], '(ΔHR).': [1076], 'four': [1078, 1140, 1525], 'out': [1079], '(4–6': [1084, 1527], '11': [1086, 1249], '(ΔHRab/ΔHR': [1110, 1229, 1518], '>': [1111, 1519, 4496], '100%;': [1112], 'bold': [1113], 'neither': [1120], 'nor': [1124], 'reduced': [1125, 3735, 4262], 'least': [1143, 1553, 1617], 'instead': [1145], 'rate—in': [1157], 'fact': [1158], 'suggest': [1161], 'may': [1164, 4430], '(or': [1171, 1653, 2642], 'tone).': [1176], '(7': [1183], 'other': [1203, 2533, 3928], '(8–10': [1205], 'less': [1220], '<': [1230], '100%).': [1231], '(7–10': [1235], 'accounts': [1246, 1270], '60%': [1251], 'rate;': [1259], 'possible,': [1262], 'theoretically': [1263], 'least,': [1265], 'remainder.However,': [1273], 'surprising': [1277], 'variation': [1278], 'blockade,': [1291], 'individuals': [1294, 1482], '83': [1296], '108': [1298], 'largest': [1307], 'humans': [1315], 'performed': [1317, 2856], 'Jose': [1319, 1419, 1494, 3130, 3159], 'Collison': [1321, 1421, 1496, 3133], '(8),': [1322, 1422], 'who': [1323, 2020], '(after': [1329], 'blockade)': [1332], '432': [1334], 'healthy': [1335], 'adult': [1336], 'It': [1339, 2231], 'age': [1341, 1351], 'dependent': [1342], '152': [1346], '20–30': [1348], 'their': [1353], '105.5': [1357], '0.7': [1359], '(mean': [1360], 'standard': [1362, 2033, 2783], 'error': [1363], 'mean)': [1366], '(8).': [1368], 'Studies': [1369], 'ranked': [1375], 'according': [1376], 'individuals.': [1388], '4–7': [1391, 1463], '1,': [1394, 1435], 'within': [1403, 1484], 'mean': [1405, 1489], '2': [1407, 1491, 1576], 'SD,': [1408], 'range': [1410, 1486, 3137], 'will': [1412, 2199, 2232, 2287, 2295, 2301, 2383, 2405, 2413, 2419, 2430], 'encompass': [1413], '95.4%': [1414], 'data,': [1417], '89.4': [1425], '121.6': [1427], 'beats/min.': [1428, 2791], '8–11': [1432], 'range.': [1446], 'reason': [1448], 'unclear,': [1452], 'concern.': [1459], 'If': [1460, 2121, 2733], 'considered': [1468], '[in': [1469], 'which': [1470, 2702], 'young': [1480], 'SD': [1492, 2257], '(8)],': [1497], '100%)': [1520], '1).In': [1530], 'summary,': [1531, 2445], 'analysis': [1532, 2896, 3890], 'part': [1551], 'perhaps': [1555], 'even': [1556], 'completely': [1557], 'rate.Effect': [1567], 'animals.Table': [1575], 'summarizes': [1577], 'analogous': [1578], 'animal': [1581, 1584, 1684], 'studies.': [1582], 'vivo': [1595], 'following': [1596], 'isolated': [1602, 1680, 1913, 1946], 'denervated': [1603], 'preparation.': [1605], 'six': [1607], 'nine': [1610], '2,': [1615], '90%': [1618], 'animals': [1626], 'potential': [1647, 2107, 2124, 2132, 2139, 2150], 'decreased': [1654], 'tone).Table': [1656], '2.': [1657], 'conditions,': [1671], 'HRab,': [1673], 'IHR;': [1676], 'preparation)': [1682], 'models': [1685, 2594], 'studiesStudyAuthorsSpecies,': [1688], 'Strain,': [1689], 'Sex,': [1690], 'AnimalsType': [1694], 'TrainingProcedure': [1698], 'Autonomic': [1700, 3164, 3306, 3627, 3885, 4024], 'Blockade': [1701], '(mg/kg)': [1702], 'Determination': [1704], 'IHRHR': [1706], 'Animals,': [1709, 1713, 1720, 1726], 'IHR': [1717, 1723], 'beats/minΔHRab': [1727], 'IHR,': [1729], 'beats/minΔHRab/ΔHR': [1730], 'ΔIHR/ΔHR,': [1732], '%1De': [1733], 'Angelis': [1734, 2986, 3529], '(4)Mouse;': [1737], 'male;': [1738, 1807, 1831, 1854, 1878, 1901, 1934], '8/groupC/ETreadmill': [1741], 'running': [1742, 1766, 1787, 1811, 1858, 1908, 1941], '4': [1744, 1771, 1792, 1816, 1863, 2271, 2388, 2396], 'wkIn': [1745, 