Title: Possible mechanisms responsible for the sudden infant death syndrome
Abstract: Journal of Paediatrics and Child HealthVolume 27, Issue 3 p. 147-157 Possible mechanisms responsible for the sudden infant death syndrome R. W. BYARD, Corresponding Author R. W. BYARD Department of Histopathology, Adelaide Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, AustraliaDr R. W. Byard, Department of Histopathology, Adelaide Children's Hospital, 72 King William Rd, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia.Search for more papers by this author R. W. BYARD, Corresponding Author R. W. BYARD Department of Histopathology, Adelaide Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, AustraliaDr R. W. Byard, Department of Histopathology, Adelaide Children's Hospital, 72 King William Rd, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia.Search for more papers by this author First published: June 1991 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.1991.tb00376.xCitations: 48 R. W. Byard, MB, BS, FRCPC, Paediatric Pathologist. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1 Beckwith J. B. The sudden infant death syndrome. Curr. Probl. Pediatr. 1973; 3: 1–36. 2 Williams A. L. Sudden infant death syndrome. Aust. N.Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1990; 30: 98–107. 3 Kraus J. F., Greenland S., Bulterys M. Risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome in the US collaborative perinatal project. Int. J. Epidemiol. 1989; 18: 113–20. 4 Emery J. L., Chandra S., Gilbert-Barness E. F. Findings in child deaths registered as sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in Madison, Wisconsin. Pediatr. Pathol. 1988; 8: 171–8. 5 Kinney H. C., Filiano J. J. Brainstem research in sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatrician 1988; 15: 240–50. 6 Krous H.F. Pathological considerations of sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatrician 1988; 15: 231–9. 7 Hunt C. E., Brouillette R. T. Sudden infant death syndrome: 1987 perspective. J. Pediatr. 1987; 110: 669–78. 8 Emery J. L. Is sudden infant death syndrome a diagnosis? Or is it just a diagnostic dustbin Br. Med. J. 1989; 299: 1240. 9 Steinschneider A. Prolonged apnea and the sudden infant death syndrome: clinical and laboratory observations. Pediatrics 1972; 50: 646–54. 10 Southall D. P. Can we predict or prevent sudden unexpected deaths during infancy Pediatrician 1988; 15: 183–90. 11 Glotzbach S. F., Baldwin, R. B., Lederer N. E., Tansey P. A., Ariagno R. L. Periodic breathing in preterm infants: incidence and characteristics. Pediatrics 1989; 84: 785–92. 12 Weese-Mayer D. E., Morrow A. S., Conway L. P., Brouillette R. T., Silvestri J. M. Assessing clinical significance of apnea exceeding fifteen seconds with event recording. J. Pediatr. 1990; 117: 568–74. 13 National Institutes of Health Consensus Development conference on infantile apnea and home monitoring, Sept 29 to Oct 1, 1986. Pediatrics 1987; 79: 292–9. 14 Southall D. P., Richards J. M., Stebbens V., Wilson A. J., Taylor V., Alexander J. R. Cardiorespiratory function in 16 full-term infants with sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatrics 1986; 78: 787–96. 15 Kahn A., Blum D., Rebuffat E. et al. Polysomnographic studies of infants who subsequently died of sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatrics 1988; 82: 721–7. 16 Davies P. A., Milner A. D., Silverman M., Simpson H. Monitoring and sudden infant death syndrome: an update. Report from the Foundation for the Study of Infant Deaths and the British Paediatric Respiratory Group. Arch. Dis. Child. 1990; 65: 238–40. 17 Southall D. P. Role of apnea in the sudden infant death syndrome: a personal view. Pediatrics 1988; 81: 73–84. 