Title: Patterns of ontogeny in human evolution: Evidence from dental development
Abstract: American Journal of Physical AnthropologyVolume 33, Issue S11 p. 111-150 ArticleFree Access Patterns of ontogeny in human evolution: Evidence from dental development Alan Mann, Alan Mann Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, University Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104Search for more papers by this authorMichelle Lampl, Michelle Lampl Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, University Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104Search for more papers by this authorJanet Monge, Janet Monge Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, University Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104Search for more papers by this author Alan Mann, Alan Mann Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, University Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104Search for more papers by this authorMichelle Lampl, Michelle Lampl Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, University Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104Search for more papers by this authorJanet Monge, Janet Monge Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, University Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104Search for more papers by this author First published: 1990 https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330330507Citations: 50AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract An understanding of the patterns of maturation that characterize earlier hominines would markedly increase our understanding of human evolution. Earlier reports suggesting that the australopithecines had a pattern of growth and development similar to that of modern humans have been challenged in recent years by a variety of studies. These studies have focused on dental enamel microstructure in attempts to characterize the time frame of enamel calcification. When the latter are combined with data on root development and the sequence of dental calcification and eruption, a picture emerges that attempts to characterize modern human, early hominine,1 In this paper, we follow Weiss (1987) and Weiss and Mann (1990) in employing the subfamily Homininae, rather than the family Hominidae, to describe humans and our close immediate ancestors and relatives. and ape dental maturation. Literature Cited Adams M and Reeve J (1987) Excavations at Christ Church, Spitalfields. Antiquity 61: 247– 256. Alvesalo L, Tammisalo E, and Hakola P (1985) Enamel thickness in 47, XYY males' permanent teeth. Ann. Hum. Biol. 12: 421– 427. Alvesalo L, Tammisalo E, and Therman E (1987) 47, XXX females, sex chromosomes, and tooth crown structure. Hum. Genet. 77: 345– 348. Aoba T, Fukae M, Tanabe T, Shimizu N, and Moreno EC (1987) Selective adsorption of porcine amelogenins into hydroxyapatite and their inhibitory activity on hydroxyapatite growth in supersaturated solutions. Calcif. Tissue Int. 41: 281– 289. Asper von, H, (1916) über die 'Braune Retzius'sche Parallelstreifung' im Schmelz der Menschlichen Zahne. Schweiz. Vier. Zahnheilk. 26: 275– 314. Avery JK and Visser R (1959) Investigation of pattern of mineralization of enamel. J. Dent. Res. 38: 678. (Abstract) Bacon A-M (1987) Estimation de l'ǎge des indicidus à partir du comptage des périkymaties. D. E. A. de Paleontologie, Université Paris VI. Bacon A-M (1989) Estimation de l'ǎge a la mort les enfants actuels et fossiles à partir des stries d'accroissement de l'émail dentaire. Advantages et inconvénients de la méthode. Bull. et Mém. de la Soc. d'Anthrop. de Paris, n. s., t. 1. 3: 1– 12. Bai P and Warshawsky R (1985) Morphological studies on the distribution of enamel matrix proteins using routine electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas in the rat incisor. Anat. Rec. 212: 1– 16. Beynon AD (1987) Replication technique for studying microstructure in fossil enamel. Scanning Microsc. 