1769, 1790, 1814, 1837, 1861, 1884], 'vivo;': [1746, 1770, 1791, 1815, 1838, 1862, 1885, 1912, 1945], '+1': [1749, 1888], 'atr612': [1750], '6485': [1752], '9*127504': [1754], '9473': [1756], '18NS3124%2Sanches': [1758], '(19)Rat;': [1761], 'female': [1762, 4229], '7/groupC/ETreadmill': [1765], '8': [1768, 1836, 1886], '+3': [1773, 1865], 'atr357': [1774], '10332': [1776], '7*25368': [1778], '8353': [1780], '6NS1560%3Barnard': [1782], '(2)Rat;': [1785], 'maleC/ETreadmill': [1786], '12': [1789, 4491], '+5': [1794, 1818], 'atr359': [1795], '6331': [1797], '4*28.2401.4': [1799], '5.32382.5': [1801], '6.34*5056.4%4Rossi': [1803], '(17)Rat;': [1806], '14/groupC/ETreadmill': [1810], '10': [1813, 1910], 'atr366': [1819], '8333': [1821], '5*33389': [1823], '8359': [1825], '4*3090%5Souza': [1827], '(25)Rat;': [1830], '14/groupC/ESwimming': [1834], '5': [1839], '+4': [1841], 'atr346': [1842], '5314': [1844], '6*32392': [1846], '6332': [1848], '4*60187.50%6Negrao': [1850], '(15)Rat;': [1853], '12/15C/ETreadmill': [1857], '13': [1860], 'atr308': [1866], '3299': [1868], '3*9369': [1870], '5329': [1872], '4*40444%7Lin': [1874], 'Horvath': [1876, 3304], '(13)Rat;': [1877], '6/groupC/ESwimming': [1881], '6': [1883, 2054], 'atr382': [1889], '12344': [1891], '10.5*38426': [1893], '25372': [1895], '9*54142%8Schaeffer': [1897], '(20)Rat;': [1900], '9': [1904, 1937], 'control,': [1905, 1938], '7': [1906, 1939], 'trainedC/ETreadmill': [1907, 1940], 'wkEx': [1911, 1944], 'right': [1914, 1947], 'atrium': [1915], '10−6': [1917], 'M': [1918, 1921, 2870, 2876, 2999, 3029, 3094, 3194, 3233, 3402, 3520, 3832], '+10−6': [1920], 'atr320': [1922], '6301': [1924], '8*19264': [1926], '14.21243': [1928], '8.4*21110%9Bolter': [1930], 'Atkinson': [1932, 2956, 3840], '(3)Rat;': [1933], '16': [1943], 'atrium373': [1948], '4353': [1950], '7*20299': [1952], '22231': [1954], '22*68340%Values': [1956], 'if': [1970], 'complete.': [1974], 'See': [1975], 'legend': [1978], 'meaning': [1980], 'abbreviations.Problem': [1982], 'tone.The': [1992, 2616], 'ideas': [1993], 'here': [1994], 'further': [1997], 'development': [1998], 'original': [2001], 'idea': [2002], 'Zaza': [2004, 3410, 3880], 'colleagues': [2006], '(16,': [2007], '29)': [2008], 'concerning': [2009], 'variability).': [2012], 'Al-Ani': [2013, 2334, 2351, 2505], '(1)': [2016], 'described': [2017], 'individual': [2019, 2329], 'prior': [2021], '62': [2029, 2095, 2454], 'deviation': [2034], 'beat-to-normal': [2038], 'beat': [2039], 'interval': [2040, 2117, 2286, 2357, 2404], '(SDNN;': [2041], 'variability)': [2046, 2319, 2441], '169': [2048, 2309, 2477, 2497], 'ms.': [2049, 2120, 2298, 2310, 2416, 2428, 2480], 'After': [2050], '(cycling)': [2052], 'wk,': [2055], "subject's": [2057, 2341], '50': [2061, 2266, 2345, 2456], 'SDNN': [2065, 2314, 2433, 2577], '247': [2067, 2499], 'ms': [2068, 2111, 2290, 2360, 2408, 2500], '(1).': [2069, 2089, 2508], '(increase': [2076], 'SDNN)': [2078], 'interpreted': [2080, 2865], 'When': [2090], '(value': [2097], 'individual)': [2100], 'assuming': [2102], 'action': [2106, 2599, 2628], 'duration': [2108], '160': [2110], '(typical': [2112], 'value),': [2113], 'then': [2114, 2143], 'diastolic': [2116, 2131, 2238, 2285, 2356, 2403], '808': [2119], 'membrane': [2123, 2149, 2187, 2195, 2205], 'covers': [2125], '20': [2126], 'mV': [2127], 'maximum': [2130, 2777, 3810], '(approximately': [2133, 2140], '−60': [2134], 