Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2093616570', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2003.2554', 'title': 'Contact tracing and disease control', 'display_name': 'Contact tracing and disease control', 'publication_year': 2003, 'publication_date': '2003-12-08', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2093616570', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2003.2554', 'mag': '2093616570', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14728778', 'pmcid': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1691540'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2003.2554', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S3006207977', 'display_name': 'Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences', 'issn_l': '0962-8452', 'issn': ['0962-8452', '1471-2954'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319787', 'host_organization_name': 'Royal Society', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319787'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Royal Society'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc1691540?pdf=render', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5109151514', 'display_name': 'Ken Eames', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I241749', 'display_name': 'University of Cambridge', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/013meh722', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I241749']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'K. T. D. Eames', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ,UK.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ,UK.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I241749']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5086651355', 'display_name': 'Matt J. Keeling', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4639-4765'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I39555362', 'display_name': 'University of Warwick', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/01a77tt86', 'country_code': 'GB', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I39555362']}], 'countries': ['GB'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'M. J. Keeling', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK', 'Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I39555362']}, {'raw_affiliation_string': 'Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I39555362']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 2, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 4.922, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 411, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.963085, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '270', 'issue': '1533', 'first_page': '2565', 'last_page': '2571'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10410', 'display_name': 'COVID-19 epidemiological studies', 'score': 0.9993, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2611', 'display_name': 'Modeling and Simulation'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/26', 'display_name': 'Mathematics'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10410', 'display_name': 'COVID-19 epidemiological studies', 'score': 0.9993, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2611', 'display_name': 'Modeling and Simulation'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/26', 'display_name': 'Mathematics'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10482', 'display_name': 'Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models', 'score': 0.9965, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2739', 'display_name': 'Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11135', 'display_name': 'Virology and Viral Diseases', 'score': 0.9551, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2713', 'display_name': 'Epidemiology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/contact-tracing', 'display_name': 'Contact tracing', 'score': 0.8594879}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing', 'display_name': 'Tracing', 'score': 0.68894416}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/isolation', 'display_name': 'Isolation', 'score': 0.49241674}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C113162765', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128437', 'display_name': 'Contact tracing', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.8594879}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138673069', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229', 'display_name': 'Tracing', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.68894416}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.55465424}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C184898388', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712', 'display_name': 'Pairwise comparison', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5323529}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C761482', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093', 'display_name': 'Transmission (telecommunications)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5018048}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2775941552', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25212305', 'display_name': 'Isolation (microbiology)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.49241674}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779134260', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136', 'display_name': 'Disease', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.34032717}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C524204448', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926', 'display_name': 'Infectious disease (medical specialty)', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.29848796}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.24682489}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C60644358', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570', 'display_name': 'Bioinformatics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.19330436}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.19081062}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154945302', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660', 'display_name': 'Artificial intelligence', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.1814698}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C76155785', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418', 'display_name': 'Telecommunications', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.14824405}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C142724271', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208', 'display_name': 'Pathology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.07711047}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C3008058167', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196', 'display_name': 'Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111919701', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135', 'display_name': 'Operating system', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D003140', 'descriptor_name': 'Communicable Disease Control', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000379', 