1: 663– 669. Beynon AD and Dean MC (1987) Crown formation time of a fossil hominid premolar tooth. Arch. Oral Biol. 32: 773– 780. Beynon AD and Dean MC (1988) Distinct dental development patterns in early fossil hominids. Nature 335: 509– 514. Beynon AD and Dean MC (1989) Histological estimates of crown formation times in great apes. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 78: 192 (Abstract). Beynon AD and Reid DJ (1987) Relations between perikymata counts and crown formation times in the human permanent dentition. J. Dent. Res. 66: 889. (abstract) Beynon AD and Wood BA (1986) Variations in enamel thickness and structure in East African hominids. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 70: 177– 193. Beynon AD and Wood BA (1987) Patterns and rates of enamel growth in the molar teeth of early hominids. Nature 326: 493– 496. Boyde A (1964) Estimation of age at death of young human skeletal remains from incremental lines in the dental enamel. In Proceedings of Third International Meeting on Forensic Immunology, Medicine, Pathology and Toxicology. Excerpta Medica International Congress Series 80: 36– 46. Boyde A (1976) Amelogenesis and the structure of enamel. In B Cohen and IRH Kramer (eds.): Scientifi Foundation of Dentistry. London: Heinemann, pp. 335– 352. Boyde A (1979) Carbonate concentration, crystal centers, core dissolution, caries, cross striations, circadian rhythms, and compositional contrast in the SEM. J. Dent. Res. 58b: 981– 983. Boyde A (1985) Stereoscopic images in confocal (tandem scanning) microscopy. Science 230: 1270– 1272. Boyde A (1987) Applications of the tandem scanning light microscope and three dimensional imaging. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 438: 426– 440. Boyde A and Jones SJ (1983) Backscattered electron imaging of dental tissues. Anat. Embryol. 168: 211– 226. Boyde A and Martin LB (1984) Rates of enamel formation in relation to enamel thickness in hominoid primates. In RW Fearnhead and S Suga (eds.): Toot Enamel. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 447– 451. Boyde A and Martin LB (1987) Tandem scanning reflected light microscopy of primate enamel. Scanning Microsc. 1: 1935– 1948. Boyde A, Petran M, and Hadravsky M (1983) Tandem scanning reflected light microscopy of internal features in whole bone and tooth samples. J. Microsc. 132: 1– 7. Bringas, P, Jr, Nakamura M, Nakamura E, Evans J, and Slavkin HC (1987) Ultrastructural analysis of enamel formation during in vitro development using chemically-defined medium. Scanning Microsc. 1: 1103– 1108. Bromage TG (1985) Systematic inquiry in test of negative-positive replica combinations for S. E. M. J. Microsc. 137: 209– 216. Bromage TG (1987) The biological and chronological maturation of early hominids. J. Hum. Evol. 16: 257– 272. Bromage TG (1989) Experimental confirmation of enamel incremental periodicity in the pigtail macaque. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 78: 197. (Abstract) Bromage TG and Dean MC (1985) Re-evaluation of the age at death of Plio-Pleistocene fossil hominids. Nature 317: 525– 528. Broom R and Robinson JT (1951) Eruption of the permanent teeth in South African fossil ape-man. Nature 167: 443. Bullion SK (1986) Information from teeth on the growth and developmental history of individuals. In E Foley (ed.): Teeth and Anthropology. B. A. R. series 291. Cambridge: University Press, pp. 133– 136. Carr LM (1962) Eruption ages of permanent teeth. Aust. Dent. J. 7: 367– 373. Chagula WK (1960) The age at eruption of third permanent molars in male east Africans. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 18: 77– 82. Charles DK, Condon K, Cheverud JM, and Buikstra, JE, (1986) Cementum annulation and age determination in Homo sapiens. I. Tooth variability and observer error. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 71: 311– 320. Cho MI, Lee YL, and Garant PR (1988) Radioautographic demonstration of receptors for epidermal growth factor in various cells of the oral cavity. Anat. Rec. 222: 191– 200. Clutton-Brock TH and Harvey PH (1980): Primates, brains, and ecology. J. Zool., Lond. 190: 309– 323. Condon K, Charles DK, Cheverud JM, and Buikstra JE (1986) Cementum annulation and age determination in Homo sapiens. II. Estimates and accuracy. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 71: 321– 330. Conroy GC (1988) Alleged synapomorphy of the M1/I1 eruption pattern in robust australopithecines and Homo: Evidence from high-resolution computed tomography. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 75: 487– 492. Conroy GC and Vannier MW (1987) The Taung skull revisited. New evidence from high resolution computed tomography. Nature 329: 625– 627. Conroy GC and Vannier MW (1988) The nature of Taung dental maturation continued. Nature 333: 808. Dahlberg AA and Menegaz-Bock RM, (1958) Emergence of the permanent teeth in Pima Indian children. 37: 1123– 1140. Dart RA (1948) The infancy of Australopithecus. Robert Broom Commemorative Volume. Special Publication of the Royal Society of South Africa, pp. 143– 152. Dean MC (1985a) Variation in the developing root cone angle of modern man and certain fossil hominids. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 68: 233– 238. Dean MC (1985b) The eruption pattern of the permanent incisors and first permanent molars in Australopithecus (Paranthropus) robustus. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 67: 251– 257. Dean MC (1987a) Growth layers and incremental markings in hard tissues. A review of the literature and some preliminary observations about enamel structure in Paranthropus. J. Hum. Evol. 16: 157– 172. Dean MC (1987b) The dental development status of six juvenile fossil hominids from Koobi Fora and Olduvai Gorge. J. Hum. Evol. 16: 197– 213. Dean MC (1988) Growth of teeth and development of the dentition in Paranthropus. In FE Grine (ed.): Evolutionar History of the "Robust Australopithecines". New York: Aldine de Gruyter, pp. 43– 53. Dean MC (1989) The developing dentition and tooth structure in hominoids. Folia Primatol. 53: 160– 176. Dean MC, Stringer CB, and Bromage TG (1986) A new age at death for the neanderthal child from Devil's Tower, Gibraltar and the implications for studies of general growth and development in neanderthals. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 70: 301– 309. Dean MC and Wood BA (1981) Developing pongid dentition and its use for ageing individual crania in comparative cross-sectional growth studies. Folia Primatol. 36: 111– 127. Demirjian A, Goldstein H, and Tanner JM (1973) A new system of dental age assessment. Hum. Biol. 45: 211– 227. Dobzhansky TH (1962) Mankind Evolving: The Evolution of the Human Species. New Haven: Yale University Press. Driessens FCM, Heijliger HJM, Borggreven JMPM, and Woltgens JHM (1984) Variations in the mineral composition of human enamel on the level of cross-striations and striae of Retzius. Caries Res. 18: 237– 241. Eisenmann DR (1985) Enamel structure. In AR Ten Cate, (ed.): Ora. Histology: Development, Structure, and Function. St. Louis: CV Mosby, pp. 198– 217. Eveleth PB and Tanner JM (1976) Worldwide Variation in Human Growth. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. Falk D (1987) Hominid paleoneurology. Ann. Rev. Anthropol. 16: 13– 30. Fanning EA (1961) A longitudinal study of tooth formation and root resorption. N. Z. Dent. J. 57: 202– 217. Fanning EA (1962) Third molar emergence in Bostonians. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 20: 339– 346. Fanning EA and Brown T (1971) Primary and permanent tooth development. Aust. Dent. J. 16: 41– 43. Fanning EA and Moorrees, CFA, (1969) A comparison of permanent mandibular molar formation in Australian aborigines and caucasoids. Archs. Oral Biol. 14: 999– 1006. Fass EN (1969) A chronology of growth of the human dentition. J. Dent. Child. 