Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2096097839', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1259/dmfr.22.3.8299831', 'title': 'Perception of image quality in direct digital radiography after application of various image treatment filters for detectability of dental disease.', 'display_name': 'Perception of image quality in direct digital radiography after application of various image treatment filters for detectability of dental disease.', 'publication_year': 1993, 'publication_date': '1993-08-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2096097839', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1259/dmfr.22.3.8299831', 'mag': '2096097839', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8299831'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1259/dmfr.22.3.8299831', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S32481061', 'display_name': 'Dentomaxillofacial Radiology', 'issn_l': '0250-832X', 'issn': ['0250-832X', '1476-542X'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310311648', 'host_organization_name': 'Oxford University Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310311647', 'https://openalex.org/P4310311648'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Oxford', 'Oxford University Press'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5046099438', 'display_name': 'Ann Wenzel', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8562-1313'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': ['DK'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'A Wenzel', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Oral Radiology, Royal Dental College, Aarhus, Denmark.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Oral Radiology, Royal Dental College, Aarhus, Denmark.', 'institution_ids': []}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5045160657', 'display_name': 'H Hintze', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'H Hintze', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 0, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 9.529, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 71, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.960737, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 94, 'max': 95}, 'biblio': {'volume': '22', 'issue': '3', 'first_page': '131', 'last_page': '134'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11363', 'display_name': 'Dental Radiography and Imaging', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3504', 'display_name': 'Oral Surgery'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/35', 'display_name': 'Dentistry'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11363', 'display_name': 'Dental Radiography and Imaging', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3504', 'display_name': 'Oral Surgery'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/35', 'display_name': 'Dentistry'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13953', 'display_name': 'Digital Imaging in Medicine', 'score': 0.9979, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2739', 'display_name': 'Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11894', 'display_name': 'Radiology practices and education', 'score': 0.9923, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2741', 'display_name': 'Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-radiography', 'display_name': 'Digital radiography', 'score': 0.6086188}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/dental-radiography', 'display_name': 'Dental radiography', 'score': 0.59334654}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C36454342', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245341', 'display_name': 'Radiography', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.78669024}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C55020928', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865', 'display_name': 'Image quality', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.61635417}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2781305912', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1225030', 'display_name': 'Digital radiography', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.6086188}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780203217', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5259433', 'display_name': 'Dental radiography', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.59334654}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C42781572', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1250322', 'display_name': 'Digital image', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.5356934}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199343813', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128', 'display_name': 'Dentistry', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.488388}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.4822634}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C26760741', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402', 'display_name': 'Perception', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.474104}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154945302', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660', 'display_name': 'Artificial intelligence', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3866361}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C31972630', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240', 'display_name': 'Computer vision', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.36346552}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C115961682', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623', 'display_name': 'Image (mathematics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.3189803}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.31033525}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C9417928', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689', 'display_name': 'Image processing', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.29957747}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C126838900', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604', 'display_name': 'Radiology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.25685638}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C15744967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418', 'display_name': 'Psychology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.12634835}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C169760540', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D007091', 'descriptor_name': 'Image Processing, Computer-Assisted', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000295', 'qualifier_name': 'instrumentation', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011856', 'descriptor_name': 'Radiographic Image Enhancement', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000295', 'qualifier_name': 'instrumentation', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011861', 'descriptor_name': 'Radiography, Dental', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000295', 