Enforcement Costs and the Optimal Magnitude and Probability of Fines

Name: Work Video:
Duration: 3 min 30 s
Maria Polinsky; Steven Shavell
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W2093466511', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1086/467247', 'title': 'Enforcement Costs and the Optimal Magnitude and Probability of Fines', 'display_name': 'Enforcement Costs and the Optimal Magnitude and Probability of Fines', 'publication_year': 1992, 'publication_date': '1992-04-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W2093466511', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1086/467247', 'mag': '2093466511'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1086/467247', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S998097505', 'display_name': 'The Journal of Law and Economics', 'issn_l': '0022-2186', 'issn': ['0022-2186', '1537-5285'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315672', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Chicago Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315690', 'https://openalex.org/P4310315672'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Chicago', 'University of Chicago Press'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/shavell/pdf/Enforcement%20Costs.pdf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5001582187', 'display_name': 'Maria Polinsky', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1460-5089'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I40347166', 'display_name': 'University of Chicago', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/024mw5h28', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I40347166']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'A. Mitchell Polinsky', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['University of Chicago'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'University of Chicago', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I40347166']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5054850168', 'display_name': 'Steven Shavell', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8902-1128'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I40347166', 'display_name': 'University of Chicago', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/024mw5h28', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I40347166']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Steven Shavell', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['University of Chicago'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'University of Chicago', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I40347166']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 2.673, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 202, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.988778, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 98, 'max': 99}, 'biblio': {'volume': '35', 'issue': '1', 'first_page': '133', 'last_page': '148'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10646', 'display_name': 'Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies', 'score': 0.9992, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3311', 'display_name': 'Safety Research'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10646', 'display_name': 'Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies', 'score': 0.9992, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3311', 'display_name': 'Safety Research'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11762', 'display_name': 'Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems', 'score': 0.9979, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11182', 'display_name': 'Auction Theory and Applications', 'score': 0.997, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1803', 'display_name': 'Management Science and Operations Research'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/18', 'display_name': 'Decision Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779777834', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277', 'display_name': 'Enforcement', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.45870742}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C98965940', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877496', 'display_name': 'Transaction cost', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.44415128}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780262971', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554', 'display_name': 'Law enforcement', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.41778243}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.37323734}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.35344717}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C190253527', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354', 'display_name': 'Law and economics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.35262883}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.34000033}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C187736073', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921', 'display_name': 'Management', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.33376846}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C42475967', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292', 