Title: Influence of dietary zinc on muscle composition, flesh quality and muscle antioxidant status of young grass carp (<i>Ctenopharyngodon idella</i>Val.)
Abstract: Aquaculture ResearchVolume 46, Issue 10 p. 2360-2373 Original Article Influence of dietary zinc on muscle composition, flesh quality and muscle antioxidant status of young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.) Yun-Ping Wu, Yun-Ping Wu Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorLin Feng, Corresponding Author Lin Feng Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, ChinaCorrespondence: X-Q Zhou and L Feng, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China. E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorWei-Dan Jiang, Wei-Dan Jiang Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorYang Liu, Yang Liu Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorJun Jiang, Jun Jiang Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorShu-Hong Li, Shu-Hong Li Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorLing Tang, Ling Tang Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Sichuan, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorSheng-Yao Kuang, Sheng-Yao Kuang Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Sichuan, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorXiao-Qiu Zhou, Corresponding Author Xiao-Qiu Zhou Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, ChinaCorrespondence: X-Q Zhou and L Feng, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China. E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]Search for more papers by this author Yun-Ping Wu, Yun-Ping Wu Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorLin Feng, Corresponding Author Lin Feng Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, ChinaCorrespondence: X-Q Zhou and L Feng, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China. E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorWei-Dan Jiang, Wei-Dan Jiang Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorYang Liu, Yang Liu Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorJun Jiang, Jun Jiang Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorShu-Hong Li, Shu-Hong Li Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorLing Tang, Ling Tang Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Sichuan, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorSheng-Yao Kuang, Sheng-Yao Kuang Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Sichuan, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorXiao-Qiu Zhou, Corresponding Author Xiao-Qiu Zhou Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, ChinaCorrespondence: X-Q Zhou and L Feng, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China. E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 February 2014 https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12392Citations: 41Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Abstract This study was conducted to investigate graded levels of dietary zinc on the growth, flesh quality, and the relationship between flesh quality and muscle antioxidant status in young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.). Per cent weight gain (PWG), special growth rate (SGR), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), anti-hydroxy radical (AHR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reducase (GR) activities and glutathione (GSH) content were significantly increased with increasing levels of Zn up to a point, and thereafter declined (P < 0.05). Serum zinc, alkaline phosphatase (AKP), muscle anti-superoxide anion (ASA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities and collagen content were significantly enhanced with dietary zinc levels up to a point (P < 0.05), beyond which it plateaued. Cooking loss, shear force and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly reduced with increasing level of zinc up to a point, and thereafter increased (P < 0.05). The pH value significantly increased with the increasing zinc levels, whereas the trend of protein carbonyl content was opposite. Flesh quality was positively related to the antioxidant enzymes activities in muscle of young grass carp. These results indicated that optimum zinc could improve growth, and improve flesh quality partly through improving muscle antioxidant status of young grass carp. References AOAC (1990) Official Methods of Analysis. 