18 Southall D. P., Stebbens V., Abraham N. et al. Prolonged apnoea with severe arterial hypoxaemia resulting from complex partial seizures. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 1987; 29: 784–9. 19 Harper R. M., Frysinger R. C. Suprapontine mechanisms underlying cardiorespiratory regulation: implications for the sudden infant death syndrome. In: R. M. Harper, H. J. Hoffman (eds) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Risk Factors and Basic Mechanisms. PMA Publishing Corp., New York 1988; 399–414. 20 Naeye R. L. Sudden infant death. Sci. Am. 1980; 242: 52–8. 21 Giulian G. G., Gilbert E. F., Moss R. L. Elevated fetal hemoglobin levels in sudden infant death syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 1987; 316: 1122–6. 22 Rognum T. O., Saugstad O. D., Oyasaeter S., Olaisen B. Elevated levels of hypoxanthine in vitreous humor indicate prolonged cerebral hypoxia in victims of sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatrics 1988; 82: 615–8. 23 Valdes-Dapena M. A pathologist's perspective on possible mechanisms in SIDS. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1988; 533: 31–6. 24 Valdes-Dapena M. Sudden infant death syndrome: overview of recent research developments from a pediatric pathologist's perspective. Pediatrician 1988; 15: 222–30. 25 Singer D. B., Tilly E. Pulmonary arteries and arterioles: normal in the sudden infant death syndrome. In: R. M. Harper, H. J. Hoffman (eds) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Risk Factors and Basic Mechanisms. PMA Publishing Corp., New York . 1988; 101–13. 26 Beckwith J. B. Chronic hypoxemia in the sudden infant death syndrome: a critical review of the data base. In: J. T. Tildon, L. M. Roeder, A. Steinschneider, (eds) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Academic Press, New York . 1983; 145–59. 27 Variend S., Howat A. J. Renal glomerular size in infants with congenital heart disease and in cases of sudden infant death syndrome. Eur. J. Pediatr. 1986; 145: 90–3. 28 Esiri M. M., Urry P., Keeling J. Lipid-containing cells in the brain in sudden infant death syndrome. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 1990; 32: 319–24. 29 Byard R. W., Bourne A. J., Silver M. M. The association of lingual thyroglossal duct remnants with sudden death in infancy. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 1990; 20: 107–12. 30 Golding J., Limerick S., Macfarlane A. Sleeping, breathing and heart rate. In: Sudden Infant Death. Patterns, Puzzles and Problems. Open Books, Shepton Mallet . 1985; 119–27. 31 Tonkin S., Beach D. The vulnerability of the infant upper airway. In: R. M. Harper, H. J. Hoffman (eds) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Risk Factors and Basic Mechanisms. PMA Publishing Corp., New York . 1988; 417–22. 32 Tonkin S. Pharyngeal airway obstruction: physical signs and factors in its production. In: J. T. Tildon, L. M. Roeder, A. Steinschneider (eds) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Academic Press, New York . 1983; 453–65. 33 Siebert J. R., Haas J. E. Size of the tongue in sudden infant death syndrome. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1988; 533: 467–8. 34 Jeffery H. E., Rahilly P., Read D. J. C. Multiple causes of asphyxia in infants at high risk for sudden infant death. Arch. Dis. Child. 1983; 58: 92–100. 35 Di Maio D. J., Di Maio V. J. M. Asphyxia. In: Forensic Pathology. Elsevier, New York . 1989; 207–51. 36 Thach B. T., Davies A. M., Koenig J. S. Pathophysiology of sudden upper airway obstruction in sleeping infants and its relevance for SIDS. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1988; 533: 314–28. 37 Bass M., Kravath R. E., Glass L. Death-scene investigation in sudden infant death. N. Engl. J. Med. 1986; 315: 100–5. 