'display_name': 'Operations research', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.32612997}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127413603', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023', 'display_name': 'Engineering', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.16453022}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C10138342', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015', 'display_name': 'Finance', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.11618358}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 3, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1086/467247', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S998097505', 'display_name': 'The Journal of Law and Economics', 'issn_l': '0022-2186', 'issn': ['0022-2186', '1537-5285'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310315672', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Chicago Press', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310315690', 'https://openalex.org/P4310315672'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Chicago', 'University of Chicago Press'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.320.4307', 'pdf_url': 'http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/shavell/pdf/Enforcement%20Costs.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400349', 'display_name': 'CiteSeer X (The Pennsylvania State University)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I130769515', 'host_organization_name': 'Pennsylvania State University', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I130769515'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Pennsylvania State University'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://www.nber.org/papers/w3429.pdf', 'pdf_url': 'http://www.nber.org/papers/w3429.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401271', 'display_name': 'RePEc: Research Papers in Economics', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I77793887', 'host_organization_name': 'Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I77793887'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.320.4307', 'pdf_url': 'http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/shavell/pdf/Enforcement%20Costs.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400349', 'display_name': 'CiteSeer X (The Pennsylvania State University)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I130769515', 'host_organization_name': 'Pennsylvania State University', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I130769515'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Pennsylvania State University'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.83, 'display_name': 'Peace, justice, and strong institutions', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 9, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1530210256', 'https://openalex.org/W1985026453', 'https://openalex.org/W2006113361', 'https://openalex.org/W2038663319', 'https://openalex.org/W2189821821', 'https://openalex.org/W3025069677', 'https://openalex.org/W3122541503', 'https://openalex.org/W3123663379', 'https://openalex.org/W568665132'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4360993851', 'https://openalex.org/W4226026301', 'https://openalex.org/W3125992077', 'https://openalex.org/W3124009333', 'https://openalex.org/W3046446793', 'https://openalex.org/W2417737453', 'https://openalex.org/W2138148318', 'https://openalex.org/W2099704814', 'https://openalex.org/W1580010780', 'https://openalex.org/W1536727859'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Previous': [0], 'articleNext': [1], 'article': [2], 'No': [3], 'AccessEnforcement': [4], 'Costs': [5, 1307], 'and': [6, 10, 16, 28, 53, 70, 110, 161, 180, 243, 261, 286, 315, 324, 335, 368, 376, 396, 406, 416, 425, 449, 469, 482, 523, 545, 565, 571, 580, 620, 653, 660, 704, 710, 724, 744, 808, 871, 881, 920, 932, 993, 1019, 1044, 1061, 1082, 1091, 1109, 1123, 1140, 1189, 1223, 1229, 1252, 1329, 1343, 1375, 1441, 1470, 1473, 1509, 1521, 1541, 1596, 1608, 1639, 1671, 1689, 1715, 1772, 1780, 1794, 1800, 1807, 1822, 1827, 1905, 1945, 1958, 1970, 2014, 2023, 2078, 2112, 2119, 2147, 2156, 2177], 'the': [7, 100, 175, 195, 202, 205, 265, 287, 371, 417, 524, 606, 612, 687, 725, 773, 824, 853, 890, 957, 1020, 1025, 1158, 1176, 1179, 1201, 1205, 1224, 1270, 1309, 1513, 1640, 1795, 2001, 2135], 'Optimal': [8, 268, 348, 650, 805, 1624, 1956, 1971, 1994, 2064], 'Magnitude': [9, 1957], 'Probability': [11, 1959], 'of': [12, 51, 64, 68, 73, 95, 134, 143, 198, 204, 223, 227, 247, 259, 267, 291, 312, 326, 339, 354, 394, 419, 423, 438, 462, 467, 488, 509, 526, 554, 568, 637, 682, 690, 702, 727, 772, 813, 829, 855, 878, 892, 909, 917, 937, 959, 1080, 1107, 1121, 1161, 1178, 1187, 1200, 1227, 1241, 1250, 1264, 1311, 1327, 1341, 1365, 1372, 1407, 1439, 1515, 1519, 1534, 1565, 1580, 1583, 1593, 1626, 1642, 1658, 1702, 1712, 1740, 1757, 1761, 1805, 1870, 1881, 1891, 1910, 1925, 1928, 1931, 1960, 1981, 1996, 2000, 2003, 2011, 2030, 2051, 2063, 2080, 2106, 2117, 2137, 2141, 2145, 2162, 2186, 2189], 'FinesA.': [13], 'Mitchell': [14, 19, 1572, 1696, 1875, 1918], 'Polinsky': [15, 20], 'Steven': [17, 29, 587, 1491, 1574, 1698, 1866, 1877, 1920], 'ShavellA.': [18], 'Search': [21, 31], 'for': [22, 32, 370, 810, 934, 1102, 1182, 1289, 1655, 2093, 