'mV)': [2135], 'threshold': [2138], '−40': [2141], 'mV),': [2142], 'during': [2151, 2236, 2274, 3288, 3665, 3994], 'diastole': [2152, 2275, 2391], 'cell,': [2157], 'dVm/dt,': [2158, 2213, 2216], '0.025': [2160], 'V/s': [2161], '25': [2163, 2278], 'mV/s.': [2164, 2272, 2282, 2365, 2389], 'Now': [2165], 'consider': [2166], 'perturbation': [2168], '(perhaps': [2169], 'activity)': [2175], 'results': [2177, 2866], 'ionic': [2180], 'current,': [2181, 2465], 'Iper,': [2182], 'flowing': [2183], 'across': [2184], 'cell': [2186, 2192, 2204], 'capacitance,': [2196], 'Cm.': [2197], 'dVm/dt.': [2201], 'Because': [2202], 'behaves': [2206], 'capacitor,': [2209], 'Δ': [2215], 'given': [2218], 'by:': [2219], 'ΔdVmdt=−IperCm.Iper': [2220], 'fluctuating': [2223], 'current': [2224, 2249], 'giving': [2225], 'rise': [2226, 2253, 2381], 'variability.': [2230, 3114, 3426, 3504], 'assumed': [2234], 'period': [2239], 'Iper': [2240, 2368], 'pA,': [2243], 'perturbing': [2248, 2464], 'necessary': [2250], 'give': [2252], 'cycle': [2261, 2293, 2306, 2411, 2424, 2435], 'length.': [2262], 'Cm': [2263], 'typically': [2265], 'pF.': [2267], 'Therefore,': [2268, 2273, 2299, 2417], 'dVmdt=0.2×10−1250×10−12=0.004V/s': [2269], 'dVm/dt': [2276, 2362, 2378, 2392], '−4': [2279], '21': [2281], 'Consequently,': [2283], '977': [2289], 'length': [2294, 2307, 2412, 2425, 2436], '1,137': [2297], '(measure': [2315, 2437], '(1).After': [2337], 'training,': [2338, 3040], '(1),': [2354], '1,040': [2359], '19': [2364, 2394], 'Assume': [2366], 'same,': [2371, 2386], 'pA.': [2374], 'gives': [2380], 'During': [2390], '−': [2395], '15': [2398], 'mV/s': [2399], 'consequently': [2401], '1,338': [2407], '1,498': [2415], '298': [2427, 2479], 'training.': [2443, 2763, 3389, 3636], 'simply': [2446], 'beats/min,': [2457], 'underlying': [2463, 3866], 'predicted': [2467], 'variability,': [2473], 'SDNN,': [2475], 'more': [2483], 'sufficient': [2485], 'explain': [2487], 'observed': [2489], '(SDNN)': [2495], 'There': [2509, 2640], 'need': [2512], 'invoke': [2514], 'any': [2515], 'tone.': [2519], 'Analysis': [2520], 'increases': [2524], '(7,': [2535], '18,': [2536, 4237], '21)': [2537], 'similarly': [2539], 'accounted': [2541], 'decreases': [2546], 'conclusion,': [2551], 'provide': [2557], 'athletes.Calculations': [2565], 'like': [2566], 'those': [2567], 'above': [2568, 2584, 2715], 'show': [2569], 'exponential-like': [2574], 'relationship': [2575, 2605], 'Although': [2581, 2792], 'calculations': [2583], 'based': [2586, 3887], 'some': [2588], 'simplifying': [2589], 'assumptions,': [2590], 'using': [2591, 2781, 4199], 'biophysically': [2592], 'detailed': [2593], 'potential,': [2600], '(data': [2606], 'shown).Ion': [2608], 'channel': [2609, 3861, 4374, 4400], 'alternative': [2612], 'pacemaker': [2617, 3068, 4373], 'consorted': [2627], 'ion': [2630, 2681, 2734, 3860], 'channels': [2631, 2682, 2735], 'Ca2+-handling': [2633, 2684, 2737], 'proteins': [2634, 2685, 2738], '(6).': [2639, 2686], 'be)': [2644], 'familial': [2648], 'disease,': [2651], 'elderly,': [2654], 'failure,': [2657], 'atrial': [2660], 'fibrillation,': [2661], 'each': [2664], 'and/or': [2683], 'associated': [2691, 2760, 3109], 'ageing': [2693], 'downregulation': [2699, 4370, 4396], 'RYR2,': [2701], 'involved': [2704], 'Ca2+': [2707, 3863], 'clock': [2708, 3864], 'mechanism': [2709], 'pacemaking': [2711], '(28).': [2712], 'review': [2714], 'involvement': [2723], 