38 Ramanathan R., Chandra S., Gilbert-Barness E., Franciosi R. Sudden infant death syndrome and water beds. N. Engl. J. Med. 1988; 318: 1700. 39 Emery J. L., Gilbert E. F., Zugibe F. Three crib deaths, a babyminder and probable infanticide. Med. Sci. Law 1988; 28: 205–11. 40 Meadow R. Suffocation. Br. Med. J. 1989; 298: 1572–3. 41 Cashell A. W. Homicide as a cause of the sudden infant death syndrome. Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol. 1987; 8: 256–8. 42 Perrot L. J., Nawojczyk S. Nonnatural death masquerading as SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome). Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol. 1988; 9: 105–11. 43 Meadows R. Suffocation, recurrent apnea, and sudden infant death. J. Pediatr. 1990; 117: 351–7. 44 Emery J. L. Infanticide, filicide, and cot death. Arch Dis. Child. 1985; 60: 505–7. 45 Alexander R., Smith W., Stevenson R. Serial Munchausen's syndrome by proxy. Pediatrics 1990; 86: 581–5. 46 Southall D. P., Stebbens V. A., Rees S. V., Lang M. H., Warner J. O., Shinebourne E. A. Apnoeic episodes induced by smothering: two cases identified by covert video surveillance. Br. Med. J. 1987; 294: 1637–41. 47 Beal S. Sudden infant death syndrome in twins. Pediatrics 1989; 84: 1038–44. 48 Beal S. M., Blundell H. K. Recurrence incidence of sudden infant death syndrome. Arch. Dis. Child. 1988; 63: 924–30. 49 Bass M. The fallacy of the simultaneous sudden infant death syndrome in twins. Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol. 1989; 10: 200–5. 50 Di Maio V. J. M. SIDS or murder Pediatrics 1988; 81: 747. 51 Southall D. P., Samuels M. P., Stebbens V. A. Suffocation and sudden infant death syndrome. Br. Med. J. 1989; 299: 178. 52 Roberts J., Golding J., Keeling J., Hutton B., Lynch M. A. Is there a link between cot death and child abuse Br. Med. J. 1984; 289: 789–91. 53 Smialek J. E., Monforte J. R. Toxicology and sudden infant death. J. Forensic Sci. 1977; 22: 757–62. 54 Southall D. P., Samuels M. P., Talbert D. G. Recurrent cyanotic episodes with severe arterial hypoxaemia and intrapulmonary shunting: a mechanism for sudden death. Arch. Dis. Child. 1990; 65: 953–61. 55 Morley C. J., Brown B. D., Hill C. M., Barson A. J., Davis J. A. Surfactant abnormalities in babies dying from sudden infant death syndrome. Lancet 1982; i: 1320–2. 56 Hill C. M., Brown B. D., Morley C. J., Davis J. A., Barson A. J. Pulmonary surfactant. II. In sudden infant death syndrome. Early Hum. Dev. 1988; 16: 153–62. 57 Gibson R. A., McMurchie E. J. Changes in lung surfactant lipids associated with the sudden infant death syndrome. Aust. Paediatr. J. 1986; 22 (Suppl.): 77–80. 58 Gibson R. A., McMurchie E. J. Decreased lung surfactant disaturated phosphatidylcholine in sudden infant death syndrome. Early Hum. Dev. 1988; 17: 145–55. 59 James D., Berry P. J., Fleming P., Hathaway M. Surfactant abnormality and the sudden infant death syndrome—a primary or secondary phenomenon Arch. Dis. Child. 1990; 65: 774–8. 60 Talbert D. G., Southall D. P. A bimodal form of alveolar behaviour produced by a defect in lung surfactant—a possible mechanism for sudden infant death syndrome. Lancet 1985; i: 727–8. 61 Fagan D. G., Milner A. D. Pressure volume characteristics of the lungs in the sudden infant death syndrome. Arch. Dis. Child. 1985; 60: 471–3. 62 Southall D. P., Talbert D. G. Mechanisms for abnormal apnea of possible relevance to the sudden infant death syndrome. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1988; 533: 329–49. 63 Milner A. D. Recent theories on the cause of cot death. Br. Med. J. 1987; 295: 1366–8. 64 Talbert D. G. SIDS, surfactant, and temperature. Lancet 1990; ii: 690. 