2134], 'more': [23, 33], 'articles': [24, 34, 102], 'by': [25, 35, 48, 61, 913], 'this': [26, 36, 83, 104], 'author': [27, 37], 'Shavell': [30, 588, 1492, 1575, 1699, 1867, 1878, 1888, 1921], 'PDFPDF': [38], 'PLUS': [39], 'Add': [40], 'to': [41, 617, 852, 1245, 1561, 2006], 'favoritesDownload': [42], 'CitationTrack': [43], 'CitationsPermissionsReprints': [44], 'Share': [45], 'onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail': [46], 'SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited': [47], 'The': [49, 62, 71, 93, 220, 257, 435, 506, 528, 699, 907, 1105, 1262, 1362, 1531, 1578, 1623, 1737, 1755, 1922, 2090, 2115, 2166], 'Journal': [50, 142, 226, 246, 290, 311, 338, 353, 443, 487, 508, 530, 553, 567, 624, 642, 733, 749, 877, 899, 916, 936, 998, 1013, 1031, 1066, 1106, 1128, 1145, 1169, 1249, 1294, 1315, 1371, 1518, 1564, 1613, 1634, 1647, 1706, 1720, 1733, 1748, 1760, 1909, 1930, 1964, 1980, 2010, 2029, 2050, 2085, 2099, 2116, 2188], 'Law': [52, 75, 424, 468, 478, 484, 814, 830, 1081, 1108, 1188, 1251, 1266, 1328, 1806, 1946, 1972, 2065, 2118, 2146, 2155], 'Economics': [54, 119, 314, 341, 426, 470, 510, 556, 662, 816, 832, 880, 919, 939, 1046, 1083, 1110, 1190, 1253, 1330, 1374, 1475, 1523, 1543, 1566, 1763, 1808, 1826, 1890, 2013, 2032, 2053, 2120, 2148, 2157], 'Volume': [55], '35,': [56], 'Number': [57], '1Apr.,': [58], '1992': [59, 92], 'Sponsored': [60], 'University': [63, 72, 94], 'Chicago': [65, 74], 'Booth': [66], 'School': [67, 76], 'Business': [69, 118, 208], 'Article': [77], 'DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/467247': [78], 'Views:': [79], '37Total': [80], 'views': [81], 'on': [82, 264, 402, 779, 1269, 1674], 'site': [84], 'Citations:': [85], '109Citations': [86], 'are': [87], 'reported': [88], 'from': [89, 169, 330, 479, 849, 1447], 'Crossref': [90, 98], 'Copyright': [91], 'ChicagoPDF': [96], 'download': [97], 'reports': [99], 'following': [101], 'citing': [103], 'article:Roberta': [105], 'Troisi,': [106], 'Gaetano': [107], 'Alfano': [108], 'Proximity': [109], 'inter-firm': [111], 'corruption:': [112], 'A': [113, 218, 614, 680, 1073, 1669, 1948, 2160], 'transaction': [114], 'cost': [115], 'approach,': [116], 'Small': [117], '60,': [120], 'no.33': [121, 492, 512, 664, 800, 818, 834, 923, 1568, 1830, 2034], '(Jul': [122, 801, 1113, 1680, 1986, 2018, 2123], '2022):': [123, 150], '1105–1120.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-022-00649-yZhiyong': [124], '(John)': [125], 'Liu,': [126], 'Zhewei': [127], 'Wang,': [128], 'Zhendong': [129], 'Yin': [130], 'When': [131, 1628, 1974], 'is': [132, 1369, 1630, 1977], 'duplication': [133], 'effort': [135], 'a': [136, 170, 480, 656, 1242, 2043], 'good': [137], 'thing': [138], 'in': [139, 307, 399, 503, 550, 611, 655, 686, 874, 895, 1008, 1157, 1204, 1443, 1484, 1512, 1536, 1555, 1742, 1774, 2025, 2042, 2184], 'law': [140, 794, 1208, 1670, 2027], 'enforcement?,': [141], 'Public': [144, 248, 590, 711, 961, 1347, 1494, 1581, 1676, 1700, 1775, 1879, 1893, 1926, 2031, 2094], 'Economic': [145, 178, 249, 275, 529, 893, 1232, 1396, 1405, 1422, 1868, 1923, 1932, 1998, 2061], 'Theory': [146, 250, 979, 1579, 1924], '24,': [147, 1809], 'no.44': [148, 295, 343, 861, 1085, 1112, 1192, 1332], '(Jan': [149, 185, 445, 625, 643, 734, 750, 819, 835, 885, 900, 999, 1014, 1032, 1049, 1067, 1129, 1146, 1170, 1274, 1295, 1316, 1410, 1426, 1478, 1487, 1585, 1599, 1614, 1635, 1648, 1693, 1707, 1721, 1734, 1749, 1766, 1836, 1872, 1883, 1895, 1951, 1965, 2067, 2072, 2086, 2100], '682–708.https://doi.org/10.1111/jpet.12568Kevin': [151], 'Croke,': [152], 'María': [153], 'Elena': [154], 'García': [155], 'Mora,': [156], 'Markus': [157], 'Goldstein,': [158], 'Edouard': [159], 'Mensah,': [160], 'Michael': [162], "O'Sullivan": [163], 'Up': [164], 'Before': [165], 'Dawn:': [166], 'Experimental': [167], 'Evidence': [168, 329, 1240], 'Cross-border': [171], 'Trader': [172], 'Training': [173], 'at': [174, 201, 1388], 'DRC-Rwanda': [176], 'Border,': [177], 'Development': [179], 'Cultural': [181], 'Change': [182], '0,': [183], 'no.jaja': [184], '2022).https://doi.org/10.1086/718187Shubhabrata': [186], 'Basu,': [187], 'Surender': [188], 'Munjal,': [189], 'Ashish': [190], 'Malik,': [191], 'Demetris': [192], 'Vrontis': [193], 'Investigating': [194], 'causal': [196], 'configurations': [197], 'cost-efficient': [199], 'firms': [200], 'bottom': [203], 'pyramid,': [206], 'International': [207, 352, 421, 465, 552, 708, 977, 1078, 1185, 1325, 1803, 2143], 'Review': [209, 276, 422, 466, 812, 828, 980, 1079, 1186, 1326, 1397, 1804, 2144], '30,': [210, 1191], 'no.55': [211, 558, 2193], '(Oct': [212, 788, 1661, 2194], '2021):': [213, 233], '101810.