'qualifier_name': 'instrumentation', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003731', 'descriptor_name': 'Dental Caries', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000175', 'qualifier_name': 'diagnosis', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003731', 'descriptor_name': 'Dental Caries', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005374', 'descriptor_name': 'Filtration', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000295', 'qualifier_name': 'instrumentation', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D005374', 'descriptor_name': 'Filtration', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D007091', 'descriptor_name': 'Image Processing, Computer-Assisted', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000592', 'qualifier_name': 'standards', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D007091', 'descriptor_name': 'Image Processing, Computer-Assisted', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D015588', 'descriptor_name': 'Observer Variation', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D010483', 'descriptor_name': 'Periapical Diseases', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000175', 'qualifier_name': 'diagnosis', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D010483', 'descriptor_name': 'Periapical Diseases', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011856', 'descriptor_name': 'Radiographic Image Enhancement', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000379', 'qualifier_name': 'methods', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011856', 'descriptor_name': 'Radiographic Image Enhancement', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011856', 'descriptor_name': 'Radiographic Image Enhancement', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000592', 'qualifier_name': 'standards', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016300', 'descriptor_name': 'Radiography, Bitewing', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016300', 'descriptor_name': 'Radiography, Bitewing', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000379', 'qualifier_name': 'methods', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016300', 'descriptor_name': 'Radiography, Bitewing', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000295', 'qualifier_name': 'instrumentation', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011861', 'descriptor_name': 'Radiography, Dental', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000379', 'qualifier_name': 'methods', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D011861', 'descriptor_name': 'Radiography, Dental', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D015203', 'descriptor_name': 'Reproducibility of Results', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1259/dmfr.22.3.8299831', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S32481061', 'display_name': 'Dentomaxillofacial Radiology', 'issn_l': '0250-832X', 'issn': ['0250-832X', '1476-542X'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310311648', 'host_organization_name': 'Oxford University Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310311647', 'https://openalex.org/P4310311648'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Oxford', 'Oxford University Press'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8299831', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.57, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3', 'display_name': 'Good health and well-being'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 14, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1600276254', 'https://openalex.org/W1963646098', 'https://openalex.org/W1981748563', 'https://openalex.org/W1993536282', 'https://openalex.org/W2005104634', 'https://openalex.org/W2005638155', 'https://openalex.org/W2007694166', 'https://openalex.org/W2028722979', 'https://openalex.org/W2051861643', 'https://openalex.org/W2074918122', 'https://openalex.org/W2115503020', 'https://openalex.org/W2318691956', 'https://openalex.org/W2399143188', 'https://openalex.org/W2431292477'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W2358196329', 'https://openalex.org/W2355385389', 'https://openalex.org/W2350537686', 'https://openalex.org/W2349180100', 'https://openalex.org/W2329000706', 'https://openalex.org/W2134477020', 'https://openalex.org/W2123004098', 'https://openalex.org/W2061621954', 'https://openalex.org/W2045051421', 'https://openalex.org/W2017049262'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'This': [0], 'study': [1], 'evaluated': [2], "dentists'": [3], 'perception': [4], 'of': [5, 8, 46, 64, 83, 139, 166], 'the': [6, 17, 65, 76, 102, 119, 140, 143, 145, 164, 173, 191], 'quality': [7], 'digitally': [9], 'captured': [10], 'radiographs.': [11], 'Thirty': [12], 'radiographs': [13], 'were': [14, 44, 68, 109, 148], 'taken': [15], 'with': [16, 51], 'Visualix': [18], 'digital': [19, 161], 'video': [20], 'radiographic': [21], 'system,': [22], '10': [23, 30, 36], 'periapicals': [24, 31], 'for': [25, 32, 38], 'tooth': [26, 120], 'and': [27, 35, 49, 57, 106, 121, 124], 'bone': [28, 33, 122, 125], 'anatomy,': [29], 'disease': [34, 126], 'bitewings': [37], 'dental': [39], 'caries.': [40], 'Three': [41], 'numeric': [42], 'copies': [43], 'made': [45], 'each': [47, 81], 'image': [48, 100, 130, 154, 171, 177], 'treated': [50, 99, 170], 'three': [52], 'different': [53], 'filters:': [54], "'optimize',": [55], "'enhance'": [56], "'enhance": [58], '+': [59], "smooth',": [60], 'respectively.': [61], 'Four': [62], 'images': [63, 85, 108, 147], 'same': [66], 'case': [67], 'displayed': [69], 'simultaneously': [70], 'in': [71, 134, 160], 'a': [72, 87, 98, 169], 'random': [73], 'sequence': [74], 'on': [75, 86], 'monitor.': [77], 'Twenty': [78], 'dentists': [79, 96, 167], 'ranked': [80, 132, 149], 'set': [82], 'four': [84], 'scale': [88], 'from': [89, 118], '1': [90], 'to': [91, 101, 172, 181, 189], '4.': [92], 'In': [93, 152], 'general,': [94], 'most': [95, 111], 'preferred': [97, 168], 'original.': [103], 'The': [104, 128, 176], 'optimized': [105], 'enhanced': [107], 'selected': [110], 'frequently': [112], 'as': [113, 163], 'first': [114], 'or': [115], 'second': [116], 'choice': [117], 'anatomy': [123], 'groups.': [127], 'original': [129, 174], 'was': [131, 187], 'lowest': [133], 'more': [135, 192], 'than': [136], 'half': [137], '(55%)': [138], 'series.': [141], 'For': [142], 'bitewings,': [144], 'smoothed': [146], 'significantly': [150], 'higher.': [151], 'conclusion,': [153], 'treatment': [155, 178, 186], 'possibilities': [156], 'should': [157], 'be': [158, 182], 'offered': [159], 'radiography': [162], 'majority': [165], 'version.': [175], 'chosen': [179], 'seemed': [180], 'task': [183], 'dependent;': [184], 'less': [185], 'required': [188], 'delineate': [190], 'subtle': [193], 'tissue': [194], 'differences.': [195]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2096097839', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 3}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-08T20:15:45.920726', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}