36: 391– 401. Garn SM, Lewis AB, and Banne B (1961) Third molar polymorphism and the timing of tooth formation. Nature 192: 989. Garn SM, Lewis AB, and Kerewsky RS (1965) Genetic, nutritional and maturational correlates of dental development. J. Dent. Res. 44: 228– 242. Garn SM, Lewis AB, and Polacheck DL (1959) Variability of tooth formation. J. Dent. Res. 38: 135. Garn SM, Lewis AB, and Polacheck DL (1960) Interrelations in dental development. I. Interrelationships within the dentition. J. Dent. Res. 39: 1049– 1055. Garn SM, Lewis AB, and Vicinus JH (1963) Third molar polymorphism and its significance to dental genetics. J. Dent. Res. [Suppl] 42: 1344– 1363. Garn SM, Sandusky ST, Nagy JM, and Trowbridge FL (1973) Negro-caucasoid differences in permanent tooth emergence at a constant income level. Archs. Oral Biol. 18: 609– 615. Garn SM, Wertheimer F, Sandusky ST, and McCann MB (1972) Advanced tooth emergence in negro individuals. J. Dent. Res. 51: 1506. Gavin JA and Swindler DR (1966) Growth rates and phylogeny in primates. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 24: 181– 190. Gleiser I and Hunt EE (1955) The permanent mandibular first molar: its calcification, eruption and decay. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 13: 253– 284. Gohdo S (1982) Differential rates of enamel formation on human tooth surfaces deduced from the striae of Retzius. Archs. Oral Biol. 27: 289– 296. Gould SJ (1976) Ontogeny and Phylogeny. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Gowgiel JM (1959) Eruption of rootless teeth. J. Dent. Res. 38: 679. Grine FE (1987) On the eruption pattern of the permanent incisors and first permanent molars in Paranthropus. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 72: 353– 359. Grine FE and Martin LB (1988) Enamel thickness and development in Australopithecus and Paranthropus. In FE Grine (ed.): Th Evolution of the Robust Australopithecines. New York: Aldine, pp. 3– 42. Gustafson G and Gustafson AG (1967) Microanatomy and histochemistry of enamel. In AEW Miles (ed.): Structural and Chemical Organization of the Teeth, Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press, pp. 75– 134 Gustafson G and Koch G (1974) Age estimation up to 16 years of age based on dental development. Odont. Rev. 25: 297– 306. Hägg, U, and Taranger J (1985) Dental development, dental age and tooth counts. Angle Orthod. 55: 93– 107. Häavikko K (1970) The formation and the alveolar and clinical eruption of the permanent dentition. Suomen Hammaslaakariseuran Toimituksia 65: 103– 170. Hardwick JL, Martin CJ, and Davies TGH (1965) The microstructure of mature dental enamel as observed under the optical microscope. In MV Stack and RW Fearnhead (eds.): Toot Enamel. Bristol: John Wright and Jones, pp. 168– 171. Harvey PH and Clutton-Brock TH, (1985) Life history variation in primates. Evolution 39: 559– 581. Helm S (1969) Secular trend in tooth eruption: a comparative study of Danish school children of 1913 and 1965. Arch. Oral Biol. 14: 1177– 1191. Helmcke JG (1963) Ultrastructure of enamel. In AEW Miles (ed.): The Structural and Chemical Organisation of Teeth. New York: Academic Press, pp. 135– 163. Hess AF, Lewis JM, and Roman B (1932) A radiographic study of calcification of the teeth from birth to adolescence. Dental Cosmos 1xxiv: 1053– 1061. Hillson SW and Jones BK (1989) Instruments for measuring surface profiles: an application in the study of ancient human tooth crown surfaces. J. Arch. Sci. 16: 95– 105. Höffding, J, Maeda M, Yamaguchi K, Tsuji H, Kuwabara S, Nohara Y, and Yoshida S (1984) Emergence of permanent teeth and onset of dental stages in Japanese children. Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 12: 55– 58. Holloway RL (1969) Culture: A human domain. Curr. Anthropol. 