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2021.101810Daniel': [214], 'J': [215], 'Hemel,': [216, 432], 'David': [217, 433, 517, 768, 1505], 'Weisbach': [219, 434], 'Behavioral': [221, 436], 'Elasticity': [222, 437], 'Tax': [224, 439, 709], 'Revenue,': [225, 440], 'Legal': [228, 501, 1006], 'Analysis': [229, 1406, 1869, 1999], '13,': [230], 'no.11': [231, 252, 574, 884, 1048, 1399, 1425, 1545, 1765, 1810, 1914, 1935, 2017, 2055, 2170], '(Nov': [232, 493, 862, 924, 1211, 1497], '381–438.https://doi.org/10.1093/jla/laab003Rosario': [234], 'Crinó,': [235], 'Giovanni': [236], 'Immordino,': [237], 'Salvatore': [238], 'Piccolo': [239], 'Criminal': [240, 521, 1159], 'mobility,': [241], 'fugitives,': [242], 'extradition': [244], 'rules,': [245], '23,': [251, 713], '(Sep': [253, 278, 296, 358, 472, 1379, 1831], '2020):': [254, 279, 297, 319], '69–104.https://doi.org/10.1111/jpet.12474Tim': [255], 'Friehe': [256], 'Influence': [258], 'Conformity': [260], 'Moral': [262], 'Concerns': [263], 'Level': [266], 'Sanctions:': [269], 'Some': [270], 'Comparative-Statics': [271], 'Results,': [272], 'Supreme': [273], 'Court': [274], '28': [277], '123–139.https://doi.org/10.1086/709736Christodoulos': [280], 'Stefanadis': [281], 'Social': [282, 374, 555, 729], 'conflict,': [283], 'property': [284], 'rights,': [285], 'capital–labor': [288], 'split,': [289], 'Theoretical': [292], 'Politics': [293], '32,': [294], '582–604.https://doi.org/10.1177/0951629820956279Carmen': [298], 'Arguedas,': [299, 645, 1034], 'Francisco': [300, 646], 'Cabo,': [301, 647], 'Guiomar': [302, 648], 'Martín-Herrán': [303, 649], 'Enforcing': [304], 'regulatory': [305, 403, 911, 1532], 'standards': [306], 'stock': [308], 'pollution': [309, 1366], 'problems,': [310], 'Environmental': [313, 659, 783, 879, 918, 1162, 1373, 1472, 1540, 1597, 1716, 2012, 2081, 2107], 'Management': [316, 882, 1376, 1514, 2015], '100': [317], '(Mar': [318, 428, 583, 715, 983, 1351, 1569, 1811, 1915, 1936, 2056, 2171], '102297.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2019.102297Elizabeth': [320], 'Gooch': [321], 'Terrain': [322], 'ruggedness': [323], 'limits': [325], 'political': [327], 'repression:': [328], 'China’s': [331], 'Great': [332], 'Leap': [333], 'Forward': [334], 'Famine': [336], '(1959-61),': [337], 'Comparative': [340, 2052], '47,': [342], '(Dec': [344, 1086, 1193, 1333, 1455, 1546, 1862], '2019):': [345, 359, 381, 429, 453], '827–852.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2019.08.001Louis': [346], 'Kaplow': [347], 'regulation': [349], 'with': [350, 741, 1559, 1777], 'exemptions,': [351], 'Industrial': [355], 'Organization': [356], '66': [357], '1–39.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2019.04.003Roy': [360], 'Cerqueti,': [361], 'Fabio': [362], 'Sabatini,': [363], 'Marco': [364], 'Ventura': [365], 'Civic': [366], 'capital': [367], 'support': [369], 'welfare': [372, 700], 'state,': [373], 'Choice': [375, 962, 1348, 1677, 1739], 'Welfare': [377], '53,': [378], 'no.22': [379, 714, 941, 1255, 1378, 1477, 2122, 2150], '(Apr': [380, 452, 575, 695, 942, 1526], '313–336.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00355-019-01185-7Manuel': [382], 'Bellanger,': [383], 'Daniel': [384, 737], 'S.': [385, 1887], 'Holland,': [386], 'Christopher': [387], 'M.': [388, 837, 1148, 1753, 1954], 'Anderson,': [389], 'Olivier': [390], 'Guyader': [391], 'Incentive': [392, 1553, 2128], 'effect': [393], 'joint': [395], 'several': [397], 'liability': [398, 1076, 1799], 'fishery': [400], 'cooperatives': [401], 'compliance,': [404], 'Fish': [405], 'Fisheries': [407], '13': [408], '(May': [409, 559, 665], '2019).https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12372Marie': [410], 'Obidzinski,': [411], 'Yves': [412], 'Oytana': [413], 'Identity': [414], 'errors': [415], 'standard': [418, 958], 'proof,': [420], '57': [427], '73–80.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2018.12.001Daniel': [430], 'Jacob': [431], 'SSRN': [441, 622, 640, 731, 747, 897, 996, 1011, 1029, 1064, 1126, 1143, 1167, 1292, 1313, 1611, 1632, 1645, 1704, 1718, 1731, 1746, 1962, 2083, 2097], 'Electronic': [442, 623, 641, 732, 748, 898, 997, 1012, 1030, 1065, 1127, 1144, 1168, 1293, 1314, 1612, 1633, 1646, 1705, 1719, 1732, 1747, 1963, 2084, 2098], '162': [444], '2019).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3462705Matteo': [446], 'Rizzolli': [447, 578], 'Type-I': [448, 579], 'Type-II': [450, 581], 'Errors,': [451, 582], '2112–2120.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7753-2_66Anita': [454], 'Anand,': [455, 627], 'Andrew': [456, 628], 'Green': [457, 630], 'Securities': [458, 632], 'settlements': [459], 'as': [460, 634, 2131], 'examples': [461], 'crisis-driven': [463], 'regulation,': [464, 1802], '55': [471], '2018):': [473, 494, 514, 560, 584, 594], '41–57.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2018.03.001Maria': [474], 'DE': [475], 'BENEDETTO': [476], 'Effective': [477], 'Regulatory': [481, 608, 938, 1221, 1482, 1738, 1758, 1762], 'Administrative': [483], 'Perspective,': [485], 'European': [486, 1248, 1908], 'Risk': [489], 'Regulation': [490, 857, 1592, 1711], '9,': [491], '391–415.https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2018.52Harold': [495], 'Houba,': [496, 986, 1001, 1056, 1133], 'Evgenia': [497, 987, 1002, 1134], 'Motchenkova,': [498, 988, 1003, 1052, 1135], 'Quan': [499, 989, 1004, 1057, 1136], 'Wen': [500, 990, 1005, 1058, 1137], 'Principles': [502, 1007], 'Antitrust': [504, 991, 1009, 1059, 1138], 'Enforcement,': [505, 1010, 1894, 2066], 'Scandinavian': [507], '120,': [511], '(Jun': [513, 532, 2035, 2151], '859–893.https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12234Giovanni': [515], 'Mastrobuoni,': [516], 'A.': [518, 1357, 1500, 1618, 1723, 2075], 'Rivers': [519], 'Optimising': [520], 'Behaviour': [522], 'Disutility': [525], 'Prison,': [527], '49': [531], '2018).https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12602Jamal': [533], 'Ali,': [534], 'Norhafezah': [535], 'Yusof,': [536], 'Fadzli': [537], 'Shah': [538], 'Abd.': [539], 'Aziz': [540], 'Factors': [541], 'influencing': [542], 'farmer’s': [543], 'perceptions': [544], 'behavior': [546], 'toward': [547], 'pesticide': [548], 'use': [549, 2136], 'Malaysia,': [551], '45,': [557], '776–792.https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-11-2016-0304Azmat': [561], 'Gani': [562], 'Contract': [563, 1654], 'Enforcement': [564, 591, 633, 870, 992, 1022, 1060, 1139, 1495, 1508, 1582, 1629, 1701, 1776, 1790, 1880, 1927, 1973, 2079, 2105, 2185], 'Trade,': [566], 'Industry,': [569], 'Competition': [570], 'Trade': [572], '18,': [573], '2017):': [576, 696, 1884], '107–119.