Publication Information

{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2096192494', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1145/1390156.1390266', 'title': 'On the quantitative analysis of deep belief networks', 'display_name': 'On the quantitative analysis of deep belief networks', 'publication_year': 2008, 'publication_date': '2008-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2096192494', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1145/1390156.1390266', 'mag': '2096192494'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1145/1390156.1390266', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': None, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'proceedings-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/11876051/p872_salakhutdinov.pdf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5071983998', 'display_name': 'Ruslan Salakhutdinov', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3752-2756'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I185261750', 'display_name': 'University of Toronto', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03dbr7087', 'country_code': 'CA', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I185261750']}], 'countries': ['CA'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Ruslan Salakhutdinov', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['* University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': '* University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I185261750']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5106707885', 'display_name': 'Iain Murray', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6506-0472'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I185261750', 'display_name': 'University of Toronto', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03dbr7087', 'country_code': 'CA', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I185261750']}], 'countries': ['CA'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Iain Murray', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['* University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': '* University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I185261750']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 9.377, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 459, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999851, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': None, 'issue': None, 'first_page': '872', 'last_page': '879'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10775', 'display_name': 'Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis', 'score': 0.9996, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1707', 'display_name': 'Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10775', 'display_name': 'Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis', 'score': 0.9996, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1707', 'display_name': 'Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12814', 'display_name': 'Gaussian Processes and Bayesian Inference', 'score': 0.9966, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1702', 'display_name': 'Artificial Intelligence'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11901', 'display_name': 'Bayesian Methods and Mixture Models', 'score': 0.986, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1702', 'display_name': 'Artificial Intelligence'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/boltzmann-machine', 'display_name': 'Boltzmann machine', 'score': 0.62824506}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/graphical-model', 'display_name': 'Graphical model', 'score': 0.5852864}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-belief-network', 'display_name': 'Deep belief network', 'score': 0.5566898}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model', 'display_name': 'Generative model', 'score': 0.48329404}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/belief-propagation', 'display_name': 'Belief Propagation', 'score': 0.4809879}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-variable-theory', 'display_name': 'Hidden variable theory', 'score': 0.41371217}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.6530413}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776214188', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386', 'display_name': 'Inference', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.65014607}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C192576344', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194706', 'display_name': 'Boltzmann machine', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.62824506}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154945302', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660', 'display_name': 'Artificial intelligence', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.60969234}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C155846161', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143367', 'display_name': 'Graphical model', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5852864}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C97385483', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16954980', 'display_name': 'Deep belief network', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5566898}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C108583219', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536', 'display_name': 'Deep learning', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5285648}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C185429906', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160', 'display_name': 'Estimator', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.50252604}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C167966045', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625', 'display_name': 'Generative model', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.48329404}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C152948882', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4060686', 'display_name': 'Belief propagation', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.4809879}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C42812', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1082910', 'display_name': 'Partition (number theory)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4237363}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C119857082', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539', 'display_name': 'Machine learning', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.42031723}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C137002209', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898521', 'display_name': 'Hidden variable theory', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.41371217}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C80444323', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974', 'display_name': 'Theoretical computer science', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3581097}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C11413529', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366', 'display_name': 'Algorithm', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.32299086}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C39890363', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108', 'display_name': 'Generative grammar', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.27262592}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.23048323}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C105795698', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483', 'display_name': 'Statistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.08558607}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C114614502', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592', 'display_name': 'Combinatorics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C57273362', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722', 'display_name': 'Decoding methods', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C62520636', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944', 'display_name': 'Quantum mechanics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C84114770', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344', 'display_name': 'Quantum', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 6, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1145/1390156.1390266', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': None, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/11876051/p872_salakhutdinov.pdf', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/11876051/p872_salakhutdinov.