10: 395– 412. Holloway RL (1981) Revisiting the South African Taung australopithecine endocast: the position of the lunate sulcus as determined by the stereoplotting technique. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 56: 43– 58 Holloway RL (1983) Cerebral brain endocast pattern of Australopithecus afarensis hominid. Nature 303: 420– 422. Holloway RL (1984) The Taung endocast and the lunate sulcus: a rejection of the hypothesis of its anterior position. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 64: 285– 287. Holloway RL (1985) The past, present, and future significance of the lunate sulcus in early hominid evolution. In PV Tobias (ed.): Hominid Evolution: Past, Present and Future. New York: Alan R. Liss, pp. 47– 62. Holloway RL and Kimbel WH (1986) Endocast morphology of Hadar hominid AL 162–28. Nature 321: 536. Houpt MI, Adu-Aryee, SA, and Grainger RM (1967) Eruption times of permanent teeth in the Brong Ahafo regions of Ghana. Am. J. Ortho. 53: 95– 99. Hurme VO (1949) Ranges of normalcy in the eruption of permanent teeth. J. Dent. Child. 16: 11– 15. Kamalanathan GS, Hauck HM, and Kittiveja C (1960) Dental development of children in a Siamese village, Bang Chan, 1953. J. Dent. Res. 39: 455– 461. Kallenback E (1987) Electron microscopy of abnormal secretory products of rat incisor ameloblasts in tetracycline-induced lesions. J. Oral Pathol. 16: 347– 352. Kawasaki K, Tanaka S, and Ishikawa T (1977) On the incremental lines in human dentine as revealed by tetracycline labelling. J. Anat. 123: 427– 436. Krogman WM (1930) Studies in growth changes in the skull and face of anthropoids. I. The eruption of the teeth in anthropoids and Old World monkeys. Am. J. Anat. 46: 303– 313. Krumholt L, Roed-Petersen B, and Pindborg JJ (1971) Eruption times of the permanent teeth in 622 Ugandan children. Archs. Oral Biol. 16: 1281– 1288. Lee MMC, Low WD, and Chang KSF (1965) Eruption of the permanent dentition of southern Chinese children in Hong Kong. Arch. Oral Biol. 10: 849– 861. Legoux P (1966) Détermination de l'Age Dentaire de Fossiles de la Lignée Humaine. Paris: Librairie Maloine. Lewin R (1987) Debate over emergence of human tooth pattern. Science 235: 748– 750. Lewis AB and Garn SM (1960) The relationship between tooth formation and other maturational factors. Angle Orthod. 30: 17– 77. Logan W and Kronfeld R (1933) Development of the human jaws and surrounding structures from birth to the age of fifteen years. Am. Dent. Assoc. J. 20: 379– 427. Lovejoy CO (1981) The origin of man. Science 211: 341– 349. Mann AE (1972) Hominid and cultural origins. Man Ns. 7: 379– 386. Mann AE (1975) Some Paleodemographic Aspects of the South African Australopithecines. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Mann AE (1988) The nature of Taung dental maturation. Nature 333: 123. Mann AE, Lampl M, and Monge JM (1987) Maturational patterns in early hominids. Nature 328: 673– 674. Mann AE, Monge JM, and Lampl M (1989) Dental dilemma: Human, ape, intermediate? Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 78: 267. (Abstract) Mann AE, Monge JM, and Lampl M, An investigation into the relationship between perikymata counts and crown formation times. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. (in press) Mann AE, Monge TM, and Lampi M (1990) Dental caution. Nature (in press) Mann S (1986) The study of biominerals by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Scanning Electron Microsc. 2: 393– 413. Martin LB (1985) Significance of enamel thickness in hominoid evolution. Nature 314: 260– 263. Martin LB (1986) Relationships among extant and extinct great apes and humans. In BA Wood, LB Martin, and P Andrews (eds.): Major Topics in Primate and Human Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 161– 187. Martin LB and Boyde A (1984) Rates of enamel formation in relation to enamel thickness in hominoid primates. In RW Fearnhead and S Suga (eds.): Toot Enamel IV. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 447– 451. Martin LB and Harvey PH (1987) Human bodies of evidence. Nature 330: 697– 698. Martin LB, Boyde A, and Grine FE (1988) Enamel structure in primates: A review of scanning electron microscope studies. Scanning Microsc. 2: 1503– 1526. Massler M and Schour I (1946) The appositional life span of the enamel and dentin-forming cells. J. Dent. Res. 25: 145– 150. Meckel AH, Griebstein WJ, and Neal RJ (1965) Structure of mature human dental enamel as observed by electron microscopy. Arch. Oral Biol. 10: 775– 783. McKee MD, Martineau-Doize, B, and Warshawsky H (1986) Penetration of various molecular-weight proteins into the enamel organ and enamel of the rat incisor. Arch. Oral Biol. 31: 287– 296. McKusick VA (1989) Mapping and sequencing the human genome. New Eng. J of Med 320: 910– 915. Miles AEW (1963) Dentition in the assessment of individual age in skeletal material. In DR Brothwell (ed.): Dental Anthropology. New York: Pergamon Press, pp. 191– 210. Mimura F (1939) The circulation of growth lines in enamel (translation from Japanese). Kobyo-shi 13: 454– 455. Minugh-Purvis N (1988) Patterns of Craniofacial Growth and Development in Upper Pleistocene Hominids. Ph. D. dissertation in Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania. Molnar S (1977) Variations in microstructures of primate teeth. In AA Dahlberg and TM Graber (eds.): Orofacia Growth and Development. The Hague and Paris: Mouton Publisher, pp. 57– 62. Molnar S and Ward SC (1975) Mineral metabolism and microstructural defects in primate teeth. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 43: 3– 18. Molnar S, Przybeck TR, Gantt DR, Elizondo RS, and Wilkerson JE (1981) Dentin apposition rates as markers of primate growth. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 55: 443– 453. Moorrees CFA (1959) The Dentition of the Growing Child. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Moorrees CFA (1965) Normal variation in dental development determined with reference to tooth eruption status. J. Dent. Res. 44: 228– 242. Moorrees CFA, Fanning EA, and Hunt EE (1963) Age variation of formation stage for ten permanent teeth. J. Dent. Res. 42: 1490– 1502. Nelson DGA (1990) Backscattered electron imaging of partially-demineralized enamel. Scanning Microsc. 4: 31– 42. Newman HN and Poole DFG, (1974) Observations with scanning and transmission electron microscopy on the structure of human surface enamel. Arch. Oral Biol. 19: 1135– 1143. Nissen HW and Riesen AH (1964) The eruption of the permanent dentition in the chimpanzee. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 22: 285– 294. Niswander JD and Chung CS (1965) The effects of inbreeding on tooth size in Japanese children. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 17: 390– 398. Nolla CM (1960) The development of the permanent teeth. J. Dent. Child. 27: 254– 266. Osborn JW (1967) Three-dimensional reconstruction of enamel prisms. J. Dent. Res. 46: 1412– 1419. Osborn JW (1971) A relationship between the striae of Retzius and prism directions in the transverse plane of the human tooth. Arch. Oral Biol. 16: 1061– 1071. Osborn JW and Ten Cate AR (1983) Advanced Dental Histology. London: Wright. Risnes S (1985a) A scanning electron microscope study of the three dimensional extent of Retzius lines in human dental enamel. Scand. J. Dent. Res. 93: 145– 152. Risnes S (1985b) Circumferential continuity of perikymata in human dental enamel investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Scand. J. Dent. Res. 93: 185– 191. Risnes S (1986) Enamel apposition rate and the prism periodicity in human teeth. Scand. J. Dent. Res. 94: 394– 404. Schour I (1936) The neonatal line in enamel and dentin of the human deciduous teeth and first permanent molar. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 23: 1946– 1955. Schour I and Hoffman MM (1939) The rate of apposition of enamel and dentin in man and other animals. J. Dent. Res. 18: 161– 175. Schour I and Massler M (1940) Studies in tooth development: the growth pattern of human teeth, Part II. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 27: 1118– 1131. Schour I and Poncher HC (1937) The rate of apposition of human enamel and dentin as measured by the effects of accute fluorosis. Am. Assoc. Dis. Child. 54: 757– 776. Schultz AH (1940) Growth and development of the chimpanzee. Contrib. Embryol. 28: 1– 63. Schumaker DB and El Hadary MS (1961) Roentgenographic study of eruption. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 61: 535– 541. Shellis RP (1984) Variations in growth of the enamel crown in human teeth and a possible relationship between growth and enamel structure. Arch. Oral Biol. 29: 697– 705. Shourie KL (1946) Eruption age of teeth in India. Indian J. Med. Res. 34: 105– 118. Simmelink LM and Nygaard VK (1982) Ultrastructure of striations in carious human enamel. Caries Res. 16: 179– 188. Simpson SW, Lovejoy CO, and Meindl RS (1990) Rate and pattern in hominoid dental maturation. J. Hum. Evol. 19: 285– 297. Skinner MF and Sperber GH (1982) Atlas of Radiographs of Early Man. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc. Slavkin HC (1988) Gene regulation in the development of oral tissues. J. Dent. Res. 67: 1142– 1149. Slavkin HC, Snead ML, Zeichner-David M, MacDougall M, Fincham A, Lau C, Luo W, Nakamura M, Oliver P, and Evans J (1988) Factors influencing the expression of dental extracellular matrix biomineralization. Ciba Found. Symp. 136: 22– 41. Smith BH (1986) Dental development in Australopithecus and early Homo. Nature 323: 327– 330. Smith BH (1987) Reply. Nature 328: 674– 675. Smith BH (1989) Dental development as a measure of life history in primates. Evolution 4: 683– 688. Smith BH and Garn SM (1987) Polymorphisms in eruption sequence of permanent teeth in American children. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 74: 289– 304. Stringer CB, Dean MC, and Martin RD (1990) A comparative study of cranial and dental development within a recent British sample and among neanderthals. In J DeRousseau and ME Morbeck (eds.): Primate Life History and Evolution (in press). Stryer L (1981) Biochemistry, 2nd ed. San Francisco: WH Freeman. Suk V (1919) Eruption and decay of permanent teeth in whites and Negroes, with comparative remarks on other races. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2: 351– 388. Swindler DR (1985) Nonhuman primate dental development and its relationship to human dental development. In ES Watts (ed.): Nonhuman Primate Models for Human Growth and Development. New York: Alan R. Liss, pp. 67– 94. Swindler DR and Gavin JA (1962) Calcification of the mandibular molars in Rhesus monkeys. Arch. Oral Biol. 7: 727– 734. Takeda Y, Kuroda M, Amari E, and Yanagisawa T (1987) Failure of root development of human permanent teeth following irradiation. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 16: 376– 382. Tanner JM (1962) Growth in Adolescence. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publishing. Teaford MF and Robinson JG (1989) Seasonal or ecological differences in diet and molar microwear in Cebus nigrivittatus. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 80: 391– 401. Thurley DC (1985) Development, growth and eruption of permanent teeth in Romney sheep. Res. Vet. Sci. 39: 127– 138. Tillier A-M (1984) L'enfant Homo 11 de Qafzeh (Israël) et son apport á la compréhension des modalités de croissance des squelettes mousteriens. Puleórient, 10/1: 7– 48. Tillier A-M (1988) La place des restes de Devil's Tower (Gibraltar) dans l'ontogenése des Néanderthaliens. Bull. et Mem. de la Soc. d'Anthropol. de Paris. t. 5. 