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10842-017-0252-5Matteo': [577], '1–9.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7883-6_66-1Mitchell': [585], 'Polinsky,': [586, 1490, 1573, 1697, 1876, 1886, 1919], 'Law,': [589, 1493, 1584, 1703, 1871, 1882, 1929, 2187], 'of,': [592, 1496], '(Feb': [593, 1400], '7690–7703.https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_2745John': [595], 'Kevin': [596], 'Ashton,': [597], 'Tim': [598], 'Burnett,': [599], 'Ivan': [600], 'Diaz-Rainey,': [601], 'Peter': [602], 'L.': [603, 867, 2180], 'Ormosi': [604], 'Has': [605], 'Financial': [607], 'Environment': [609], 'Improved': [610], 'UK?': [613], 'Capture-Recapture': [615], 'Approach': [616], 'Estimate': [618], 'Detection': [619], 'Deterrence,': [621, 995, 1063, 1142], '2018).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3176993Anita': [626], 'James': [629], 'Cross-Country': [631], 'An': [635, 846, 1164], 'Example': [636], 'Pro-Cyclical': [638], 'Regulation,': [639], '2018).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3205750Carmen': [644], 'Pollution': [651, 928, 1464, 1627, 1992], 'Standards': [652], 'Non-compliance': [654, 1688], 'Dynamic': [657, 1271, 1552, 2060], 'Framework,': [658], 'Resource': [661, 1043, 1474, 1542], '68,': [663], '2016):': [666, 1498], '537–567.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-016-0031-5Shekar': [667], 'Bose,': [668], 'Hussein': [669], 'Samh': [670], 'Al-Masroori,': [671], 'Al-Mutasim': [672], 'Hammoud': [673], 'Ahmed': [674], 'Al-Habsi': [675], 'Traditional': [676], 'fisheries': [677, 1690], 'enforcement': [678, 912, 1209, 1368, 1442], 'program:': [679], 'case': [681], 'three': [683], 'coastal': [684], 'villages': [685], 'eastern': [688], 'part': [689], 'Oman,': [691], 'Marine': [692], 'Policy': [693, 921, 1155, 1423, 1828, 2095], '78': [694], '61–67.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.01.001Pauli': [697], 'Lappi': [698], 'ranking': [701], 'prices': [703], 'quantities': [705], 'under': [706, 1040, 1345, 2046, 2110], 'noncompliance,': [707], 'Finance': [712], '2015):': [716, 789, 802, 1114, 1527, 1987, 2124, 2195], '269–288.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-015-9356-1Harrison': [717], 'G.': [718, 1360, 1621], 'Hong,': [719], 'Inessa': [720], 'Liskovich': [721], 'Crime,': [722], 'Punishment': [723, 1306], 'Value': [726], 'Corporate': [728], 'Responsibility,': [730], '2016).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2492202Daniel': [735], 'Jaqua,': [736], 'Schaffa': [738], 'Pigouvian': [739], 'Taxation': [740], 'Costly': [742, 1468], 'Administration': [743], 'Multiple': [745, 1556, 2039], 'Externalities,': [746], '2016).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2831563Steven': [751], 'R': [752], 'H': [753], 'Barrett,': [754], 'Raymond': [755], 'L': [756], 'Speth,': [757], 'Sebastian': [758], 'D': [759, 1382], 'Eastham,': [760], 'Irene': [761], 'C': [762], 'Dedoussi,': [763], 'Akshay': [764], 'Ashok,': [765], 'Robert': [766, 1967], 'Malina,': [767], 'W': [769], 'Keith': [770], 'Impact': [771], 'Volkswagen': [774], 'emissions': [775, 875, 1537], 'control': [776], 'defeat': [777], 'device': [778], 'US': [780], 'public': [781], 'health,': [782], 'Research': [784, 1452], 'Letters': [785], '10,': [786], 'no.1111': [787], '114005.https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/11/114005Hakan': [790], 'İnal': [791], 'Voting': [792], 'over': [793], 'enforcement:': [795], 'mission': [796], 'impossible,': [797], 'SERIEs': [798], '6,': [799], '349–360.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13209-015-0128-zLionel': [803], 'Thomas': [804, 839, 1092, 1150, 1279, 1384], 'Marginal': [806, 994, 1062, 1141, 2182], 'Deterrence': [807, 2183], 'Incentives': [809], 'Precaution,': [811], '&': [815, 831, 858], '11,': [817, 833], '2015).https://doi.org/10.1515/rle-2012-0009Elena': [820], 'Kantorowicz-Reznichenko': [821], 'Day-Fines:': [822], 'Should': [823, 1024], 'Rich': [825, 1026], 'Pay': [826, 1027], 'More?,': [827, 1028], '2015).https://doi.org/10.1515/rle-2014-0045Carole': [836], 'Billiet,': [838, 1149], 'Blondiau,': [840, 1116, 1151], 'Sandra': [841, 905, 1035, 1117, 1152], 'Rousseau': [842, 906, 1036, 1118, 1153, 1239], 'Punishing': [843], 'environmental': [844, 910, 1183, 1246], 'crimes:': [845], 'empirical': [847], 'study': [848], 'lower': [850], 'courts': [851], 'court': [854], 'appeal,': [856], 'Governance': [859], '8,': [860], '2013):': [863, 925, 943, 984], '472–496.https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12044John': [864], 'K.': [865, 1354, 1529], 'Stranlund,': [866, 1355, 1616], 'Joe': [868], 'Moffitt': [869], 'price': [872, 1440, 1820], 'controls': [873], 'trading,': [876], '67,': [883], '2014):': [886], '20–38.