65 Newman N. M., Trinder J. A., Phillips K. A., Jordan K., Cruickshank J. Arousal deficit: Mechanism of the sudden infant death syndrome Aust. Paediatr. J. 1989; 25: 196–201. 66 Gould J. B. SIDS—A sleep hypothesis. In: J. T. Tildon, L. M. Roeder, A. Steinschneider (eds) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Academic Press, New York . 1983; 443–52. 67 Gould J. B., Lee A. F. S., Morelock S. The relationship between sleep and sudden death. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1988; 533: 62–77. 68 Kinney H. C., Burger P. C., Harrell F. E., Hudson R. P. 'Reactive gliosis' in the medulla oblongata of victims of the sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatrics 1983; 72: 181–7. 69 Takashima S., Armstrong D., Becker L. E., Bryan C. Cerebral hypo-perfusion in the sudden infant death syndrome? Brain stem gliosis and vasculature. Ann. Neurol. 1978; 4: 257–62. 70 Gillan J. E., Curran, C., O'Reilly E., Cahalane S. F., Unwin A. R. Abnormal patterns of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells in victims of sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatrics 1989; 84: 828–34. 71 Pearson J., Brandeis L. Normal aspects of morphometry of brainstem astrocytes, carotid body and ganglia in SIDS. In: J. T. Tildon, L. M. Roeder, A. Steinschneider (eds) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Academic Press, New York . 1983; 115–21. 72 Quattrochi J. J., McBride P. T., Yates A. J. Brainstem immaturity in sudden infant death syndrome: a quantitative rapid Golgi study of dendritic spines in 95 infants. Brain Res. 1985; 325: 39–48. 73 Frankfater A., Wilcockson D. Tissue levels of L-dopa decarboxylase and other putative markers of autonomic nervous control in SIDS. In: J. T. Tildon, L. M. Roeder, A. Steinschneider (eds) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Academic Press, New York . 1983; 223–31. 74 Naeye R. L., Fisher R., Ryser M., Whalen P. Carotid body in the sudden infant death syndrome. Science 1976; 191: 567–9. 75 Perrin D. G., Cutz E., Becker L. E., Bryan A. C. Ultrastructure of carotid bodies in sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatrics 1984; 73: 646–51. 76 Lack E. E., Perez-Atayde A. R., Young J. B. Carotid bodies in sudden infant death syndrome: A combined light microscopic, ultrastructural and biochemical study. Pediatr. Pathol. 1986; 6: 335–50. 77 Cole S., Lindenberg L. B., Galioto F. M. Jr et al. Ultrastructural abnormalities of the carotid body in sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatrics 1979; 63: 13–7. 78 Perrin D. G., Becker L. E., Madapallimatum A., Cutz E., Bryan A. C., Sole M. J. Sudden infant death syndrome: increased carotid-body dopamine and noradrenaline content. Lancet 1984; ii: 535–7. 79 Dunne K. P., Matthews T. G. Hypothermia and sudden infant death syndrome. Arch Dis. Child. 1988; 63: 438–40. 80 Le Witt P. A., Newman R. P. Greenberg H. S., Rocher L. L., Calne D. B., Ehrenkranz J. R. L. Episodic hyperhidrosis, hypothermia, and agenesis of corpus callosum. Neurology 1983; 33: 1122–9. 81 Kahn A., Van de Merckt C., Dramaix M. et al. Transepidermal water loss during sleep in infants at risk for sudden death. Pediatrics 1987; 80: 245–50. 82 Kalnins R. Neuropathological observations in the sudden infant death syndrome: a brief survey of the literature. Aust. Paediatr. J. 1986; 22 (Suppl.): 7–8. 83 Sparks D. L., Hunsaker J. C. The pineal gland in sudden infant death syndrome: preliminary observations. J. Pineal Res. 1988; 5: 111–8. 84 Pearson R. D., Greenaway A. C. Sudden infant death syndrome and hibernation: is there a link Med. Hypotheses 1990; 31: 131–4. 85 Schey W. L., Replogle R., Campbell C., Meus P., Levinsky R. A. Esophageal dysmotility and the sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatr. Radiol. 