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400320', 'display_name': 'Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I98677209', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Edinburgh', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I98677209'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Edinburgh'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'other-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/eec01931-9107-4b1d-8086-7e12608db73d', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/files/11876051/p872_salakhutdinov.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400321', 'display_name': 'Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I98677209', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Edinburgh', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I98677209'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Edinburgh'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'other-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://hdl.handle.net/1842/4588', 'pdf_url': 'https://era.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/1842/4588/1/MurrayI_On%20the%20Quantitative%20Analysis.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4377196353', 'display_name': 'Edinburgh Research Archive (University of Edinburgh)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I98677209', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Edinburgh', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I98677209'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Edinburgh'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'other-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~rsalakhu/papers/dbn_ais.pdf', 'pdf_url': 'http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~rsalakhu/papers/dbn_ais.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4377196353', 'display_name': 'Edinburgh Research Archive (University of Edinburgh)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I98677209', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Edinburgh', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I98677209'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Edinburgh'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.149.7002', 'pdf_url': 'http://www.gatsby.ucl.ac.uk/~iam23/pub/08dbn_ais/dbn_ais.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400349', 'display_name': 'CiteSeer X (The Pennsylvania State University)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I130769515', 'host_organization_name': 'Pennsylvania State University', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I130769515'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Pennsylvania State University'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/11876051/p872_salakhutdinov.pdf', 'pdf_url': 'https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/11876051/p872_salakhutdinov.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400320', 'display_name': 'Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I98677209', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Edinburgh', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I98677209'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Edinburgh'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'other-oa', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 17, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1512984504', 'https://openalex.org/W1513873506', 'https://openalex.org/W1526741802', 'https://openalex.org/W195465510', 'https://openalex.org/W2064630666', 'https://openalex.org/W2079968649', 'https://openalex.org/W2099866409', 'https://openalex.org/W2100495367', 'https://openalex.org/W2116064496', 'https://openalex.org/W2134653808', 'https://openalex.org/W2135094946', 'https://openalex.org/W2136922672', 'https://openalex.org/W2158164339', 'https://openalex.org/W2169415915', 'https://openalex.org/W2294861638', 'https://openalex.org/W2613634265', 'https://openalex.org/W66838807'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W959529772', 'https://openalex.org/W4388627352', 'https://openalex.org/W4368755698', 'https://openalex.org/W4297812452', 'https://openalex.org/W3005559199', 'https://openalex.org/W2606077302', 'https://openalex.org/W2287713958', 'https://openalex.org/W2133034788', 'https://openalex.org/W2064630666', 'https://openalex.org/W1257380361'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Deep': [0, 163], 'Belief': [1, 164], 'Networks': [2, 165], "(DBN's)": [3], 'are': [4, 72], 'generative': [5, 167], 'models': [6, 25, 168], 'that': [7, 76, 128, 153], 'contain': [8], 'many': [9, 31], 'layers': [10, 135], 'of': [11, 38, 57, 90, 162, 169], 'hidden': [12, 134], 'variables.': [13], 'Efficient': [14], 'greedy': [15], 'algorithms': [16], 'for': [17, 100], 'learning': [18, 69], 'and': [19, 65, 93], 'approximate': [20, 115], 'inference': [21], 'have': [22], 'allowed': [23], 'these': [24], 'to': [26, 54, 84, 120, 137, 143, 157], 'be': [27, 82, 118], 'applied': [28], 'successfully': [29], 'in': [30, 70], 'application': [32], 'domains.': [33], 'The': [34], 'main': [35], 'building': [36], 'block': [37], 'a': [39, 42, 48, 96, 122, 129], 'DBN': [40, 130], 'is': [41], 'bipartite': [43], 'undirected': [44], 'graphical': [45], 'model': [46, 61, 131], 'called': [47], 'restricted': [49], 'Boltzmann': [50], 'machine': [51], '(RBM).': [52], 'Due': [53], 'the': [55, 58, 87, 126, 138, 146, 160], 'presence': [56], 'partition': [59, 88], 'function,': [60], 'selection,': [62], 'complexity': [63], 'control,': [64], 'exact': [66], 'maximum': [67], 'likelihood': [68], "RBM's": [71, 102], 'intractable.': [73], 'We': [74, 106], 'show': [75, 108], 'Annealed': [77], 'Importance': [78], 'Sampling': [79], '(AIS)': [80], 'can': [81, 117], 'used': [83, 119], 'efficiently': [85], 'estimate': [86, 121], 'function': [89], 'an': [91, 110], 'RBM,': [92], 'we': [94], 'present': [95], 'novel': [97], 'AIS': [98, 111], 'scheme': [99], 'comparing': [101], 'with': [103, 114, 132], 'different': [104], 'architectures.': [105], 'further': [107], 'how': [109], 'estimator,': [112], 'along': [113], 'inference,': [116], 'lower': [123], 'bound': [124], 'on': [125], 'log-probability': [127], 'multiple': [133], 'assigns': [136], 'test': [139], 'data.': [140, 170], 'This': [141], 'is,': [142], 'our': [144], 'knowledge,': [145], 'first': [147], 'step': [148], 'towards': [149], 'obtaining': [150], 'quantitative': [151], 'results': [152], 'would': [154], 'allow': [155], 'us': [156], 'directly': [158], 'assess': [159], 'performance': [161], 'as': [166]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2096192494', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 12}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 14}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 15}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 25}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 28}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 49}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 44}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 35}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 66}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 49}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 32}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 27}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 21}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-08T23:54:49.347169', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}