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2013.10.001Henrik': [887], 'Lando': [888], 'On': [889, 1175], 'Sanctioning': [891, 1160], 'Crime': [894, 1944], 'Denmark,': [896], '2014).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2415997Lotte': [901], 'Ovaere,': [902], 'Stef': [903], 'Proost,': [904], 'choice': [908, 1533, 1796], 'lobby': [914], 'groups,': [915], '2,': [922], '328–347.https://doi.org/10.1080/21606544.2013.836136Carmen': [926], 'Arguedas': [927, 1457], 'standards,': [929], 'technology': [930], 'investment': [931], 'fines': [933], 'non-compliance,': [935], '44,': [940, 1453], '156–176.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11149-013-9217-8Matteo': [944], 'Rizzolli,': [945, 1297], 'Margherita': [946, 1298], 'Saraceno': [947, 1299], 'Better': [948, 1300], 'that': [949, 1301], 'ten': [950], 'guilty': [951], 'persons': [952], 'escape:': [953], 'punishment': [954, 1344], 'costs': [955], 'explain': [956], 'evidence,': [960], '155,': [963], 'no.3-43-4': [964, 1350], '(Aug': [965, 1236, 1256, 1786], '2011):': [966, 1087], '395–411.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-011-9867-yFLORIAN': [967], 'BAUMANN,': [968], 'TIM': [969], 'FRIEHE': [970], 'CHEAP': [971], 'TALK': [972], 'ABOUT': [973], 'THE': [974], 'DETECTION': [975], 'PROBABILITY,': [976], 'Game': [978, 1272, 1448], '15,': [981, 1829], 'no.0101': [982], '1350003.https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219198913500035Harold': [985], '2013).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2343053Harold': [1000], '2013).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2345319Elena': [1015], 'Kantorowicz': [1016], 'Day': [1017], 'Fines': [1018], 'Secondary': [1021], 'System:': [1023], '2013).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2387442Carmen': [1033], 'Learning': [1037], 'about': [1038], 'compliance': [1039], 'asymmetric': [1041], 'information,': [1042], 'Energy': [1045], '34,': [1047], '2012):': [1050], '55–73.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2011.09.001Evgenia': [1051], 'Harold': [1053], 'E.': [1054, 1131], 'D.': [1055, 1089, 1132, 1277, 2126], '2012).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1983981Sharon': [1068], 'Oded': [1069], 'Inducing': [1070], 'corporate': [1071, 1075], 'compliance:': [1072], 'compound': [1074], 'regime,': [1077], '31,': [1084], '272–283.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2011.08.001Michael': [1088], 'Makowsky': [1090], 'Stratmann': [1093, 1280, 1385], 'More': [1094, 1281], 'Tickets,': [1095, 1282], 'Fewer': [1096, 1283], 'Accidents:': [1097, 1284], 'How': [1098, 1285], 'Cash-Strapped': [1099, 1286], 'Towns': [1100, 1287], 'Make': [1101, 1288], 'Safer': [1103, 1290], 'Roads,': [1104, 1291], '54,': [1111], '863–888.https://doi.org/10.1086/659260Thomas': [1115], 'Differential': [1119], 'Treatment': [1120], 'Intentional': [1122], 'Accidental': [1124], 'Violators,': [1125], '2011).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1752123Harold': [1130], '2011).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1964751Carole': [1147], 'Judicial': [1154], 'Lines': [1156], 'Offenses:': [1163], 'Empirical': [1165], 'Study,': [1166], '2011).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1966939Sandra': [1171], 'Rousseau,': [1172], 'Kjetil': [1173], 'Telle': [1174], 'existence': [1177], 'optimal': [1180, 1363, 1792, 2026], 'fine': [1181], 'crime,': [1184], '2010):': [1194, 1212, 1237, 1275], '329–337.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2010.08.004Zhang': [1195], 'Yun-hui,': [1196], 'Zhang': [1197, 1261], 'Yu-bin': [1198], 'Actions': [1199], 'two': [1202], 'sides': [1203], 'dynamic': [1206], 'selective': [1207], 'game,': [1210], '1892–1898.https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMSE.2010.5720037EMMA': [1213], 'AISBETT,': [1214], 'LARRY': [1215], 'KARP,': [1216], 'CAROL': [1217], 'MCAUSLAND': [1218], 'Police': [1219], 'Powers,': [1220], 'Takings': [1222], 'Efficient': [1225], 'Compensation': [1226], 'Domestic': [1228], 'Foreign': [1230], 'Investors*,': [1231], 'Record': [1233], '86,': [1234], 'no.274274': [1235], '367–383.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2009.00616.xSandra': [1238], 'filtered': [1243], 'approach': [1244], 'monitoring,': [1247], '29,': [1254, 1331], '2009):': [1257, 1334, 1352, 1380, 1401, 1411, 1427], '195–209.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-009-9117-7Yubin': [1258], 'Zhang,': [1259], 'Yunhui': [1260], 'Result': [1263], 'Selective': [1265], 'Enforcement:': [1267, 1947], 'Based': [1268], 'Analysis,': [1273, 2096], '240–243.https://doi.org/10.1109/CCIE.2010.178Michael': [1276], 'Makowsky,': [1278, 1383], '2010).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1232373Matteo': [1296], 'Ten': [1302], 'Guilty': [1303], 'Persons': [1304], 'Escape:': [1305], 'Explain': [1308], 'Standard': [1310, 1465], 'Evidence,': [1312], '2010).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1430281Mehmet': [1317], 'Bac,': [1318], 'Parimal': [1319], 'Kanti': [1320], 'Bag': [1321], 'Graduated': [1322], 'penalty': [1323], 'scheme,': [1324], '281–289.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2009.07.001Eugenia': [1335], 'Belova,': [1336], 'Paul': [1337], 'Gregory': [1338], 'Political': [1339, 1386, 1911, 1982, 2190], 'economy': [1340], 'crime': [1342], 'Stalin,': [1346], '140,': [1349], '463–478.