1981; 140: 67–71. 86 Herbst J. J., Minton S. D., Book L. S. Gastroesophageal reflux causing respiratory distress and apnea in newborn infants. J. Pediatr. 1979; 95: 763–8. 87 Baccino E., Le Goff D., Lancien G., Le Guillou M., Alix D., Mottier D. Exploration of acid gastroesophageal reflux by 24-H pH metry in infants at risk of sudden infant death syndrome: a study of 50 cases. Forensic Sci. Int. 1988; 36: 255–60. 88 Kenigsberg K., Griswold P. G., Buckley B. J., Gootman N., Gootman P. M. Cardiac effects of esophageal stimulation: possible relationship between gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). J. Pediatr. Surg. 1983; 18: 542–5. 89 Coombs R. R. A., McLaughlan P. The enigma of cot death: is the modified anaphylaxis hypothesis an explanation for some cases Lancet 1982; i: 1388–9. 90 Ariagno R. L., Guilleminault C., Baldwin R., Owen-Boeddiker M. Movement and gastroesophageal reflux in awake term infants with 'near-miss' SIDS, unrelated to apnea. J. Pediatr. 1982; 100: 894–7. 91 Walsh J. K., Farrel M. K., Keenan W. J., Lucas M., Kramer M. Gastroesophageal reflux in infants: relation to apnea. J. Pediatr. 1981; 99: 197–201. 92 Engelberts A. C., de Jonge G. A. Choice of sleeping position for infants: possible association with cot death. Arch. Dis. Child. 1990; 65: 462–7. 93 Naeye R. L. Sudden infant death syndrome, is the confusion ending Mod. Pathol. 1988; 1: 169–74. 94 Nelson E. A. S., Taylor B. J., Mackay S. C. Child care practices and the sudden infant death syndrome. Aust. Paediatr. J. 1989; 25: 202–4. 95 de Jonge G. A., Engelberts A. C., Koomen-Liefting A. J. M., Kostense P. J. Cot death and prone sleeping position in the Netherlands. Br. Med. J. 1989; 298: 722. 96 Lee N. N. Y., Chan Y. F., Davies D. P., Lau E., Yip D. C. P. Sudden infant death syndrome in Hong Kong: confirmation of low incidence. Br. Med. J. 1989; 298: 721. 97 Harding R. Nasal obstruction in infancy. Aust. Paediatr. J. 1986; 22 (Suppl.): 59–61. 98 Orr W. C., Stahl M. L., Duke J. et al. Effect of sleep state and position on the incidence of obstructive and central apnea in infants. Pediatrics 1985; 75: 832–5. 99 Saternus K. S., Koebke J., von Tamaska L. Neck extension as a cause of SIDS. Forensic Sci. Int. 1986; 31: 167–74. 100 Lawson B., Anday E., Guillet R., Wagerle L. C., Chance B., Delivoria-Papadopoulos M. Brain oxidative phosphorylation following alteration in head position in preterm and term neonates. Pediatr. Res. 1987; 22: 302–5. 101 Pauli R. M., Scott C. I., Wassman E. R. et al. Apnea and sudden unexpected death in infants with achondroplasia. J. Pediatr. 1984; 104: 342–8. 102 Nelson E. A. S., Taylor B. J., Weatherall I. L. Sleeping position and infant bedding may predispose to hyperthermia and the sudden infant death syndrome. Lancet 1989; i: 199–201. 103 Hori C. G. Pathology of sudden infant death syndrome. Am J. Forensic Med. Pathol. 1987; 8: 93–6. 104 Beal S. Sleeping position and sudden infant death syndrome. Med. J. Aust. 1988; 149: 562. 105 de Jonge G. A., Engelberts A. C. Cot deaths and sleeping position. Lancet 1989; ii: 1149–50. 106 Fleming P. J., Gilbert R., Azaz Y. et al. Interaction between bedding and sleeping position in the sudden infant death syndrome: a population based case-control study. Br. Med. J. 1990; 301: 85–9. 107 Guntheroth W. G. Theories of cardiovascular causes in sudden infant death syndrome. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1989; 14: 443–7. 108 Schwartz P. J. The quest for the mechanisms of the sudden infant death syndrome: doubts and progress. Circulation 1987; 75: 677–83. 109 Schechtman V. L., Harper R. M., Kluge K. A., Wilson A. J., Hoffman H. J., Southall D. P. Heart rate variation in normal infants and victims of the sudden infant death syndrome. Early Hum. Dev. 1989; 19: 167–81. 