'training-induced': [2731, 4101, 4139, 4316], 'bradycardia.': [2732], 'responsible': [2740, 2756], 'diverse': [2745], 'discussed': [2747], 'above,': [2748], 'likely': [2751], 'they': [2753], '170': [2765], 'elite': [2766, 3106], 'athletes,': [2767], 'Whyte': [2768, 3792], '(27)': [2771], '(measured': [2780], 'ramp': [2784], 'protocol': [2785], 'volitional': [2787], 'exhaustion)': [2788], '∼5': [2790], '(27),': [2805], 'cannot': [2807], 'explained': [2809, 4260], 'tone.DISCLOSURESNo': [2813], 'conflicts': [2814], 'interest,': [2816], 'financial': [2817], 'otherwise,': [2819], 'declared': [2821], 'authors.AUTHOR': [2824], 'CONTRIBUTIONSAuthor': [2825], 'contributions:': [2826], 'M.R.B.,': [2827, 2841], 'A.D.,': [2828, 2842], 'O.M.': [2830, 2847, 2855, 2858, 2864], 'analyzed': [2831], 'data;': [2832], 'M.R.B.': [2833, 2836], 'drafted': [2834], 'manuscript;': [2835, 2840, 2852], 'edited': [2837], 'revised': [2839], 'H.Z.,': [2843], 'G.M.M.,': [2844], 'H.D.,': [2845], 'approved': [2848], 'H.Z.': [2853], 'experiments;': [2857], 'conception': [2859], 'design': [2861], 'research;': [2863], 'experiments.REFERENCES1.': [2868], 'al-Ani': [2869], ',': [2871, 2874, 2877, 2880, 2923, 2926, 2955, 2988, 2991, 2994, 2997, 3000, 3003, 3027, 3030, 3033, 3036, 3059, 3062, 3089, 3092, 3095, 3098, 3132, 3161, 3192, 3195, 3198, 3225, 3228, 3231, 3234, 3237, 3240, 3268, 3271, 3274, 3303, 3329, 3333, 3337, 3341, 3345, 3372, 3375, 3378, 3381, 3403, 3406, 3409, 3440, 3443, 3446, 3449, 3453, 3456, 3459, 3488, 3491, 3494, 3518, 3521, 3524, 3527, 3555, 3558, 3561, 3587, 3615, 3618, 3621, 3624, 3653, 3656, 3659, 3685, 3688, 3691, 3718, 3722, 3725, 3728, 3756, 3759, 3762, 3765, 3794, 3797, 3800, 3803, 3827, 3830, 3833, 3836, 3839, 3842, 3845, 3848, 3851, 3854, 3882], 'Munir': [2872], 'SM': [2873], 'White': [2875], 'Townend': [2878], 'J': [2879, 2906, 2940, 2971, 3014, 3046, 3116, 3177, 3212, 3257, 3316, 3344, 3390, 3427, 3507, 3541, 3602, 3672, 3778, 3814, 3826], 'Coote': [2881], 'JH.': [2882], 'Changes': [2883], 'R-R': [2885], 'power': [2894], 'spectral': [2895], 'isometric': [2902], 'muscle': [2903], 'contraction.': [2904], 'Eur': [2905, 2939], 'Appl': [2907, 2941, 3015, 3213, 3317, 3391, 3603, 3673], 'Physiol': [2908, 2910, 2942, 2944, 2972, 2976, 3016, 3214, 3291, 3318, 3392, 3604, 3674, 3871], 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[3948], '(e-mail:': [3949], 'mark.[email': [3950], 'protected]ac.uk).Supplemental': [3951], 'datadescriptions.docx': [3952], '(4.95': [3953], 'kb)': [3954], 'Download': [3955], 'Previous': [3957], 'Back': [3958], 'Top': [3960], 'Next': [3961], 'FiguresReferencesRelatedInformationCited': [3962], 'BySupraventricular': [3963], 'Arrhythmias': [3964], 'Athletes:': [3966], 'Basic': [3967], 'Mechanisms': [3968], 'DirectionsAlicia': [3971], 'D’Souza,': [3972], 'Tariq': [3973], 'Trussell,': [3974], 'Mark': [3981], 'Boyett7': [3983], 'August': [3984, 4283], '2019': [3985], 'Physiology,': [3987, 4042, 4078, 4095, 4133, 4155, 4185, 4289, 4354, 4385, 4453, 4487], 'Vol.': [3988, 4012, 4043, 4055, 4079, 4096, 4134, 4156, 4186, 4211, 4236, 4254, 4269, 4290, 4312, 4355, 4386, 4407, 4427, 4454, 4488], '34,': [3989], 'No.': [3990, 4014, 4057, 4098, 4136, 4158, 4188, 4213, 4238, 4292, 4314, 4357, 4388, 4409, 4456, 4490], '5Vital': [3991], 'signs': [3992], 'dental': [3996], 'procedures:': [3997], 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