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-009-9430-2John': [1353], 'Carlos': [1356, 1617], 'Chávez,': [1358], 'Mauricio': [1359, 1620], 'Villena': [1361, 1622], 'pricing': [1364], 'when': [1367], 'costly,': [1370], '58,': [1377], '183–191.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2008.12.002Michael': [1381], 'Economy': [1387, 1912, 1983, 2191], 'Any': [1389], 'Speed:': [1390], 'What': [1391], 'Determines': [1392], 'Traffic': [1393, 1728], 'Citations?,': [1394], 'American': [1395, 2164, 2167], '99,': [1398], '509–527.https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.99.1.509Louis': [1402], 'T.': [1403], 'Visscher': [1404], 'Punitive': [1408], 'Damages,': [1409], '219–236.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-92211-8_13BRYAN': [1412], 'C.': [1413, 1602], 'McCANNON': [1414], 'DIFFERENTIATING': [1415], 'BETWEEN': [1416], 'FIRST': [1417], 'AND': [1418], 'REPEAT': [1419], 'OFFENSES,': [1420], 'Contemporary': [1421], '27,': [1424, 1764, 2054], '76–85.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.2008.00111.xFrancisco': [1428], 'Assis': [1429], 'Souza': [1430], 'Filho,': [1431], 'Upmanu': [1432], 'Lall,': [1433], 'Rubem': [1434], 'La': [1435], 'Laina': [1436], 'Porto': [1437], 'Role': [1438], 'water': [1444], 'allocation:': [1445], 'Insights': [1446], 'Theory,': [1449], 'Water': [1450], 'Resources': [1451], 'no.1212': [1454], '2008).https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006163Carmen': [1456], 'To': [1458, 1462], 'Comply': [1459], 'or': [1460], 'Not': [1461], 'Comply?': [1463], 'Setting': [1466], 'Under': [1467], 'Monitoring': [1469, 1643, 2077], 'Sanctioning,': [1471], '41,': [1476, 2169], '2008):': [1479, 1488], '155–168.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-007-9185-5Anthony': [1480], 'Ogus': [1481], 'Arrangements': [1483], 'Developing': [1485], 'Countries,': [1486], '721–734.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8350-5582-7_53Mitchell': [1489], '1–13.https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2745-1Holly': [1499], 'Ameden,': [1501], 'Sean': [1502, 1684], 'B.': [1503, 2088], 'Cash,': [1504], 'Zilberman': [1506], 'Border': [1507], 'Firm': [1510], 'Response': [1511], 'Invasive': [1516], 'Species,': [1517], 'Agricultural': [1520], 'Applied': [1522], '39,': [1524], 'no.s1s1': [1525], '35–46.https://doi.org/10.1017/S1074070800028923John': [1528], 'Stranlund': [1530, 1736], 'noncompliance': [1535], 'trading': [1538], 'programs,': [1539], '38,': [1544, 1934, 2016], '2006):': [1547, 1662, 1681, 1694], '99–117.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-006-9058-3Hsiao-Chi': [1548], 'Chen,': [1549], 'Shi-Miin': [1550], 'Liu': [1551], 'Contracts': [1554], 'Penalty': [1557, 2040], 'Systems': [1558], 'No-commitment': [1560], 'Tenure-track': [1562], 'Auditing,': [1563], '90,': [1567], '2007):': [1570, 1586, 1600], '255–294.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00712-006-0241-3A.': [1571], 'Chapter': [1576, 1590, 1686], '6': [1577], '403–454.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0730(07)01006-7W.': [1587], 'Kip': [1588, 1709], 'Viscusi': [1589, 1710], '9': [1591], 'Health,': [1594, 1713], 'Safety,': [1595, 1714], 'Risks,': [1598, 1717], '591–645.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0730(07)01009-2Bryan': [1601], 'McCannon': [1603], 'Differentiating': [1604], 'between': [1605, 1797], 'First': [1606], 'Offenses': [1607], 'Repeat': [1609], 'Offenses,': [1610], '2007).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.865084John': [1615], 'Chavez,': [1619], 'Pricing': [1625], 'Costly,': [1631], '2007).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.981213Alexander': [1636], 'Volokh': [1637], 'Privatization': [1638], 'Effectiveness': [1641], 'Agencies,': [1644, 1759], '2007).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.982146Mamoru': [1649], 'Yoshida,': [1650], 'Hirokazu': [1651], 'Tatano': [1652], 'Performance-based': [1653], 'Aseismic': [1656], 'Retrofit': [1657], 'Wooden': [1659], 'Buildings,': [1660], '5264–5269.https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSMC.2006.385144Nuno': [1663], 'Garoupa,': [1664], 'Jonathan': [1665], 'Klick,': [1666], 'Francesco': [1667], 'Parisi': [1668], 'economics': [1672], 'perspective': [1673], 'terrorism,': [1675], '128,': [1678], 'no.1-21-2': [1679], '147–168.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-006-9058-4Aaron': [1682], 'Hatcher,': [1683], 'Pascoe': [1685], '14': [1687], 'policy': [1691], 'formulation,': [1692], '355–373.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-9309(06)80017-7A.': [1695], '2006).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.901512W.': [1708], '2006).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.921426Thomas': [1722], 'Garrett,': [1724], 'Gary': [1725], 'Wagner': [1726], 'Are': [1727], 'Tickets': [1729], 'Countercyclical?,': [1730], '2006).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.923158John': [1735], 'Noncompliance': [1741], 'Emissions': [1743], 'Trading': [1744], 'Programs,': [1745], '2006).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.938452Stephan': [1750], 'Marette,': [1751], 'John': [1752], 'Crespi': [1754], 'Financing': [1756], '2005):': [1767], '95–113.