110 Identification of infants destined to die unexpectedly during infancy: evaluation of predictive importance of prolonged apnoea and disorders of cardiac rhythm or conduction. First report of a multicentred prospective study into the sudden infant death syndrome. Br. Med. J. 1983; 286: 1092–6. 111 Southall D. P., Arrowsmith W. A., Stebbins V., Alexander J. R. QT interval measurements before sudden infant death. Arch. Dis. Child. 1986; 61: 327–33. 112 Kariks J. Cardiac lesions in sudden infant death syndrome. Forensic Sci. Int. 1988; 39: 211–25. 113 Bharati S., Krongrad E., Lev M. Study of the conduction system in a population of patients with sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatr. Cardiol. 1985; 6: 29–40. 114 Ho S. Y., Anderson R. H. Conduction tissue and SIDS. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1988; 533: 176–90. 115 Theine G. Problems in the interpretation of cardiac pathology in reference to SIDS. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1988; 533: 191–9. 116 Wilson A. J., Stevens V., Franks C. I., Southall D. P. Analysis of long-term cardiorespiratory recordings from infants who subsequently suffered SIDS. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1988; 533: 390–410. 117 Southall D. P., Talbert D. G., Alexander J. R., Stevens V., Wilson A. J. Recordings of cardiorespiratory activity in relation to the problem of SIDS. In: R. M. Harper, H. J. Hoffman (eds) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Risk Factors and Basic Mechanisms. PMA Publishing Corp., New York . 1988; 447–58. 118 Weinstein S. L., Steinschneider A. QTC and R-R intervals in victims of the sudden infant death syndrome. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1985; 139: 987–90. 119 Morris J. A. Hypothesis: common bacterial toxins are a possible cause of the sudden infant death syndrome. Med. Hypotheses 1987; 22: 211–22. 120 Arnon S. S., Damus K., Chin J. Infant botulism: epidemiology and relation to sudden infant death syndrome. Epidemiol. Rev. 1981; 3: 45–66. 121 Bettelheim K. A., Goldwater P. N., Dwyer B. W., Bourne A. J., Smith D. L. Toxigenic Escherichia coli associated with sudden infant death syndrome. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 1990; 22: 467–76. 122 Williams A. L., Uren E. C., Bretherton L. Respiratory viruses and sudden infant death. Br. Med. J. 1984; 288: 1491–3. 123 Editorial. Respiratory infection and sudden infant death. Lancet 1989; ii: 1191–2. 124 Southall D. P., Stebbens V. A., Alexander J. R., Cardle C. M., Cogswell J. J. Cardiorespiratory patterns occurring in infants during and after recovery from respiratory tract infection. Pediatrics 1986; 78: 37–43. 125 Kelly D. H., Shannon D. C. Sudden infant death syndrome and near sudden infant death syndrome: A review of the literature, 1964–1982. Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 1982; 29: 1241–61. 126 Fleming P. J. The Avon Infant Mortality Study. Paper presented at the SIDS Association of Australia Eighth National Conference, Adelaide, 1990. 127 Benjamin D. R., Seibert J. R. C-reactive protein and prealbumin in suspected sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatr. Pathol. 1990; 10: 503–7. 128 Lee S., Barson A. J., Drucker D. B., Morris J. A., Telford D. R. Lethal challenge of gnotobiotic weanling rats with bacterial isolates from cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). J. Clin. Pathol. 1987; 40: 1393–6. 129 Lundemose J. B., Lundemose A. G., Gregerson M., Helweg-Larson K., Simonsen J. Chlamydia and sudden infant death syndrome. Study of 166 SIDS and 30 control cases. Paper presented at the 12th World Triennial Meeting International Association of Forensic Sciences, Adelaide, Australia, October 1990. 