14: 257– 266. Tillier A-M (1989) The evolution of modern humans: Evidence from young mousterian individuals. In P. Mellars and CB Stringer (eds.) The Human Revolution-Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press, pp. 286– 297. Topham RT, Chiego DJ, Gattone VH II, Hinton DA, and Klein RM (1987) The effect of epidermal growth factor on neonatal incisor differentiation in the mouse. Dev. Biol. 124: 532– 543. Van Loon, H, Saverys V, Vuyisteka JP, Vlietinck RF, and Eeckels R (1986) Local versus universal growth standards: the effect of using NCHS as universal reference. Ann. Hum. Biol. 13: 347– 357. Varrela J, Townsend G, and Alvesalo L (1988) Tooth crown size in human females with 45,X/ 46,XX chromosomes. Arch. Oral Biol. 33: 291– 294. Walker A (1981) Diet and teeth. Dietary hypotheses and human evolution. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 292: 57– 64. Warshawsky H (1971) A light and electron microscopic study of the nearly mature enamel of rat incisors. Anat. Rec. 169: 559– 584. Warshawsky H (1987) External shape of enamel crystals. Scanning Microsc. 1: 1913– 1923. Warshawsky H (1988) Chapter 20, The Teeth. In L Weiss (ed.): Cell and Tissue Biology. Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg, pp. 598– 641. Warshawsky H (1989) Are linear markings on dental enamel valid indicators of time? Paper presented at the annual meetings, Canadian Association for Physical Anthropology, Vancouver, B. C. Warshawsky H, and Bai P (1983) Knife Chatter during thin sectioning of rat incisor enamel can cause periodicities resembling cross-striations. Anat. Rec. 207: 533– 538. Warshawsky H, Bai P, and Nanci A (1984) Lack of evidence for rhythmicity in enamel development. In AB Belcourt and JV Ruch (eds.): Tooth Morphogenesis and Differentiation. Paris: INSERM, 125: 241– 255. Warshawsky H, Josephsen K, Thylstrup A, and Fejershov O (1981) The development of enamel structure in rat incisors as compared to the teeth of monkey and man. Anat. Rec. 200: 371– 399. Warshawsky H and Smith CE (1971) A three-dimensional reconstruction of the rods in rat maxillary incisor enamel. Anat. Rec. 1971: 585– 592. Watson ML (1960) The extracellular nature of enamel in the rat. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 7: 489– 492. Watts ES (1985) Adolescent growth and development of monkeys, apes and humans. In ES Watts (ed.): Nonhuman Primate Models for Human Growth and Development. New York: Alan R. Liss, pp. 41– 65. Weber DF and Ashrafi SH (1979) Structure of Retzius lines in partially demineralised enamel. Anat. Rec. 194: 563– 570. Weber DF and Eisenmann D (1971) Microscopy of the neonatal line in developing human enamel. Am. J. Anat. 132: 375– 392. Weber DF, Eisenmann D, and Glick, PL, (1974) Light and electron microscope studies of Retzius lines in human cervical enamel. Am. J. Anat. 141: 91– 104. Weber DF and Glick PL (1975) Correlative microscopy of enamel prism orientation. Am. J. Anat. 144: 407– 420. Weiner S (1986) Organization of extracellularly mineralized tissues: a comparative study of biological crystal growth. CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem. 20: 365– 408. Weiss ML (1987) Nucleic acid evidence bearing on hominoid relationships. Year. Phys. Anthropol. 30: 41– 73. Weiss ML and Mann AE (1990) Human Biology and Behavior, 5th ed. Chicago: Scott, Foresman/Little, Brown. Whittaker DK and Richards D (1978) Scanning electron microscopy of the neonatal line in human enamel. Arch. Oral Biol. 23: 45– 50. Willoughby DP (1978) All About Gorillas. New York: Barnes. Wolpoff ML, Monge JM, and Lampl M (1988) Was Taung human or an ape? Nature 335: 501. Yilmaz S, Newman HN, and Poole DFG (1977) Diurnal periodicity of von Ebner growth lines in pig dentine. Arch. Oral Biol. 22: 511– 513. Citing Literature Volume33, IssueS11Supplement: American Journal of Physical Anthropology1990Pages 111-150 ReferencesRelatedInformation