'qualifier_name': 'methods', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D016358', 'descriptor_name': 'Contact Tracing', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D018562', 'descriptor_name': 'Disease Transmission, Infectious', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D008954', 'descriptor_name': 'Models, Biological', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012749', 'descriptor_name': 'Sexually Transmitted Diseases', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000635', 'qualifier_name': 'transmission', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003140', 'descriptor_name': 'Communicable Disease Control', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003198', 'descriptor_name': 'Computer Simulation', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D012749', 'descriptor_name': 'Sexually Transmitted Diseases', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D013269', 'descriptor_name': 'Stochastic Processes', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 4, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2003.2554', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S3006207977', 'display_name': 'Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences', 'issn_l': '0962-8452', 'issn': ['0962-8452', '1471-2954'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319787', 'host_organization_name': 'Royal Society', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319787'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Royal Society'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc1691540', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc1691540?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691540', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764455111', 'display_name': 'PubMed Central', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14728778', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc1691540', 'pdf_url': 'https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc1691540?pdf=render', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400806', 'display_name': 'Europe PMC (PubMed Central)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1303153112', 'host_organization_name': 'European Bioinformatics Institute', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1303153112'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['European Bioinformatics Institute'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3', 'score': 0.6, 'display_name': 'Good health and well-being'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 37, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1511794300', 'https://openalex.org/W1570128861', 'https://openalex.org/W1575154287', 'https://openalex.org/W160292998', 'https://openalex.org/W1966894621', 'https://openalex.org/W1980099211', 'https://openalex.org/W1984841045', 'https://openalex.org/W1990049863', 'https://openalex.org/W1991624241', 'https://openalex.org/W2013658773', 'https://openalex.org/W2029758788', 'https://openalex.org/W2030540141', 'https://openalex.org/W2041572706', 'https://openalex.org/W2059601854', 'https://openalex.org/W2071368365', 'https://openalex.org/W2073685253', 'https://openalex.org/W2084650597', 'https://openalex.org/W2086085297', 'https://openalex.org/W2092682814', 'https://openalex.org/W2094742805', 'https://openalex.org/W2096334666', 'https://openalex.org/W2099810380', 'https://openalex.org/W2114779260', 'https://openalex.org/W2118421395', 'https://openalex.org/W2122975574', 'https://openalex.org/W2134526786', 'https://openalex.org/W2139370986', 'https://openalex.org/W2141206236', 'https://openalex.org/W2147674268', 'https://openalex.org/W2150053999', 'https://openalex.org/W2156158169', 'https://openalex.org/W2158368531', 'https://openalex.org/W228144990', 'https://openalex.org/W2767470536', 'https://openalex.org/W3140139051', 'https://openalex.org/W4245265000', 'https://openalex.org/W4388299012'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4379472876', 'https://openalex.org/W4287554683', 'https://openalex.org/W4213139346', 'https://openalex.org/W3158100496', 'https://openalex.org/W3130225502', 'https://openalex.org/W3111532727', 'https://openalex.org/W3092535229', 'https://openalex.org/W2379871682', 'https://openalex.org/W2170160357', 'https://openalex.org/W2012140923'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Contact': [0], 'tracing,': [1], 'followed': [2], 'by': [3], 'treatment': [4], 'or': [5, 133], 'isolation,': [6], 'is': [7, 19, 48, 100, 144], 'a': [8, 122], 'key': [9], 'control': [10], 'measure': [11], 'in': [12], 'the': [13, 31, 69, 77, 92, 103, 112, 117, 141, 148], 'battle': [14], 'against': [15], 'infectious': [16], 'diseases.': [17], 'It': [18], 'an': [20], 'extreme': [21], 'form': [22], 'of': [23, 42, 62, 79, 94, 105, 116, 125], 'locally': [24], 'targeted': [25], 'control,': [26], 'and': [27, 56, 75, 84, 111, 135], 'as': [28], 'such': [29], 'has': [30], 'potential': [32], 'to': [33, 51, 90, 146], 'be': [34], 'highly': [35], 'efficient': [36], 'when': [37], 'dealing': [38], 'with': [39], 'low': [40], 'numbers': [41], 'cases.': [43], 'For': [44], 'this': [45], 'reason': [46], 'it': [47], 'frequently': [49], 'used': [50, 89], 'combat': [52], 'sexually': [53], 'transmitted': [54], 'diseases': [55], 'new': [57], 'invading': [58], 'pathogens.': [59], 'Accurate': [60], 'modelling': [61], 'contact': [63, 95, 106], 'tracing': [64, 107], 'requires': [65], 'explicit': [66], 'information': [67], 'about': [68], 'disease-transmission': [70], 'pathways': [71], 'from': [72], 'each': [73], 'individual,': [74], 'hence': [76], 'network': [78, 143], 'contacts.': [80], 'Here,': [81], 'pairwise-approximation': [82], 'methods': [83], 'full': [85], 'stochastic': [86], 'simulations': [87], 'are': [88], 'investigate': [91], 'utility': [93], 'tracing.': [96], 'A': [97], 'simple': [98], 'relationship': [99], 'found': [101, 145], 'between': [102], 'efficiency': [104, 152], 'necessary': [108], 'for': [109, 121], 'eradication': [110], 'basic': [113], 'reproductive': [114], 'ratio': [115], 'disease.': [118], 'This': [119], 'holds': [120], 'wide': [123], 'variety': [124], 'realistic': [126], 'situations': [127], 'including': [128], 'heterogeneous': [129], 'networks': [130], 'containing': [131], 'core-groups': [132], 'super-spreaders,': [134], 'asymptomatic': [136], 'individuals.': [137], 'Clustering': [138], '(transitivity)': [139], 'within': [140], 'transmission': [142], 'destroy': [147], 'relationship,': [149], 'requiring': [150], 'lower': [151], 'than': [153], 'predicted.': [154]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2093616570', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 15}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 43}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 48}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 91}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 69}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 7}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 12}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 9}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 12}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-08T17:51:27.908796', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}