15th edn. AOAC, Arlington, VA. Archile-Contreras A. & Purslow P. (2011) Oxidative stress may affect meat quality by interfering with collagen turnover by muscle fibroblasts. Food Research International 44, 582– 588. Asghar A., Gray J.I., Booren A.M., Gomaa E.A., Abouzied M.M., Miller E.R. & Buckley D.J. (2006) Effects of supranutritional dietary vitamin E levels on subcellular deposition of α-tocopherol in the muscle and on pork quality. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 57, 31– 41. Bee G., Anderson A.L., Lonergan S.M. & Huff-Lonergan E. (2007) Rate and extent of pH decline affect proteolysis of cytoskeletal proteins and water-holding capacity in pork. Meat Science 76, 359– 365. Bradford M.M. (1976) Foreign patent documents. Biochemistry 72, 248– 254. Bureau D.P., Azevedo P.A., Tapia-Salazar M. & Cuzon G. (2000) Pattern and cost of growth and nutrient deposition in fish and shrimp: potential implications and applications. Avances en Nutrición Acuícola V. Memorias del V Simposium Internacional de Nutrición Acuícola, 19– 22. do Carmo e Sá M.Vc., Pezzato L.E., Ferreira Lima M.M.B. & de Magalhães Padilha P. (2004) Optimum zinc supplementation level in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus juveniles diets. Aquaculture 238, 385– 401. Cavia-Saiz M., Busto M.D., Pilar-Izquierdo M.C., Ortega N., Perez-Mateos M. & Muñiz P. (2010) Antioxidant properties, radical scavenging activity and biomolecule protection capacity of flavonoid naringenin and its glycoside naringin: a comparative study. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 90, 1238– 1244. Chaijan M., Jongjareonrak A., Phatcharat S., Benjakul S. & Rawdkuen S. (2010) Chemical compositions and characteristics of farm raised giant catfish (Pangasianodon gigas) muscle. LWT-Food Science and Technology 43, 452– 457. Chang Q., Liang M., Wang J., Chen S., Zhang X. & Liu X. (2006) Influence of larval co-feeding with live and inert diets on weaning the tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis. Aquaculture Nutrition 12, 135– 139. Chen T., Zhou G.H., Xu X.L., Zhao G.M. & Li C.b. (2010) Phospholipase A2 and antioxidant enzyme activities in normal and PSE pork. Meat Science 84, 143– 146. Chong A.S., Hashim R., Chow-Yang L. & Ali A.B. (2002) Partial characterization and activities of proteases from the digestive tract of discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciata). Aquaculture 203, 321– 333. Delbarre-Ladrat C., Verrez-Bagnis V., Noël J. & Fleurence J. (2004) Proteolytic potential in white muscle of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) during post mortem storage on ice: time-dependent changes in the activity of the components of the calpain system. Food Chemistry 84, 441– 446. Deng Y., Cui H., Peng X., Fang J., Wang K., Cui W. & Liu X. (2012) Dietary vanadium induces oxidative stress in the intestine of broilers. Biological Trace Element Research 145, 52– 58. Du Z.Y., Liu Y.J., Tian L.X., He J.G., Cao J.M. & Liang J.Y. (2005) The influence of feeding rate on growth, feed efficiency and body composition of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Aquaculture International 14, 247– 257. Feng L., Tan L.N., Liu Y., Jiang J., Jiang W.D., Hu K., Li S.H. & Zhou X.Q. (2011) Influence of dietary zinc on lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and antioxidant defence of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Aquaculture Nutrition 17, 875– 882. Fischer P., Giroux A. & L'abbe M. (1981) The effect of dietary zinc on intestinal copper absorption. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 34, 1670– 1675. Gallagher C., Judah J. & Rees K. (1956) The biochemistry of copper deficiency. II. Synthetic processes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B-Biological Sciences 145, 195– 205. Gatlin D. 3rd & Wilson R.P. (1983) Dietary zinc requirement of fingerling channel catfish. The Journal of Nutrition 113, 630. Gautam S., Platel K. & Srinivasan K. (2012) Assessment of zinc deficiency and effect of dietary carrot, amchur and onion on zinc status during repletion in zinc-deficient rats. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 92, 165– 170. Geng X., Dong X.H., Tan B.P., Yang Q.H., Chi S.Y., Liu H.Y. & Liu X.Q. (2011) Effects of dietary chitosan and Bacillus subtilis on the growth performance, non-specific immunity and disease resistance of cobia, Rachycentron canadum. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 31, 400– 406. Halliwell B. & Whiteman M. (2009) Measuring reactive species and oxidative damage in vivo and in cell culture: how should you do it and what do the results mean? British Journal of Pharmacology 142, 231– 255. Hamza N., Mhetli M. & Kestemont P. (2007) Effects of weaning age and diets on ontogeny of digestive activities and structures of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) larvae. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 33, 121– 133. Hamza N., Silvestre F., Mhetli M., Khemis I.B., Dieu M., Raes M., Cahu C. & Kestemont P. (2010) Differential protein expression profile in the liver of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) larvae fed with increasing levels of phospholipids. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part D: Genomics and Proteomics 5, 130– 137. Hidalgo M.C., Expósito A., Palma J.M. & Higuera M.d.l. (2002) Oxidative stress generated by dietary Zn-deficiency: studies in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 34, 183– 193. Hofman K., Hall B., Cleaver H. & Marshall S. (2011) High-throughput quantification of hydroxyproline for determination of collagen. Analytical Biochemistry 417, 289– 291. Honikel K.O. (1998) Reference methods for the assessment of physical characteristics of meat. Meat Science 49, 447– 457. Hosseini S.V., Abedian-Kenari A., Rezaei M., Nazari R.M., Feás X. & Rabbani M. (2010) Influence of the in vivo addition of alpha-tocopheryl acetate with three lipid sources on the lipid oxidation and fatty acid composition of Beluga sturgeon, Huso huso, during frozen storage. Food Chemistry 118, 341– 348. Houlihan D., Carter C. & McCarthy I. (1995) Protein synthesis in fish. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Fishes 4, 191– 220. Huang Y., Lu L., Luo X. & Liu B. (2007) An optimal dietary zinc level of broiler chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet. Poultry Science 86, 2582– 2589. Huff-Lonergan E. & Lonergan S.M. (2005) Mechanisms of water-holding capacity of meat: the role of postmortem biochemical and structural changes. Meat Science 71, 194– 204. Jiang J., Zheng T., Zhou X.Q., Liu Y. & Feng L. (2009a) Influence of glutamine and vitamin E on growth and antioxidant capacity of fish enterocytes. Aquaculture Nutrition 15, 409– 414. Jiang W.D., Feng L., Liu Y., Jiang J. & Zhou X.Q. (2009b) Myo-inositol prevents oxidative damage, inhibits oxygen radical generation and increases antioxidant enzyme activities of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Aquaculture Research 40, 1770– 1776. Joo S., Kauffman R., Kim B. & Park G. (1999) The relationship of sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar protein solubility to colour and water-holding capacity in porcine longissimus muscle. Meat Science 52, 291– 297. Kenari A.A., Regenstein J.M., Hosseini S.V., Rezaei M., Tahergorabi R., Nazari R.M., Mogaddasi M. & Kaboli S.A. (2009) Amino acid and fatty acid composition of cultured beluga (Huso huso) of different ages. Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology 18, 245– 265. Koohmaraie M. (1996) Biochemical factors regulating the toughening and tenderization processes of meat. Meat Science 43, 193– 201. Kristensen L. & Purslow P.P. (2001) The effect of ageing on the water-holding capacity of pork: role of cytoskeletal proteins. Meat Science 58, 17– 23. Kuang S.Y., Xiao W.W., Feng L., Liu Y., Jiang J., Jiang W.D., Hu K., Li S.H., Tang L. & Zhou X.Q. (2012) Effects of graded levels of dietary methionine hydroxy analogue on immune response and antioxidant status of immune organs in juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Fish & Shellfish Immunology 17, 408– 417. Li H.T., Feng L., Jiang W.D., Liu Y., Jiang J., Li S.H. & Zhou X.Q. (2012) Oxidative stress parameters and anti-apoptotic response to hydroxyl radicals in fish erythrocytes: protective effects of glutamine, alanine, citrulline and proline. Aquatic Toxicology 126, 169– 179. Liang J.J., Yang H.J., Liu Y.J., Tian L.X. & Liang G.Y. (2012) Dietary zinc requirement of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) based on growth and mineralization. Aquaculture Nutrition 18, 380– 387. Liao X., Li A., Lu L., Liu S., Li S., Zhang L., Wang G. & Luo X. (2013) Optimal dietary zinc levels of broiler chicks fed a corn–soybean meal diet from 22 to 42 days of age. Animal Production Science 14, 238– 245. Liu Z., Lu L., Li S., Zhang L., Xi L., Zhang K. & Luo X. (2011) Effects of supplemental zinc source and level on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of broilers. Poultry Science 90, 1782– 1790. Lora J., Alonso F.J., Segura J.A., Lobo C., Marquez J. & Matés J.M. (2004) Antisense glutaminase inhibition decreases glutathione antioxidant capacity and increases apoptosis in Ehrlich ascitic tumour cells. European Journal of Biochemistry 271, 4298– 4306. Luecke R.W., Olman M.E. & Baltzer B.V. (1968) Zinc deficiency in the rat: effect on serum and intestinal alkaline phosphatase activities. The Journal of Nutrition 94, 344– 350. Luo Z., Tan X.Y., Zheng J.L., Chen Q.L. & Liu C.X. (2011) Quantitative dietary zinc requirement of juvenile yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, and effects on hepatic intermediary metabolism and antioxidant responses. Aquaculture 319, 150– 155. Lushchak V.I., Lushchak L.P., Mota A.A. & Hermes-Lima M. (2001) Oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses in goldfish Carassius auratus during anoxia and reoxygenation. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 280, R100– R107. Maltin C., Balcerzak D., Tilley R. & Delday M. (2003) Determinants of meat quality: tenderness. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62, 337– 348. Männistö T.K., Karvonen K.E., Kerola T.V. & Ryhänen L.J. (2001) Inhibitory effect of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors captopril and enalapril on the conversion of procollagen to collagen. Journal of Hypertension 19, 1835– 1839. McClung J.P., Tarr T.N., Barnes B.R., Scrimgeour A.G. & Young A.J. (2007) Effect of supplemental dietary zinc on the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway in skeletal muscle and liver from post-absorptive mice. Biological Trace Element Research 118, 65– 76. Nunes A.J., Sá M.V., Carvalho E.A. & Neto H.S. (2006) Growth performance of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei reared under time-and rate-restriction feeding regimes in a controlled culture system. Aquaculture 253, 646– 652. Ozorio R.O., Van Ginneken V.J., Bessa R.J., Verstegen M.W., Verreth J.A. & Huisman E.A. (2010) Effects of exercise on L-carnitine and lipid metabolism in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed different dietary L-carnitine and lipid levels. British Journal of Nutrition 103, 1139. Pan C.H., Chien Y.H. & Wang Y.J. (2010) The antioxidant capacity response to hypoxia stress during transportation of characins (Hyphessobrycon callistus Boulenger) fed diets supplemented with carotenoids. Aquaculture Research 41, 973– 981. Pati F., Adhikari B. & Dhara S. (2010) Isolation and characterization of fish scale collagen of higher thermal stability. Bioresource Technology 101, 3737– 3742. Periago M.J., Ayala M.D., López-Albors O., Abdel I., Martínez C., García-Alcázar A., Ros G. & Gil F. (2005) Muscle cellularity and flesh quality of wild and farmed sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L. Aquaculture 249, 175– 188. Quihui-Cota L., Estrada R.O.M., Astiazarán-García H., Morales-Figueroa G.G., Moreno-Reyes M.J., Cuadras-Romo D. & Canett-Romero R. (2012) Changes in serum zinc levels associated with giardiasis and dietary zinc intake in mice. Biological Trace Element Research 145, 396– 402. Reyes-Becerril M., Tovar-Ramírez D., Ascencio-Valle F., Civera-Cerecedo R., Gracia-López V., Barbosa-Solomieu V. & Esteban M.Á. (2011) Effects of dietary supplementation with probiotic live yeast Debaryomyces hansenii on the immune and antioxidant systems of leopard grouper Mycteroperca rosacea infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquaculture Research 42, 1676– 1686. Rowe L., Maddock K., Lonergan S. & Huff-Lonergan E. (2004) Influence of early postmortem protein oxidation on beef quality. Journal of Animal Science 82, 785– 793. Salem M., Kenney P., Killefer J. & Nath J. (2004) Isolation and characterization of calpains from rainbow trout muscle and their role in texture development. Journal of Muscle Foods 15, 245– 255. Seo H.J., Cho Y.E., Kim T., Shin H.I. & Kwun I.S. (2010) Zinc may increase bone formation through stimulating cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity and collagen synthesis in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Nutrition Research and Practice 4, 356– 361. Shan B., Cai Y.Z., Brooks J.D. & Corke H. (2009) Antibacterial and antioxidant effects of five spice and herb extracts as natural preservatives of raw pork. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 89, 1879– 1885. Shiau S.Y. & Jiang L.C. (2006) Dietary zinc requirements of grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon, and effects on immune responses. Aquaculture 254, 476– 482. Siwik D.A., Pagano P.J. & Colucci W.S. (2001) Oxidative stress regulates collagen synthesis and matrix metalloproteinase activity in cardiac fibroblasts. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 280, C53– C60. Sveier H., Nordas H., Berge G. & Lied E. (2001) Dietary inclusion of crystalline D-and L-methionine: effects on growth, feed and protein utilisation, and digestibility in small and large Atlantic salmon (Salmon salar L.). Aquaculture Nutrition 7, 169– 182. Takacs P., Zhang Y., Candiotti K., Jaramillo S. & Medina C.A. (2012) Effects of PPAR-delta agonist and zinc on vaginal smooth muscle cells collagen and tropoelastin production. International Urogynecology Journal, 000, 1– 5. Takeuchi T., Toyota M., Satoh S. & Watanabe T. (1990) Requirements of juvenile red sea bream, Pagrus major, for eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 56, 1263– 1269. Tan B., Yin Y., Liu Z., Li X., Xu H., Kong X., Huang R., Tang W., Shinzato I. & Smith S.B. (2009) Dietary L-arginine supplementation increases muscle gain and reduces body fat mass in growing-finishing pigs. Amino Acids 37, 169– 175. Tan X.Y., Luo Z., Zhang G.Y., Liu X.J. & Jiang M. (2010) Effect of dietary cadmium level on the growth, body composition and several hepatic enzymatic activities of juvenile yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Aquaculture Research 41, 1022– 1029. Tan L.N., Feng L., Liu Y., Jiang J., Jiang W.D., Hu K., Li S.H. & Zhou X.Q. (2011) Growth, body composition and intestinal enzyme activities of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) fed graded levels of dietary zinc. Aquaculture Nutrition 17, 338– 345. Wang Z., Pan X., Peng Z., Zhao R. & Zhou G. (2009) Methionine and selenium yeast supplementation of the maternal diets affects color, water-holding capacity, and oxidative stability of their male offspring meat at the early stage. Poultry Science 88, 1096– 1101. Yang S.D., Liu F.G. & Liou C.H. (2011) Assessment of dietary lysine requirement for silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus) juveniles. Aquaculture 312, 102– 108. Yang X., Sun X., Li C., Wu X. & Yao J. (2011) Effects of copper, iron, zinc, and manganese supplementation in a corn and soybean meal diet on the growth performance, meat quality, and immune responses of broiler chickens. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 20, 263– 271. Yoshida H., Terashima M. & Takahashi Y. (2008) Production of organic acids and amino acids from fish meat by sub-critical water hydrolysis. Biotechnology Progress 15, 1090– 1094. Zhou Q.C., Tan B.P., Mai K.S. & Liu Y.J. (2004) Apparent digestibility of selected feed ingredients for juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum. Aquaculture 241, 441– 451. Citing Literature Volume46, Issue10October 2015Pages 2360-2373 ReferencesRelatedInformation