130 Huff D. S., Carpenter J. T. Cytomegalovirus inclusions in 401 consecutive autopsies on infants aged 2 weeks to 2 years: a high incidence in patients with sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatr. Pathol. 1987; 7: 225. 131 Variend S. Infant mortality, microglial nodules and parotid CMV-type inclusions. Early Hum. Dev. 1990; 21: 31–40. 132 Coumbe A., Fox J. D., Briggs M., Tedder R. S., Berry C. L. Cytomegalo-virus and human herpesvirus-6 in sudden infant death: an in situ hybridisation study. Pediatr. Pathol. 1990; 10: 483–90. 133 Naeye R. Placental abnormalities in victims of the sudden infant death syndrome. Biol. Neonate 1977; 32: 189–92. 134 Denmead D. T., Ariagno R. L., Carson S. H., Benirschke K. B. Placental pathology is not predictive for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Am. J. Perinatol. 1987; 4: 308–12. 135 Huang S. W. Review: Infectious diseases, immunology and SIDS: an overview. In: J. T. Tildon, L. M. Roeder, A. Steinschneider (eds) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Academic Press, New York . 1983; 593–606. 136 Golding J., Limerick S., Macfarlane A. Infections and the immune system. In: Sudden Infant Death. Patterns, Puzzles and Problems. Open Books, Shepton Mallet . 1985; 128–33. 137 Golding J., Limerick S., Macfarlane A. Characteristics of the older infant. In: Sudden Infant Death. Patterns, Puzzles and Problems. Open Books, Shepton Mallet . 1985; 77–86. 138 Boulloche J., Mallet E., Basuyau J. P., Tayot P., Samson-Dollfus D. The value of serum IgE assay in milk aspiration and the sudden infant death syndrome. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 1986; 75: 530–3. 139 Mirchandani H. G., Mirchandani I. H., House D. Sudden infant death syndrome: measurement of total and specific serum immunoglobulin E (IgE). J. Forensic Sci. 1984; 29: 425–9. 140 Forsyth K. D., Weeks S. C., Koh L., Skinner J., Bradley J. Lung immunoglobulins in the sudden infant death syndrome. Br. Med. J. 1989; 298: 23–6. 141 Forsyth K. D., Bradley J., Weeks S., Smith M. D., Skinner J., Zola H. Immunocytologic characterization using monoclonal antibodies of lung lavage cell phenotype in infants who have died from sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatr. Res. 1988; 23: 187–90. 142 Centre for Disease Control. DTP vaccination and sudden infant deaths—Tennessee. MMWR 1979; 28: 131–2. 143 Baraff L. J., Ablon W. J., Weiss R. C. Possible temporal association between diphtheria-tetanus toxoid-pertussis vaccination and sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1983; 2: 7–11. 144 Hoffman H. J., Hunter J. C., Damus K. et al. Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis immunization and sudden infant death: results of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Cooperative Epidemiological Study of Sudden Infant Death Factors. Pediatrics 1987; 79: 598–611. 145 Cherry J. D., Brunell P. A., Golden G. S., Karzon D. T. Report of the task force on pertussis and pertussis immunization—1988. Pediatrics 1988; 6 (Suppl.): 939–84. 146 Griffin M. R., Ray W. A., Livengood J. R., Shaffner W. Risk of sudden infant death syndrome after immunization with the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med. 1988; 319: 618–23. 147 Roberts S. C. Vaccination and cot deaths in perspective. Arch. Dis. Child. 1987; 62: 754–9. 148 Bacon C. J. Over heating in infancy. Arch Dis. Child. 1983; 58: 673–4. 149 Gozal D., Colin A. A., Daskalovic Y. I., Jaffe M. Environmental over-heating as a cause of transient respiratory chemoreceptor dysfunction in an infant. Pediatrics 1988; 82: 738–40. 