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11149-004-4421-1Robert': [1768], 'Innes': [1769, 1789, 1968, 2021], 'Fines,': [1770, 1961], 'Appeals': [1771], 'Liability': [1773], 'Stochastic': [1778], 'Damage': [1779], 'Asymmetric': [1781], 'Information,': [1782], 'Economica': [1783], '71,': [1784], 'no.283283': [1785], '2004):': [1787, 1812], '391–416.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0013-0427.2004.00377.xRobert': [1788], 'costs,': [1791], 'sanctions,': [1793], 'ex-post': [1798], 'ex-ante': [1801], '29–48.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2004.03.003Stephen': [1813], 'P.': [1814, 2179], 'King,': [1815], 'Ryan': [1816], 'Lampe': [1817], 'Network': [1818], 'externalities,': [1819], 'discrimination': [1821], 'profitable': [1823], 'piracy,': [1824], 'Information': [1825, 2005], '2003):': [1832, 1837], '271–290.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6245(02)00110-5Eva': [1833], 'Heesen': [1834], 'Literaturverzeichnis,': [1835], '189–201.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-81651-1_11Thierry': [1838], 'Pénard,': [1839], 'Saïd': [1840], 'Souam': [1841], 'Que': [1842], 'peut': [1843], 'bien': [1844], 'apporter': [1845], "l'analyse": [1846], 'économique': [1847], 'à': [1848], "l'application": [1849], 'du': [1850], 'droit': [1851], 'de': [1852], 'la': [1853], 'concurrence': [1854], '?,': [1855], 'Revue': [1856], "d'économie": [1857], 'politique': [1858], 'Vol.': [1859], '112,': [1860], 'no.66': [1861, 1985], '2002):': [1863, 1873], '863–887.https://doi.org/10.3917/redp.126.0863Louis': [1864], 'Kaplow,': [1865], '1661–1784.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4420(02)80029-5A.': [1874], '1578–1588.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-74173-1_301A.M.': [1885], 'Law:': [1889], 'its': [1892], '2001):': [1896], '8510–8517.https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/02294-4Sugata': [1897], 'Marjit,': [1898], 'Vivekananda': [1899], 'Mukherjee,': [1900], 'Arijit': [1901], 'Mukherjee': [1902], 'Harassment,': [1903], 'corruption': [1904], 'tax': [1906], 'policy,': [1907], '16,': [1913], '2000):': [1916, 1937, 1952], '75–94.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-2680(99)00048-8A.': [1917], 'Literature': [1933], '45–76.https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.38.1.45Herbert': [1938], 'Dawid,': [1939], 'Gustav': [1940], 'Feichtinger,': [1941], 'Steffen': [1942], 'Jørgensen': [1943], 'Multistage': [1949], 'Game,': [1950], '341–359.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1336-9_19Nuno': [1953], 'Garoupa': [1955], '2000).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.230875': [1966], 'Self‐Policing': [1969], 'Violator': [1975], 'Remediation': [1976, 2022], 'Valuable': [1978], 'Innes,': [1979], '107,': [1984], '1305–1325.https://doi.org/10.1086/250098Jean-Pierre': [1988], 'Florens,': [1989], 'Caroline': [1990], 'Foucher': [1991], 'Monitoring:': [1993], 'Design': [1995], 'Inspection—An': [1997], 'Use': [2002], 'Satellite': [2004], 'Deter': [2007], 'Oil': [2008], 'Pollution,': [2009], '1999):': [2019, 2036, 2057, 2068], '81–96.https://doi.org/10.1006/jeem.1999.1072Robert': [2020], 'self-reporting': [2024], 'enforcement,': [2028], '72,': [2033], '379–393.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(98)00101-7Dietrich': [2037], 'Earnhart': [2038, 2104], 'Mechanisms': [2041], 'Principal–Agent': [2044], 'Model': [2045], 'Different': [2047], 'Institutional': [2048], 'Arrangements,': [2049], '168–189.https://doi.org/10.1006/jcec.1998.1566Gustav': [2058], 'Feichtinger': [2059], 'Models': [2062], '269–293.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-12519-9_16Peter': [2069], 'Newman': [2070], 'P,': [2071], '1998):': [2073], '1–198.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14286-6_1Mark': [2074], 'Cohen': [2076], 'Policy,': [2082], '1998).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.120108Dale': [2087], 'Thompson': [2089], 'Institutional-Transaction-Cost': [2091], 'Framework': [2092], '1998).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.80308': [2101], 'By': [2102], 'Dietrich': [2103], 'Protection': [2108], 'Laws': [2109], 'Communism': [2111], 'Democracy': [2113], 'Earnhart,': [2114], '40,': [2121], '377–402.https://doi.org/10.1086/467377Steven': [2125], 'Levitt': [2127], 'compatibility': [2129], 'constraints': [2130], 'an': [2132], 'explanation': [2133], 'prison': [2138], 'sentences': [2139], 'instead': [2140], 'fines,': [2142], '17,': [2149], '1997):': [2152, 2172], '179–192.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8188(97)00002-1Tadiboyina': [2153], 'Venkateswarlu': [2154], 'Course': [2158], 'Readings:': [2159], 'Survey': [2161], 'North': [2163], 'Universities,': [2165], 'Economist': [2168], '89–93.https://doi.org/10.1177/056943459704100110': [2173], 'Dilip': [2174], 'Mookherjee': [2175], ',': [2176], 'I.': [2178], 'Png': [2181], '102,': [2192], '1039–1066.https://doi.org/10.1086/261963': [2196]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2093466511', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 4}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 11}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 10}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-10T21:14:28.897120', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}
Publication Information

Basic Information

Access and Citation

AI Researcher Chatbot

Primary Location

Authors

Topics

Keywords

Related Works