150 Denborough M. A., Galloway G. J., Hopkinson K. C. Malignant hyperpyrexia and sudden infant death. Lancet 1982; ii: 1068–9. 151 Peterson D. R., Davis N. Sudden infant death syndrome and malignant hyperthermia diathesis. Aust. Paediatr. J. 1986; 22 (Suppl.); 33–5. 152 Ellis F. R., Halsall P. J., Harriman D. G. F. Malignant hyperpyrexia and sudden infant death syndrome. Br. J. Anaesth. 1988; 60: 28–30. 153 Stanton A. N. Overheating and cot death. Lancet 1984; ii: 1199–201. 154 Gilbert R. E., Fleming P. J., Azaz Y., Rudd P. T. Signs of illness preceding sudden unexpected death in infants. Br. Med. J. 1990; 300: 1237–9. 155 Lean M. E. J., Jennings G. Brown adipose tissue activity in pyrexial cases of cot death. J. Clin. Pathol. 1989; 42: 1153–6. 156 Wailoo M. P., Peterson S. A., Whittaker H., Goodenough P. The thermal environment in which 3–4 month old infants sleep at home. Arch. Dis. Child. 1989; 64: 600–4. 157 Sunderland R., Emery J. L. Febrile convulsions and cot death. Lancet 1981; i: 176–8. 158 Emery J. L., Variend S., Howat A. J., Vawter G. F. Investigation of inborn errors of metabolism in unexpected infant deaths. Lancet 1988; ii: 29–31. 159 Editorial. Sudden infant death and inherited disorders of fat oxidation. Lancet 1986; ii: 1073–5. 160 Goyko P. G., Beckerman R. C. Sudden infant death syndrome. Curr. Probl. Pediatr. 1990; 20: 297–346. 161 Allison F., Bennett M. J., Variend S., Engel P. C. Acylcoenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency in heart tissue from infants who died unexpectedly with fatty change in the liver. Br. Med. J. 1988; 296: 11–2. 162 Tildon J. T., Roeder L. M. Metabolic and endocrine aspects of SIDS: an overview. In: J. T. Tildon, L. M. Roeder, A. Steinschneider (eds) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Academic Press, New York . 1983; 243–62. 163 Sumbilla C. M., Zielke H. R., Krause B. L., Ozand P. T. Gluconeogenic enzymes in fibroblasts from infants dying of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Eur. J. Pediatr. 1983; 140: 276–7. 164 Patrick W. J. A., Logan R. W. Free amino acid content of the vitreous humour in cot deaths. Arch. Dis. Child. 1988; 63: 660–2. 165 Jeffrey H. E., McLeary B. V., Hensley W. J., Read D. J. C. Thiamine deficiency—a neglected problem of infants and mothers—possible relationships to sudden infant death syndrome. Aust. N.Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1985; 25: 198–202. 166 Golding J., Limerick S., Macfarlane A. Excesses and deficiencies. Sudden Infant Death. Patterns, Puzzles and Problems. Open Books, Shepton Mallet . 1985; 108–18. 167 Peterson D. R., Green W. L., van Belle G. Sudden infant death syndrome and hypertriiodothyroninemia: Comparison of neonatal and postmortem measurements. J. Pediatr. 1983; 102: 206–9. 168 Ross I. S., Moffat M. A., Reid I. W. Thyroid hormones in the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Clin. Chim. Acta 1983; 129: 151–5. 169 Schwartz E., Hillman L., Chasalow F., Erickson M., Hillman R., Yuan M. Elevated T3 in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and non-SIDS: a marker of previous health. Pediatr. Res. 1982; 16: 307A. 170 Becker L. E. Neural maturational delay as a link in the chain of events leading to SIDS. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 1990; 17: 361–71. 171 Dwyer T., Ponsonby A. L. B., Newman N. M., Gibbons L. E. Prospective cohort study of prone sleeping position and sudden infant death syndrome. Lancet 1991; 337: 1244–7. Citing Literature Volume27, Issue3June 1991Pages 147-157 ReferencesRelatedInformation
Publication Year: 1991
Publication Date: 1991-06-01
Language: en
Type: review
Indexed In: ['crossref', 'pubmed']
Access and Citation
Cited By Count: 62
AI Researcher Chatbot
Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot